Gulong shale oil enrichment mechanism and orderly distribution of conventional–unconventional oils in the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation,Songliao Basin,NE China

Through the study of organic matter enrichment,hydrocarbon generation and accumulation process of black shale of the Cretaceous Qingshankou Formation in the Songliao Basin,the enrichment mechanism of Gulong shale oil and the distribution of conventional–unconventional oil are revealed.The Songliao Basin is a huge interior lake basin formed in the Early Cretaceous under the control of the subduction and retreat of the western Pacific plate and the massive horizontal displacement of the Tanlu Fault Zone in Northeast China.During the deposition of the Qingshankou Formation,strong terrestrial hydrological cycle led to the lake level rise of the ancient Songliao Basin and the input of a large amount of nutrients,resulting in planktonic bacteria and algae flourish.Intermittent seawater intrusion events promoted the formation of salinization stratification and anoxic environment in the lake,which were beneficial to the enrichment of organic matters.Biomarkers analysis confirms that the biogenic organic matter of planktonic bacteria and algae modified by microorganisms plays an important role in the formation of high-quality source rocks with high oil generation capability.There are four favorable conditions for the enrichment of light shale oil in the Qingshankou Formation of the Gulong Sag,Songliao Basin:the moderate organic matter abundance and high oil potential provide sufficient material basis for oil enrichment;high degree of thermal evolution makes shale oil have high GOR and good mobility;low hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency leads to a high content of retained hydrocarbons in the source rock;and the confinement effect of intra-layer cement in the high maturity stage induces the efficient accumulation of light shale oil.The restoration of hydrocarbon accumulation process suggests that liquid hydrocarbons generated in the early(low–medium maturity)stage of the Qingshankou Formation source rocks accumulated in placanticline and slope after long-distance secondary migration,forming high-quality conventional and tight oil reservoirs.Light oil generated in the late(medium–high maturity)stage accumulated in situ,forming about 15 billion tons of Gulong shale oil resources,which finally enabled the orderly distribution of conventional–unconventional oils that are contiguous horizontally and superposed vertically within the basin,showing a complete pattern of“whole petroleum system”with conventional oil,tight oil and shale oil in sequence.

Organic matter transformation ratio, hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and shale oil enrichment type in Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in Ordos Basin, NW China

The major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale of Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin is unknown.This paper analyzes the organic matter transformation ratio,hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency and roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale,and evaluates the major enrichment type of shale oil in this interval.The average organic matter transformation ratio of the Chang 7_(3) shale is about 45%;in other words,more than 50%of the organic matters have not transformed to hydrocarbons,and the lower the maturity,the greater the proportion of untransformed organic matters.The cumulative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the transformed hydrocarbon is 27.5% on average,and the total proportion of untransformed organic matters plus retained hydrocarbons is greater than 70%.The relative hydrocarbon expulsion efficiency of the Chang 7_(3) shale is 60%on average,that is,about 40% of hydrocarbons retain in the shale.The Chang 7_(3) shale corresponds to Chang 7_(1+2) and Chang 8 sandstones as the roof and floor,respectively,and is further overlaid by Chang 6 shale,where extensive low porosity and low permeability–tight oil reservoirs have formed in the parts with relatively good porosity and permeability.Moreover,the Chang 7_(3) shale is tested to be in a negative pressure system(the pressure coefficient of 0.80–0.85).Therefore,the roof/floor sealing conditions of the Chang 7_(3) shale are poor.The retained hydrocarbons appear mostly in absorbed status,with low mobility.It is concluded that the medium–high mature shale oil is not the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale,but there may be enrichment opportunity for shale oil with good mobility in the areas where the sealing conditions are good without faults and fractures and oil reservoirs are formed off Chang 7_(1+2),Chang 6 and Chang 8.Furthermore,low–medium mature shale oil is believed to have great potential and is the major enrichment type of shale oil in the Chang 7_(3) shale.It is recommended to prepare relevant in-situ conversion technologies by pilot test and figure out the resource availability and distribution.

