GENERATE ROUGH TOOL-PATHS FROM UNORGANIZED POINT-CLOUD DIRECTLY

An approach is presented to generate rough interference-free tool-paths directly from massive unorganized data in rough machining that is performed by machining volumes of material in a slice-by-slice manner. Unorganized point-cloud is firstly converted to cross-section data. Then a robust data-structure named tool-path net is constructed to save tool-path data. Optimal algorithms for partitioning sub-cut-areas and computing interference-free cutter-locations are put forward. Finally the tool-paths are linked in a zigzag milling mode, which can be transformed into a traveling sales man problem. The experiment indicates optimal tool paths can be acquired, and high computation efficiency can be obtained and interference can be avoided successfully.

Tool Wear and Its Effect on Surface Roughness in Diamond Cutting of Glass Soda-lime

For the technology of diamond cutting of optical glass, the high tool wear rate is a main reason for hindering the practical application of this technology. Many researches on diamond tool wear in glass cutting rest on wear phenomenon describing simply without analyzing the genesis of wear phenomenon and interpreting the formation process of tool wear in mechanics. For in depth understanding of the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, experiments of diamond turning with cutting distance increasing gradually are carried out on soda-lime glass. The wear morphology of rake face and flank face, the corresponding surface features of workpiece and the surface roughness, and the material compositions of flank wear area are detected. Experimental results indicate that the flank wear is predominant in diamond cutting glass and the flank wear land is characterized by micro-grooves, some smooth crater on the rake face is also seen. The surface roughness begins to increase rapidly, when the cutting mode changes from ductile to brittle for the aggravation of tool wear with the cutting distance over 150 m. The main mechanisms of inducing tool wear in diamond cutting of glass are diffusion, mechanical friction, thermo-chemical action and abrasive wear. The proposed research makes analysis and research from wear mechanism on the tool wear and its effect on surface roughness in diamond cutting of glass, and provides theoretical basis for minimizing the tool wear in diamond cutting brittle materials, such as optical glass.

SURFACE ROUGHNESS PREDICTION MODEL FOR ULTRAPRECISION TURNING ALUMINIUM ALLOY WITH A SINGLE CRYSTAL DIAMOND TOOL

A surface roughness model utilizing regression analysis method is developedfor predicting roughness of ultra-precision machined surface with a single crystal diamond tool. Theeffects of the main variables, such as cutting speed, feed, and depth of cut on surface roughnessare also analyzed in diamond turning aluminum alloy. In order to predict the optimum cuttingconditions during process planning. A lot of experimental results show that the model can predictthe surface roughness effectively under a certain cutting conditions.

Influence of Minimum Quantity Lubrication Parameters on Tool Wear and Surface Roughness in Milling of Forged Steel

The minimum quantity of lubrication（MQL） technique is becoming increasingly more popular due to the safety of environment.Moreover,MQL technique not only leads to economical benefits by way of saving lubricant costs but also presents better machinability.However,the effect of MQL parameters on machining is still not clear,which needs to be overcome.In this paper,the effect of different modes of lubrication,i.e.,conventional way using flushing,dry cutting and using the minimum quantity lubrication（MQL） technique on the machinability in end milling of a forged steel（50CrMnMo）,is investigated.The influence of MQL parameters on tool wear and surface roughness is also discussed.MQL parameters include nozzle direction in relation to feed direction,nozzle elevation angle,distance from the nozzle tip to the cutting zone,lubricant flow rate and air pressure.The investigation results show that MQL technique lowers the tool wear and surface roughness values compared with that of conventional flood cutting fluid supply and dry cutting conditions.Based on the investigations of chip morphology and color,MQL technique reduces the cutting temperature to some extent.The relative nozzle-feed position at 120°,the angle elevation of 60° and distance from nozzle tip to cutting zone at 20 mm provide the prolonged tool life and reduced surface roughness values.This fact is due to the oil mists can penetrate in the inner zones of the tool edges in a very efficient way.Improvement in tool life and surface finish could be achieved utilizing higher oil flow rate and higher compressed air pressure.Moreover,oil flow rate increased from 43.8 mL？h to 58.4 mL？h leads to a small decrease of flank wear,but it is not very significant.The results obtained in this paper can be used to determine optimal conditions for milling of forged steel under MQL conditions.

