Experiments on two-phase flow in hydraulic jump on pebbled rough bed:Part 2–Bubble clustering

A survey on bubble clustering in air–water flow processes may provide significant insights into turbulent two-phaseflow.These processes have been studied in plunging jets,dropshafts,and hydraulic jumps on a smooth bed.As a first attempt,this study examined the bubble clustering process in hydraulic jumps on a pebbled rough bed using experimental data for 1.70<Fr_(1)<2.84(with Fr_(1) denoting the inflow Froude number).The basic properties of particle grouping and clustering,including the number of clusters,the dimensionless number of clusters per second,the percentage of clustered bubbles,and the number of bubbles per cluster,were analyzed based on two criteria.For both criteria,the maximum cluster count rate was greater on the rough bed than on the smooth bed,suggesting greater interactions between turbulence and bubbly flow on the rough bed.The results were consistent with the longitudinal distribution of the interfacial velocity using one of the criteria.In addition,the clustering process was analyzed using a different approach:the interparticle arrival time of bubbles.The comparison showed that the bubbly flow structure had a greater density of bubbles per unitflux on the rough bed than on the smooth bed.Bed roughness was the dominant parameter close to the jump toe.Further downstream,Fr_(1) predominated.Thus,the rate of bubble density decreased more rapidly for the hydraulic jump with the lowest Fr_(1).

Experiments on two-phase flow in hydraulic jump on pebbled rough bed:Part 1–Turbulence properties and particle chord time and length

This study reported and discussed turbulence characteristics,such as turbulence intensity,correlation time scales,and advective length scales.The characteristic air–water time scale,including the particle chord time and length and their probability density functions(PDFs),was investigated.The results demonstrated that turbulence intensity was relatively greater on a rough bed in the roller length,whereas further downstream,the decay rate was higher.In addition,the relationship between turbulence intensity and dimensionless bubble count rate reflected an increase in turbulence intensity associated with the number of entrained particles.Triple decomposition analysis(TDA)was performed to determine the contributions of slow and fast turbulent components.The TDA results indicated that,regardless of bed type and inflow conditions,the sum of the band-pass(T'_(u))and high-pass(T″_(u))filtered turbulence intensities was equal to the turbulence intensity of the raw signal data(T_(u)).T″_(u) highlighted a higher turbulence intensity and larger vorticities on the rough bed for an identical inflow Froude number.Additional TDA results were presented in terms of the interfacial velocity,auto-and cross-correlation time scales,and longitudinal advection length scale,with the effects of low-and high-frequency signal components on each highlighted parameter.The analysis of the air chord time indicated an increase in the proportion of small bubbles moving downstream.The second part of this research focused on the basic properties of particle grouping and clustering.

Geometry and Dynamic Forces along an Inclined Hydraulic Jump over a Rough Channel Bed

In this investigation, based on previous measurements, the geometry and dynamic forces along an inclined （angle φ, with 0^0 〈 qφ φ 8^0 ） hydraulic jump over a variation of rough and smooth channel beds, are examined and compared among them. The roughness is produced through transverse strips （of square cross section） covering the entire channel width and at various normal distributions along the channel. Froude numbers are varying up to 18.5 and conjugate depths＇ ratios up to 18.4. The water free surface profiles, the conjugate depths＇ ratios, the jumps＇ dimensionless lengths are examined and a prediction of exercised forces, in dimensionless terms, is also presented. The results and especially the latter force prediction may help the hydraulic and structural engineers when dealing with such hydraulic jumps.

Concept of Bed Roughness Boundary Layer and Its Application to Bed Load Transport in Flow with Non-Submerged Vegetation

Ecosystem conservation has become one of the purposes in river management as well as flood mitigation and water resources management, and understanding of river flow and morphology in a stream with vegetation becomes important. Recently 2D depth averaged analysis is familiar even in a stream with vegetation by taking account of form drag due to vegetation. However, the shear stress in vegetated area is not properly described because the resistance law due to bed roughness is not reasonably modified in vegetated area. In this study, we discussed the bed roughness boundary layer in flow with non-submerged vegetation to deduce a reasonable relation between U and u* in vegetated area toward improving the analysis of sediment transport. The results show that the modification of resistance law using by thickness, velocity distribution in that layer was found to bring significant improvement of accurate estimation of shear velocity and subsequently the sediment transport. The proposed modification is improved by 2D depth averaged analysis based on this concept, and its application is certificated through flume experiment.