Limitation of fault-sealing and its control on hydrocarbon accumulation——An example from the Laoyemiao Oilfi eld of the Nanpu Sag

Based on previous studies on the internal structures of fault belts, the fault belts in the Laoyemiao Oilfield of the Nanpu Sag can be divided into three units, a crushed zone, an upper induced fracture zone and a lower induced fracture zone according to the log response characteristics. The upper induced fracture zone is characterized by the development of pervasive fractures and has a poor sealing or non-sealing capability. It therefore can act as pathways for hydrocarbon migration. The lower induced fracture zone consists of fewer fractures and has limited sealing capability. The crushed zone has a good sealing capability comparable to mudstone and can thus prevent lateral migration of fluid. Through physical modeling and comparing laboratory data with calculated data of oil column heights of traps sealed by faults, it is concluded that the fault-sealing capability for oil and gas is limited. When the oil column height reaches a threshold, oil will spill over from the top of reservoir along the lower induced fracture zone under the action of buoyancy, and the size of reservoir will remain unchanged. Analysis of the formation mechanisms of the fault-sealed reservoirs in the Nanpu Sag indicated that the charging sequence of oil and gas in the reservoir was from lower formation to upper formation, with the fault playing an important role in oil and gas accumulation. The hydrocarbon potential in reverse fault-sealed traps is much better than that in the consequent fault-sealed traps. The reverse fault-sealed traps are favorable and preferred exploration targets.

Effect of Sealing Air on Oil Droplet and Oil Film Motions in Bearing Chamber

Beating chamber is one of important components that support aero-engine rotors and research on oil droplet and oil film motions is an important part of bearing chamber lubrication and heat transfer design. Consid- ering the pressure of sealing air is an important operating condition that affects the oil droplet and oil film mo- tions, the effect of sealing air pressure on airflow in bearing chamber is investigated in this paper firstly ; and then based on the air velocity and air/wall shear force, the oil droplet moving in core air, deposition of oil droplet im- pact on wall as well as velocity and thickness of oil film are analyzed secondly; the effect of sealing air pressure on oil droplet velocity and trajectory, deposition mass and momentum, as well as oil film velocity and thickness is discussed. The work presented in this paper is conducive to expose the oil/air two phase lubrication mechanism and has certain reference value to guide design of secondary air/oil system.

Effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids from seal oils on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease associated with hyperlipidemia

AIM: To investigate the efficacy and safety of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) from seal oils for patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) associated with hyperlipidemia. METHODS: One hundred and forty-four patients with NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia were included in the 24-wk, randomized, controlled trial. The patients were randomized into two groups. Group A (n = 72) received recommended diet and 2 g n-3 PUFA from seal oils, three times a day. Group B (n = 72) received recommended diet and 2 g placebo, three times a day. Primary endpoints were fatty liver assessed by symptom scores, liver alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and serum lipid levels after 8, 12, 16, and 24 wk. Hepatic fat inf iltration was detected by ultrasonography at weeks 12 and 24 after treatment. RESULTS: A total of 134 patients (66 in group A, 68 in group B) were included in the study except for 10 patients who were excluded from the study. After 24 wk of treatment, no change was observed in body weight, fasting blood glucose (FBG), renal function and blood cells of these patients. Total symptom scores, ALT and triglyceride (TG) levels decreased more significantly in group A than in group B (P < 0.05). As expected, there was a tendency toward improvement in aspartate aminotransferase (AST), γ-glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), and total cholesterol (TCHO) and high- density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol levels (P < 0.05) after administration in the two groups. However, no significant differences were found between the two groups. The values of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were significantly improved in group A (P < 0.05), but no significant change was found in group B at different time points and after a 24-wk treatment. After treatment, complete fatty liver regression was observed in 19.70% (13/66) of the patients, and an overall reduction was found in 53.03% (35/66) of the patients in group A. In contrast, in group B, only f ive patients (7.35%, 5/68) achieved complete fatty liver regression (P = 0.04), whereas 24 patients (35.29%, 24/68) had a certain improvement in fatty liver (P = 0.04). No serious adverse events occurred in all the patients who completed the treatment. CONCLUSION: Our results indicate that n-3 PUFA from seal oils is safe and effi cacious for patients with NAFLD associated with hyperlipidemia and can improve their total symptom scores, ALT, serum lipid levels and normalization of ultrasonographic evidence. Further study is needed to confi rm these results.