Influence of Machining Parameter on Surface Roughness and Tool Life While Machining EN24 Grade Alloy Steel

The requirements of high quality machined surface as well as demand of enhanced contact time of cutting tools drive towards adopting multilayer coated carbide inserts. The industry requires higher productivity, hence higher machining parameters need to be used in order to meet the industry requirements. The alloy steel material used to fabricate machine parts consists of alloying elements like nickel, chromium and molybdenum difficult to machine, since the cutting tool fails by high tool wear, if we use uncoated carbide inserts to machine alloy steels. Hence in the present research work it is intended to use tungsten carbide inserts coated with different coatings for the experiments. The turning experiments were carried out using different grades of uncoated and coated carbide inserts of identical tool signature. The cutting speed selected for the experiments was 100 to 500 m/min in steps of 100 m/min, and the feed per revolution was 0.1 mm to 0.4 mm in step of 0.1 mm. The experimentation was carried out following ISO3685 standards. The results of the experiments revealed that the surface roughness measured was the least at cutting speed 500 m/min and feed per revolution of 0.1 mm, however the chip breaking found better when the feed used was greater than 0.2 mm/revolution.

Modeling and Evaluating of Surface Roughness Prediction in Micro-grinding on Soda-lime Glass Considering Tool Characterization

The current research of micro-grinding mainly focuses on the optimal processing technology for different materials. However, the material removal mechanism in micro-grinding is the base of achieving high quality processing surface. Therefore, a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography is proposed in this paper. The differences of material removal mechanism between convention grinding process and micro-grinding process are analyzed. Topography characterization has been done on micro-grinding tools which are fabricated by electroplating. Models of grain density generation and grain interval are built, and new predicting model of micro-grinding surface roughness is developed. In order to verify the precision and application effect of the surface roughness prediction model proposed, a micro-grinding orthogonally experiment on soda-lime glass is designed and conducted. A series of micro-machining surfaces which are 78 nm to 0.98 ~tm roughness of brittle material is achieved. It is found that experimental roughness results and the predicting roughness data have an evident coincidence, and the component variable of describing the size effects in predicting model is calculated to be 1.5x 107 by reverse method based on the experimental results. The proposed model builds a set of distribution to consider grains distribution densities in different protrusion heights. Finally, the characterization of micro-grinding tools which are used in the experiment has been done based on the distribution set. It is concluded that there is a significant coincidence between surface prediction data from the proposed model and measurements from experiment results. Therefore, the effectiveness of the model is demonstrated. This paper proposes a novel method for predicting surface roughness in micro-grinding of hard brittle materials considering micro-grinding tool grains protrusion topography, which would provide significant research theory and experimental reference of material removal mechanism in micro-grinding of soda-lime glass.

Experimentation on Tool Wear and Surface Roughness in AISI D2 Steel Turning with WC Insert

The Taguchi method, based on an orthogonal arrangement (L9, 33), the vari-ance analysis, the signal-to-noise ratios and the response surface methodol-ogy have been used to optimize maximum flank wear (VBmax) and surface roughness (Ra) of the cutting tool when turning a hardened steel AISI D2 (65 HRC) with PVD—TiAlN coated WC insert upon dry environment. By em-ploying regression models;cutting speed, cutting depth and feed rate, which optimize maximum flank wear and surface roughness were validated. Results of relation signal-to-noise ratios, showed that with cutting speed of 200 m/min, cutting depth of 0.2 mm and feed rate of 0.20 mm/rev, Ra is opti-mized. With cutting speed of 150 m/min, cutting depth of 0.4 mm and feed rate of 0.3 mm/rev, VBmax is optimized. Through the variance analysis it was concluded that the depth of cut was the main parameter that affected on the surface roughness;whereas, the feed rate was the most influential parameter on the flank wear. Confirmation test results showed that the Taguchi method was very successful in the optimization of machining parameters for mini-mum surface roughness and flank wear in the turning of the D2 steel.