Roughness coefficient and its uncertainty in gravel-bed river

Manning＇s roughness coefficient was estimated for a gravel-bed river reach using field measurements of water level and discharge, and the applicability of various methods used for estimation of the roughness coefficient was evaluated. Results show that the roughness coefficient tends to decrease with increasing discharge and water depth, and over a certain range it appears to remain constant. Comparison of roughness coefficients calculated by field measurement data with those estimated by other methods shows that, although the field-measured values provide approximate roughness coefficients for relatively large discharge, there seems to be rather high uncertainty due to the difference in resultant values. For this reason, uncertainty related to the roughness coefficient was analyzed in terms of change in computed variables. On average, a 20% increase of the roughness coefficient causes a 7% increase in the water depth and an 8% decrease in velocity, but there may be about a 15% increase in the water depth and an equivalent decrease in velocity for certain cross-sections in the study reach. Finally, the validity of estimated roughness coefficient based on field measurements was examined. A 10% error in discharge measurement may lead to more than 10% uncertainty in roughness coefficient estimation, but corresponding uncertainty in computed water depth and velocity is reduced to approximately 5%. Conversely, the necessity for roughness coefficient estimation by field measurement is confirmed.

HYDRAULIC CHARACTERISTICS OF OPEN CHANNEL FLOWS OVER ROUGH BEDS

Due to the very fine space resolution and high noise-reduction capability of the improved laboratory-made laser Doppler anemometer, the temporal mean velocity and velocity fluctuation in uniform, rough bed open channel turbulent flows were measured in full detail nd a large amount of information about the wall region was obtained. The influence of boundary roughness on flow characteristics was examined by changing the relative smoothness scale, H/k_s, of the flow. It is proposed that there are three sorts of bed roughness, namely, the large scale roughness, the medium one and the small one. The small scale roughness is of more universal significance to engineering practice, and much attention is devoted to the characteristics of the flow over boundaries of such a sort of roughness.

Effective Nikuradse Roughness on the Mobile Plan Bed

Nikuradse roughness(ks) is very important in the sediment transport prediction because it is related to the evaluations of the velocity distribution, shear stress and erosion depth. Dimensionless Nikuradse roughness(ks/D,where D is the sediment diameter) is usually given 1–2.5 on the immobile plan bed or at low shear stress. But it behaves differently on the mobile plan bed at high shear stress with much sediment picked up to movement when the Shields parameter(Θ) is larger than 0.8–1.0. The effective Nikuradse roughness on the mobile plan bed was derived indirectly from the erosion depth correlated to the mobile plan bed thickness considering the mass conservation in the present study. The proposed erosion depth confirmed the relation to the Shields parameters with an extra factor consisting of suspended sediment and its damping to turbulence. The decrement of the erosion depth caused by the increment of the sediment diameter at large shear stress was obtained, which was usually absent in classical empirical formulas based on the bedload theory. Good agreement with experiments was achieved by the present prediction of the Nikuradse roughness, erosion depth and sediment transport rate. Discussion was mainly focused on the prediction improvement caused by considering the impact of suspended sediment and its damping to turbulence.

非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠水流流速结构PIV试验研究

鉴于床面非均匀散粒粗糙直接影响明渠水流的流速结构问题,基于PIV水槽试验,研究了非均匀散粒粗糙床面明渠水流的流速结构,探讨了水流时均流速沿流向和沿垂线的分布规律,分析了脉动流速的象限分布特征。结果表明,梅花形排列的大尺度非均匀散粒粗糙显著影响了颗粒顶部以下的水流结构,大、小颗粒周围时均流速结构相似,颗粒大小明显影响了流动分离区形状尺度和内外层流体分界点位置;象限分析显示外层流体中,大颗粒使其上方区域Q2、Q4事件的概率减小;内层流体中Q1、Q3事件占主导,颗粒上游及大颗粒附近相比下游及小颗粒附近更易产生强紊流事件。