Mechanical property design method of cement sheath in a horizontal shale oil well under fracturing conditions

Based on the elastoplastic model of cement sheath considering the influence of three-dimensional principal stress and the stress field model of interface crack,a mechanical performance design method of cement sheath is established to meet the wellbore sealing requirements during fracturing.This method takes the failure types of the cement sheath,such as tensile failure,plastic yield,interface crack propagation along interface and zigzag propagation into account.Meanwhile,the elasticity modulus and Poisson's ratio quantitative design charts of cement sheath are constructed based on this method,and the safety and risk areas of wellbores are defined,which quantify the yield strength and tensile strength indexes of cement sheath.The results show that decreasing elasticity modulus,increasing yield strength and Poisson's ratio of cement sheath can avoid plastic deformation of cement sheath;increasing the tensile strength of cement sheath can prevent its tensile failure;increasing elasticity modulus and Poisson's ratio of cement sheath is good for shortening the length of the interface crack,but will increase the risk of interface cracks zigzagging into cement sheath.The model calculation and case verification has proved that the method in this paper can give accurate calculation results and is convenient for field application.

A new evaluation method of gel's dynamic sealing characteristic in porous media

Water shutoff through injection wells is one of the most important techniques used for water injection profile control and modification in severely heterogeneous reservoirs,aiming at stabilizing oil production.It has been widely reported that the effectiveness and efficiency of water shutoff using gel is mostly dependent on the gel dynamic sealing properties in the porous media.Firstly the gelation strength and gelation time of polymer gel were evaluated.Then,core flowing experiments were conducted before and after gelation in a 32 m long sand pack.In addition,water flooding core experiments were also carried out in a long core of 80 cm before and after injecting gel system to check the reliability of this evaluation method.The experimental results show that moderate-strength gel can be formed at 65 °C.According to the integrated evaluation of the plugging coefficient,plugging strength and water breakthrough time,the gel particles are capable of migrating to a distance of 7.47 m from the injection point of the 32 m long sand pack during the water injection process after gelation.Based on sands gelation status and effluent analyses,the effective migration distance of the gel particles is 4-14 m.Through the core flooding experiments using the 80 cm heterogeneous core,it is evidenced that the gel can be formed in the deep reservoir(40.63% of total length) with the plugging strength as high as 6.33 MPa/m,which leads to extra oil recovery of 10.55% of original oil in place(OOIP) by water flooding after gel treatment.

Design and operation problems related to water curtain system forunderground water-sealed oil storage caverns

The underground water-sealed storage technique is critically important and generally accepted for the national energy strategy in China. Although several small underground water-sealed oil storage caverns have been built in China since the 1970s, there is still a lack of experience for large-volume underground storage in complicated geological conditions. The current design concept of water curtain system and the technical instruction for system operation have limitations in maintaining the stability of surrounding rock mass during the construction of the main storage caverns, as well as the long-term stability. Although several large-scale underground oil storage projects are under construction at present in China, the design concepts and construction methods, especially for the water curtain system, are mainly based on the ideal porosity medium flow theory and the experiences gained from the similar projects overseas. The storage projects currently constructed in China have the specific features such as huge scale, large depth, multiple-level arrangement, high seepage pressure, complicated geological conditions, and high in situ stresses, which are the challenging issues for the stability of the storage caverns. Based on years’ experiences obtained from the first large-scale （millions of cubic meters） underground water-sealed oil storage project in China, some design and operation problems related to water curtain system during project construction are discussed. The drawbacks and merits of the water curtain system are also presented. As an example, the conventional concept of “filling joints with water” is widely used in many cases, as a basic concept for the design of the water curtain system, but it is immature. In this paper, the advantages and disadvantages of the conventional concept are pointed out, with respect to the long-term stability as well as the safety of construction of storage caverns. Finally, new concepts and principles for design and construction of the underground water-sealed oil storage caverns are proposed.