基于圆弧刀补偿加工的平面调制切削技术研究

针对尖刀加工的平面调制微结构表面质量差以及尖刀顶部尖角易磨损的现象,本文系统分析了尖刀在加工平面调制结构时轮廓误差的形成机理,发现了尖刀加工调制表面的轮廓误差大且存在难以补偿的特性,调制结构的轮廓误差与刀尖宽度成正比,与调制的周幅比值(λ/a)成反比.为此,本文提出了采用圆弧刀具结合刀具半径补偿方法以降低平面调制样品轮廓误差的技术方案.实验结果表明,采用圆弧刀结合刀具补偿方法对平面调制结构的轮廓精度提升具有显著作用,相比于尖刀切削,圆弧刀补偿加工的一维调制样品获得了更高的表面质量和轮廓精度.针对幅值a=4μm,周期λ=60μm的平面调制样品,采用圆弧刀补偿加工方案,调制样品的表面粗糙度Ra值由59.66 nm降至21 nm,轮廓误差精度提高了约20%.

基于数控工艺信息挖掘的型腔特征粗加工刀具序列优化决策方法

为有效提升数控加工过程中粗加工刀具的使用效率,提出一种基于数控工艺信息挖掘的型腔特征粗加工刀具序列优化决策方法。首先计算型腔特征的中轴变换表征数控加工的刀具轨迹,探究中轴变换与数控加工的映射机理;然后基于加工规则和中轴变换参数,挖掘隐含在型腔特征中的深层次数控工艺信息;最后综合考虑材料去除量和加工连续性,建立刀具序列决策的多目标优化模型,采用混合蚁群/模拟退火算法进行优化求解。实验结果表明,该方法能够高效、自动生成型腔特征最优粗加工刀具序列,提升企业数控工艺设计智能化水平。

基于直驱机床的航空整体叶轮加工效率优化方法研究

为解决航空叶轮在复杂五轴联动加工过程中的效率和精度控制难题,本文基于直驱机床围绕加工参数对表面粗糙度和加工时间的影响进行了深入分析。首先通过与传统机床进行加工对比,证明了直驱机床的精度与速度方面的优势;其次针对原点坐标的研究揭示了原点位置对加工效率的影响,尤其是当原点接近A、C轴中心时,加工效率显著提高;最后通过正交试验法研究了转速、每齿进给量、切宽这3个关键因素,并发现每齿进给量是影响表面粗糙度的主导因素,其次是切宽,而转速的影响较小。在保证粗糙度小于1.6μm的前提下,以转速20000 r/mim、每齿进给量0.03 mm、切宽0.6 mm的参数组合获得最优结果。基于优化的工艺参数不仅提升了加工效率,节约了43.3%的加工时间,还确保了加工质量,为航空叶轮的精密加工提供了重要的技术参考,同时为基于直驱机床的复杂零件高效加工提供实践指导和理论依据。

复杂曲面零件的五轴数控加工技术研究

随着科技水平的不断提升,精密复杂曲面零件的应用越来越广泛。曲面驱动是复杂曲面零件加工的重要方法,驱动刀轨的规划直接关系到曲面物理特性的调控,应用五轴数控加工技术能够提升复杂曲面零件的加工质量。文章主要研究复杂曲面零件的五轴数控加工技术,以佛像这个复杂曲面零件为例,分析了曲面驱动刀轨规划、工装方案设计、加工策略以及试制加工过程。在实际加工过程中,技术人员应充分理解驱动刀轨规划思路与原理,在粗加工、精加工中完善刀轨设计,并进行试制加工。

不同类型磁弹磨粒对刀具钝化的研究

为研究不同类型磁弹磨粒对刀具钝化的影响,分别以硅胶和环氧树脂为黏弹性基体、氧化铝(Al_(2)O_(3))颗粒为磨粒相、铁颗粒为磁粒相制备出硅胶型磁弹磨粒和环氧树脂型磁弹磨粒;基于双磁盘的磁场特性,采用Maxwell软件建立双磁盘磁场的三维模型,对双磁盘磁场及磁弹磨粒的磁场强度和磁感应强度进行分析;并建立磁弹磨粒细观单元模型,运用ABAQUS软件分析2种磁弹磨粒的细观力学特性;最后,基于双磁盘磁力钝化设备,研究2种磁弹磨粒对刀具钝化的影响。实验结果表明:采用环氧树脂型磁弹磨粒钝化后的刀具刃口表面粗糙度值比硅胶型磁弹磨粒钝化后的刀具刃口表面粗糙度提高了约4.2%,且刀具刃口形貌更为规则。