生态浮床布设下明渠水流结构及阻力特性试验研究

生态浮床已广泛运用于城市河道净化工程,但浮床布设改变了原河道断面水流结构,增加水流阻力,可能降低河道行洪能力。现有研究主要针对浮床水动力学特性分析,而关于浮床引起的水流阻力变化定量研究较少。为此,通过水槽试验研究了浮床刚性植物在10、20、30 cm三种淹没深度及平行、交错两种布置方式的组合工况下对水槽断面水流结构产生的影响。由于传统的曼宁公式无法直接用于浮床覆盖区糙率系数的求解,基于等效断面原理增加浮床阻力项,求解浮床覆盖区综合糙率与刚性植物附加糙率。结果表明,淹没深度越大,浮床阻水效果越强;交错布置方式比平行布置方式更增加水流阻力;浮床刚性植物在平行布置条件下断面综合糙率在0.381~0.417之间,交错布置条件下断面综合糙率在0.397~0.427之间,断面综合糙率随植物淹没深度和布置方式的变化而变化。

河流床面粗糙程度的度量方法研究

【目的】河流床面的粗糙程度是河流动力学中重要的研究内容。【方法】用统计分析法来量化河流床面的粗糙程度,在不考虑河床宏观起伏的前提下,用非均匀天然沙人工铺制初始粗糙床面,并逐渐增大流量使床面粗化,粗化完成后依托激光扫描技术获得试验床面的精确数字高程。基于统计理论探究在不同来水条件下,粗化后河流床面表层的结构特性并利用床面高程统计参数及变异函数满足的理论模型建立新的床面粗糙程度度量方法。【结果】结果显示:曼宁糙率n与中值粒径的拟合关系一般,相关系数为0.649。n与标准差、众数及偏度拟合关系良好,与峰度拟合关系相对较差。n与三种变异函数球状模型典型参数都呈现出较好的相关性,剖面平均变异函数块金值与基台值和n的拟合关系优秀,相关系数均在0.89以上。【结论】结果表明:代表粒径法在某些时刻是可以用于表述床面粗糙特性的,高程数据的标准差随水流强度的增加而严格增大的特性和其众数随水流结构的增大而严格减小的特性使它们成为量化床面粗糙程度的优良指标。偏度和峰度的单调趋势使其作为床面粗糙程度的衡量指标也成为可能。块金值与基台值可以作为床面粗糙程度的表征指标。此次研究用统计法探讨了度量河流床面粗糙程度的方法,对粗糙程度的度量有一定启示。

粗糙床面坡面流流场及紊动特性试验研究

应用粒子图像测速技术对水深为5~8 mm的粗糙床面坡面流流场进行了详细观测,对试验资料进行了时间-空间双平均处理,结果表明:在低淹没度的床面糙率影响下,坡面流流速分布基本符合对数-尾流规律,其中卡门常数与普通明渠流一致,但尾流函数常数明显偏小;相较于光滑床面,粗糙元增强了水流流向的紊动强度,同时致使紊动强度在水深范围内的分布更趋均匀;水流切应力分布以雷诺切应力为主导,粗糙元引起的形状切应力可以忽略不计;水流的空间波动主要存在于床面附近,但流速的空间波动强度与紊动强度相比普遍偏小。

Study on the double-logarithmic profile of tidal flow velocity in the near-bed layers

Tidal current velocity profile in the near-bed layers has been widely studied. The results showed that velocity profile in the near-bed layer obviously departure from the traditional logarithmic profile, due to the acceleration or deceleration. Although the logarithmic linear profile can reduce the rate of deviation from this, only it is a lower-order approximate solution. In this paper, considering the unsteady and non-linear features of tidal motion, the double logarithmic profile near-bed layers in estuarine and coastal waters is established on the assumption that the turbulent shear stress along the water depth was parabolic distribution, and on the basis of Prandtl＇s mixing length theory and yon Karman＇s self-similar theory. Having been verified the data observed at the West Solent in the south of England, and comparison of the logarithmic linear profile, it found that the double logarithmic profile is more precious than the latter. At last, the discussed results showed that： （1） The parabolic distribution of the tidal shear stresses verified good by the field data and experimental data, can be better reflected the basic features of the tidal shear stress deviating from linear distribution that is downward when to accelerate, upward when to decelerate. （2） The traditional logarithmic velocity profile is the zero-order approximation solution of the double logarithmic profile, the logarithmic linear profile is the first order, and the logarithmic parabolic profile is the second order. （3） Ignoring the conditions of diffusion and convection in the tida movement, the double logarithmic profile can reflect the tidal properties of acceleration or deceleration, so that the calculation of the friction velocity and roughness length are more reasonable. When the acceleration or the deceleration is about zero, the double logarithmic profile becomes the logarithmic profile.