High Precision CAE Analysis of Automotive Transaxle Oil Seal Leakage

The manufacturing industry today due to worldwide competition is focused on shorter development cycle. In this situation, computer aided education （CAE） technology as a tool for simultaneous achievement of quality, cost and delivery （QCD） plays an important role. The hardware-software environment surrounding CAE has evolved. Though technological problems have been understood and general solutions have been derived and reflected in the CAE analysis software, research findings that boost the credibility of CAE have still not been incorporated fully enough into the development of design process. The real technical mechanism issue is not precisely capture. Therefore, it is important to clarify the real cause in CAE results through CAE simulation in order to assure product reliability and assurance. It is the aim of this study to realize the prediction of design analysis process through understanding of unclear technical mechanism in abnormal occurrences with the utilization of CAE simulation. In other words, it is the aim of this study to focus on issue in automotive transaxle oil seal leakage to understand, grasp, and visualize the main cause through usage of CAE analysis process. It is understood that the point of contact and pump volume was related and this could contribute towards seals quality design. Plus, the utilization of CAE analysis in prediction phase to realized design development is also possible

Study on Oil Cavity Number of Hydrostatic Guide Sleeve of Electro-hydraulic Servo Cylinder

The electro-hydraulic servo drive hydraulic cylinder has many unique advantages, such as fast response, high load stiffness, high control power, strong anti-eccentric load ability and so on, so it has been widely used in industrial control. Based on the guide sleeve of hydrostatic seal of hydraulic cylinder, the reasonable number of oil chamber of guide sleeve is studied in this paper. ICEM CFD software and FLUENT simulation software are used to calculate and analyze the number of different oil chambers of guide sleeve of hydrostatic seal. The temperature field of piston rod with different moving speed, different initial pressure of oil chamber and oil film under different number of oil chambers is analyzed. The relationship between the pressure field and temperature field provides a better basis for optimizing the design of hydrostatic guide sleeve and helps to improve the servo drive cylinder.

稠油热采无机硅酸凝胶封窜剂的研究与应用

在稠油油藏热采过程中容易发生蒸汽地下窜流和地表汽窜,严重影响矿区产能,同时造成地面污染。以水玻璃与尿素为交联剂主体,通过与表面活性剂甘油三乙酸酯进行复配,研制了一种新型耐高温封窜剂。通过正交试验确定了最优封窜剂配方:60%水玻璃+4%尿素+0.2%甘油三乙酸酯+水;红外光谱(FTIR)及扫描电镜(SEM)分析发现,该体系中水玻璃通过一段时间的交联,形成单硅酸,后缩聚形成线性多聚硅酸,硅酸分子间相互作用发生缠结,形成的网状结构使得其稳定性较高,结构更稳定,有更好的耐温能力;实验室内填砂管性能评价结果表明,封窜剂段塞注入量为0.2 PV及候凝时间为5 d时,封堵率98.8%、突破压力梯度1.4 MPa/m、残余阻力系数83.32,经过21 PV 260℃的高温蒸汽冲刷后封堵率稳定在94%以上;现场试验结果表明,井F-109日产油从0.9 t增至5.5 t,含水率由89%降至50%,施工244 d,累计增油1122.4 t,F井区地面不再发生蒸汽窜漏,受地面窜漏影响的14口井恢复了正常注汽吞吐生产,累计增油15713.6 t,平均单井日注汽量100 m 3,注汽压力5.5 MPa。综合表明,该封窜剂体系具有良好的高温选择封堵性,对稠油热采高温蒸汽窜流的有效治理提供了理论指导和技术支撑。