端面铣削工件表面粗糙度数学模型与实验验证

目的针对多种表面粗糙度影响因素的耦合作用使轮廓形成机理不清,导致表面粗糙度数学模型存在表面质量智能管控工业应用预测精度不足的技术难题,建立端面铣削工件表面粗糙度数学模型。方法首先,基于加工运动学机理和刀具几何学分析端面铣削工件表面轮廓形成机理,建立考虑刀具跳动的工件表面轮廓模型以及轮廓高度偏差关于铣削力的补偿函数,并通过卷积神经网络(Convolution Neural Network,CNN)进行解析。其次,建立端面铣削表面粗糙度数学模型。最后,进行可转位面铣刀端面铣削ZG32MnMo的实验验证,分别采集轮廓数据与铣削力信号,建立以铣削力为输入、轮廓高度偏差数据为输出的铣削数据集,训练卷积神经网络解析轮廓高度补偿值并验证理论模型的准确性,对比分析考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型与CNN优化考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型的精度。结果CNN优化考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型对加工重叠区与非重叠区内沿刀具进给方向的轮廓算术平均偏差Ra的预测误差分别为18.71%和14.14%,与考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型相比,精度分别提高了10.61%和32.83%,CNN优化考虑刀具跳动的表面粗糙度数学模型对轮廓单元的平均宽度R_(sm)和支承长度率R_(mr(c))的预测结果与实验值吻合。结论考虑刀具跳动以及动态铣削力耦合作用边界条件的表面粗糙度数学模型能够有效预测端面铣削表面粗糙度,可为在质量管控工程中的应用提供理论指导与技术支撑。

基于三维粗糙度的多向CFRP铣削加工刀具切入角度的优化方法研究

碳纤维增强复合材料(Carbon fiber reinforced plastic,CFRP)因其优良的力学性能,被广泛应用于航空航天领域。CFRP的应用在保证飞机刚度强度的前提下,有效地提高了飞行性能,减轻了飞机重量,从而达到了节能减排的目的,提高了航空工业的经济效益。CFRP属于典型的难加工材料,为了保证结构件在多个方向具有一定的承载能力,航空发动机工业中一般采用CFRP多向铺层,这就使得材料的各向异性及不均匀性更为复杂。本文对CFRP单向层合板和两种CFRP多向层合板的铣削加工断裂机制进行了分析,发现CFRP铣削加工时,不同的纤维方向角对断裂机制有较大的影响从而导致了不同的表面质量。其中,弯曲断裂会导致表面质量急剧下降,应尽量避免,并且不同角度下的弯曲断裂的表面质量也具有一定差异。基于此,提出了多向CFRP铣削加工时的刀具切入角度优化方法,并通过试验验证了该方法的合理性,该方法可以有效提高某型号发动机的第一级复合材料风扇叶片的加工质量。

干式高速高效车削D6AC高强钢的试验研究

研究了TiCN+Al_(2)O_(3)涂层硬质合金刀具在高速高效车削未淬火处理的D6AC高强钢时,刀具磨损的特点及加工过程中切削力、切削温度和工件表面粗糙度的变化规律。结果表明:刀具磨损形态主要为后刀面磨损,在切削后期刀具前刀面发生局部破损,后刀面发生剧烈磨损;刀具正常磨损阶段,各切削分力增长缓慢,主切削力>轴向力>径向力,当刀具破损发生剧烈磨损时,轴向力和径向力均波动较大,其平均值下降;刀具切出位置最高温度远高于工件已加工表面最高温度,在刀具正常磨损阶段,温度增长较平缓;加工表面粗糙度变化,刀具破损后工件表面沟痕明显加深。