基于PIV的渐变地表粗糙度对坡面流水动力特性的影响

粗糙度是影响坡面流水动力特性的关键因子,为探究渐变粗糙度影响下坡面流水力特性,采用粒子图像测速技术(particle image velocimetry, PIV)观测并分析3组流量下渐变粗糙床面下坡面流的流速轮廓线、紊动强度、雷诺应力和壁面切应力的变化规律。结果表明:(1)流速随粗糙度增加而减小;拟合无量纲流速得到流速分布对数公式,粗糙度增大与拟合常数A成反比,与积分系数B成正比。(2)渐变地表粗糙度流向紊动强度与光滑床面坡面流变化趋势相似。流向紊动强度随相对水深的增大而减小。随着粗糙度增大,流向紊动强度大小出现非显著性差异。渐变粗糙床面下流向紊动强度符合Nezu经验公式,流量与经验系数成正比。(3)不同流量下,渐变粗糙床面的雷诺应力分布与光滑床面相似。在粗糙度影响下,雷诺应力最大值出现在y/H=0.2~0.4处。随着粗糙度逐渐增加,壁面切应力逐渐增大。综合表明,增加PIV分辨率方法可以适用于坡面流水力特性的研究。探究渐变粗糙度对坡面流的影响,探讨坡面流水动力学特性,为水土保持理论研究提供新思路。

河流动床阻力影响参数分析及其计算研究

动床阻力计算对河流研究和工程问题解决十分重要。自20世纪中叶起利用现代水力学知识计算动床阻力的方法陆续出现,本文对现有成果进行了分析评述,并对经典的Einstein和钱宁等阻力计算方法进行剖析,发现基于水力半径分割假说建立的动床阻力算法,不适用于研究主要由悬移质输沙强度决定床面形态的水流阻力问题。为此,本文首先选取有代表性的基本物理量,同实测糙率值进行相关性分析,确定出主参数;通过数据分析确定水深和能坡的指数后,运用造床流量下床沙中值粒径公式计算河床比降;基于能坡I计算需体现河床比降主导影响的同时应考虑边岸局部水头损失作用的认识,给出能坡修正式,再引入能体现沙粒和含沙量对动床摩阻的影响的因子,建立了动床阻力计算新方法。大量实测资料验证结果表明,本文公式计算精度高,适用性强。

床面统计粗糙特性研究

床面粗糙特性是河流动力学中的重要研究内容,其量化方法一直是研究的难点。在顺直水槽中采用非均匀天然沙铺制初始床面,并逐渐增大流量粗化床面,基于激光扫描获得的床面数字高程资料,应用统计理论以及变异函数模型探讨不同粗化程度的床面表层粗糙特性。结果表明:采用非均匀沙人工铺制的床面高程频率分布呈现出近似正态分布,经历过不同水流强度依次累积冲刷后形成的稳定粗化床面高程频率分布都出现了轻微正偏态的趋势;高程标准差随水流强度增加严格增大的特点让它可以成为量化床面粗糙特性的可靠指标;水流塑造试验床面是各向异性的,随着流量的增大,床面粗化层破坏再粗化,床面高程二维变异函数的基台值越大;由于水流的作用,横向剖面平均变异函数的基台值与块金值略大于纵向剖面高程平均变异函数,径向剖面的基台值与块金值远小于横向与纵向剖面。研究加深了对床面粗糙特性的统计规律的探索,对于建立基于统计学的粗糙度定量表达方式具有一定的启示。