PCD刀具端面车削碳纤维增强碳化硅基复合刹车材料的试验研究

通过PCD刀具对C_(f)/SiC进行端面车削试验,研究切削参数对切削力和表面粗糙度的影响规律,并深入分析材料的切削去除机理。结果表明:主轴转速n、进给量f和背吃刀量a_(p)均对切削力和表面粗糙度Sa造成影响,背吃刀量对各切削力影响最大,进给量对表面粗糙度影响最大。C_(f)/SiC以脆性断裂去除方式为主,主要加工缺陷为基体破碎脱落、微裂纹、纤维露头及拔除、界面脱粘与分层。试验结果证明,C_(f)/SiC可以通过端面车削方式控制加工缺陷的产生,且其切削表面粗糙度Sa可达到3.2μm,即C_(f)/SiC可以实现半精加工。试验最佳切削用量为n=710r/min,f=0.05mm/r,a_(p)=0.30mm。

不同刀具倾角下切削参数对TC4表面形貌影响规律研究

针对TC4钛合金曲面零件在精加工时因刀具倾角变化而导致表面形貌质量不稳定的问题,通过在20°,30°,40°,50°四个不同的刀具倾角下进行铣削试验,研究和分析不同刀具倾角下切削速度和每齿进给量对表面粗糙度和表面形貌的影响。结果表明:刀具倾角在20°~50°时,以v c=55m/min的切削速度加工可稳定获得较好的表面质量;除了β=30°的试件表面外,其他试件中个别切削参数组合的加工表面出现垂直于加工刀痕的振动波纹,切削速度较大或每齿进给量较大时更易产生表面振动波纹,且切削速度越大,表面振动波纹频率越高;在试验的刀具倾角范围内,表面粗糙度随着切削速度的增加有减小的趋势,各刀具倾角下的减小程度不同,但当刀具倾角较大时,由于刀具振动加剧,加工表面质量反而下降,表面粗糙度值随着切削速度的增加而增大。

自由曲面粗加工分层行切刀轨规划方法

粗加工分层行切刀轨加工效率高、适用范围广,但在加工自由曲面时相邻行刀轨连接处容易产生过切或切削余量过大。针对三轴数控粗加工的不足,提出了一种分层行切刀轨规划方法:获取加工平面上的曲面轮廓,以初始刀轨与轮廓交点定义加工区域,并以交点邻域的局部轮廓计算出无干涉刀位点;向相邻行刀轨搜索不与轮廓线发生干涉的刀位点进行连接,对连接刀轨提出以精度为约束的离散特征点计算逼近误差的方法,通过新增过渡刀位点使最终的连接刀轨逼近误差低于最大允许值。所提出的方法对包含自由曲面的零件生成了刀轨,并进行仿真加工,结果验证了方法的可行性。

一种大型薄板箱体平面铣削方法

在建筑机械中,尤其是国家提倡的模块化建筑,普遍采用薄板零件,尤其是一些箱体构件,其结构并不复杂精度要求也不太高,但由于刚度较差,在装夹过程中和切削力的作用下,易产生变形、震刀,造成尺寸超差、表面粗糙度低和零件铣穿现象。本文从消除应力、减少刀具摩擦力等几方面,及降低焊接及加工过程中的受热变形引起的震动导致加工质量低等几方面提出了薄板箱体在加工过程中震刀难以控制的问题的有效技术方法,解决了相应技术难题。

涡轮盘榫槽边缘倒圆铣削工艺及其参数优化

涡轮叶片是航空发动机内核心部件之一,涡轮叶片与涡轮盘之间则是由榫槽连接,故涡轮盘榫槽的加工质量对于轮盘失效和寿命来说有着非常重要的影响。目前,工厂通用的数控加工工艺主要采用拉削的方法来加工榫槽,后通过手工打磨榫槽倒圆。这样可能存在表面精度低、一致性差和效率低等问题。文章设计了一款符合榫槽倒圆要求的反环面刀具,采用铣削的方法对涡轮盘榫槽进行倒圆试验,以降低加工表面粗糙度为目标优化铣削参数,为轮盘榫槽边缘倒圆处理研究奠定了基础。