鱼鳞状床面粗糙特性

为探讨颗粒排列的空间趋向对床面结构的影响,人工铺制了12组鱼鳞状床面,依托激光扫描技术获得其精确数字高程,基于统计学理论与分形理论对所铺床面的粗糙特性进行分析。结果发现:鱼鳞状床面相对高程频率分布具有负偏双峰特征,主峰近似正态且较为“高大”,次峰却极为“矮小”;卵石粒径增大,各床面高程变异函数的基台值与变程均增大;床面高程方差与变异函数基台值在量化鱼鳞状床面粗糙特性方面是基本等价的;卵石粒径越大,床面高程方差越大,变异函数基台值越大,床面越粗糙,反之亦然;鱼鳞状床面二维特征方向无标度区上限随卵石粒径的增大而单调增大,其值可近似取为0.5d50(d50为中值粒径),然而同一床面各二维特征方向上的无标度区上限是大致相同的;就同一二维特征方向而言,随着卵石粒径的增大,床面分形维数基本减小,床面结构复杂性减弱;鱼鳞状床面粗糙特性具有明显的方向性,尤其是在与水流方向的角度成0、π/4与π/2的3个方向上,其粗糙特性明显不同。

含层理页岩水压致裂特性及对破裂压力的启示

水力压裂是页岩气开发中常用的储层改造技术,破裂压力的准确预测对于现场压裂施工设计至关重要。为探究页岩层理对水力压裂的影响机制,以四川长宁地区黑色页岩为研究对象,对含层理的页岩进行巴西劈裂抗拉强度测试,利用GCTS岩石力学试验机开展不同层理角度下页岩的水压致裂试验,结合X射线CT机和三维扫描仪对页岩的扩展形态及裂缝表面粗糙度进行表征,并对页岩水力压裂的破裂压力进行分析。结果表明:(1)页岩的抗拉强度随层理角度变化呈先减后增的变化趋势,各向异性明显;(2)层理的存在对页岩水力压裂的破裂压力影响较大,不同层理角度条件下页岩水力压裂的破裂压力与抗拉强度的变化规律相似,在30°最小,90°最大;(3)层理面对水力压裂裂缝扩展的影响较小,主要是拉伸破坏产生的单裂缝,裂缝面粗糙度较高且与层理方向无关;(4)通过数值仿真确定了压裂井筒塑性区的存在,解释了试验中观察到异常高的破裂压力,说明水力压裂裂缝起裂后存在一定的临界起裂特征长度,岩石需要经过裂纹孕育阶段才能完全破裂,不同层理角度页岩通过临界起裂特征长度来影响起裂压力,采用新的模型能较好预测页岩水力压裂的破裂压力。研究结果对于了解深部页岩裂缝起裂扩展机理、压裂施工设计等具有一定的参考意义。

高浓度黏性泥石流堆积层理结构中筛积层和粗化层形成机理的研究

根据高浓度黏性泥石流的观测资料 ,应用不同类型黏性泥石流的流变特性和流体结构的分类指标—流核比 ,对高浓度黏性泥石流堆积中的混杂层、筛积层和粗化层理结构进行了成因差异分析。侧重分析了砾石质点在高浓度黏性泥石流蠕动流场中作向上垂直运动的魏森伯效应 ,并在表面富集形成了筛积层的成因 ,及其它与粗化层结构的区别。

非均匀沙床面粗糙度的分形特征

本文在分析非均匀沙床面颗粒随机分布特性的基础上，对床面颗粒暴露度函数关系进行了分析，通过简化颗粒的排列方式，利用分形理论研究了初始及粗化床面糙度的分形特征，结合实验资料讨论了床面糙率ｎ与糙度分维数Ｄ的关系，并与床面糙率ｎ和代表粒径（ｄ５０、ｄ９０）的关系进行了比较，初步认为对于初始床面分维数与床面糙率具有更好的相关关系，而粗化床面两者代表性基本一致，为更好地研究床面糙率、泥沙起动及其输沙过程提出了一种新的研究方法．

粗糙床面明渠水力特性研究

粗糙床面非均匀流的水槽试验表明,非均匀流断面的垂线流速分布需用两个对数公式分别描述;粗糙床面的流速分布较光滑床面不均匀;非均匀流的紊流度分布随相对水深的增大而趋于均匀;粗糙床面非均匀流糙率系数的变化规律与光滑床面近似.