炼化企业挥发性有机化合物减排的探索与实践

炼化企业加工过程有组织、无组织排放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)量较大,对大气环境中的颗粒物、臭氧浓度等产生重大影响。A公司自“十三五”以来对VOCs减排进行了探索与实践,通过采取油气回收、储罐浮盘高效密封改造、呼吸阀改型升级、无组织排放改为有组织回收、VOCs焚烧、常态化泄漏检测与修复工作等多种减排措施,VOCs排放量已从2015年的4230 t下降到2022年的2157 t,降低比例达到49%,取得了显著的成效。

基于真三轴试验装置的岩石渗流密封方式改进及实验研究

国内现有的非常规油气储层的渗透性测试大多采用圆柱试样,通过假三轴试验装置进行测试,而真三轴条件下立方体试件棱边大多存在棱边串流与端面密封不严的缺陷。基于现有真三轴试验装置,以及大量的实验经验,针对现有的立方体试件单橡胶套渗流密封方式进行改进。介绍了嵌套式“上下密封套”结构特征,特别对棱边区的密封进行了设计,提出了密封套顶-底端面凹陷型内嵌“单孔网槽导流板”结构设计,并对顶部传压板的尺寸进行了讨论。对100 mm×100 mm×100 mm立方体煤样进行了真三轴渗流试验分析,得到了不同入口渗透压力真三轴围压条件下的渗透率。该密封方法的改进有助于提高科研单位及测试中心对原位地应力条件下非常规油气储层渗透性测试精度,并提高高端科研人才的实践创新能力与科研素养。

基于似然函数筛选法的旋转轴唇形密封可靠性关键设计因素研究

基于油封的有限元和数值计算模型,分析油封的设计参数对其静态和动态密封可靠性的影响规律。将油封的初始安装过盈量、油侧唇角、空气侧唇角、腰厚、腰长、理论接触宽度、卡紧弹簧的弹性模量、油封主体橡胶的硬度8个设计参数的标准化数据作为输入向量,将油封唇口最大接触压力、泵吸率和摩擦扭矩的标准化数据作为输出向量,建立响应面模型,以输出向量方差得到各设计因素的似然函数值作为评判指标,确定各设计参数对油封密封可靠性的影响程度。结果表明:橡胶硬度、理论接触宽度、弹簧弹性模量、过盈量、腰长对油封动态密封可靠性的影响较显著,油封唇口最大接触压力对弹簧弹性模量、理论接触宽度、橡胶硬度、腰厚、油侧唇角较敏感。综合考虑旋转轴唇形油封的静态和动态可靠性,得到影响其可靠性的关键设计因素为理论接触宽度、弹簧弹性模量和橡胶硬度。

辊压机用密封方案的优化选型分析

辊压机是水泥生产线上非常关键的设备之一,该设备的稳定工作决定了生产线能否正常运行,而影响辊压机正常工作的关键因素就是密封失效。本文根据以往辊压机密封的使用跟踪及相关文献资料,分析研究客户要求后,对现有的密封选型方案进行了总结归纳和优化,基本可以解决现有密封使用寿命短、更换不方便等问题,并且在一些用户的设备上也得到了验证。

海上油气田机泵机械密封泄漏信号检测方法设计

为避免出现大型海上油气田开采事故,保证机泵机械密封装置正常运行,提出针对海上油气田机泵机械密封的泄漏信号检测方法。利用小波包分解细化海上油气田机泵机械密封振动信号高频部分,运用希尔伯特变换重构信号,归一化处理信号矢量提取机械装置异常信号,使用匹配追踪法去除信号噪声。计算油体流动规律,通过音波评估信号波动范围,以温度与压力为前提,将高斯函数作为分类核函数,采用支持向量机构建泄漏信号检测判断函数,完成机械密封泄漏信号检测。实验结果表明:所提方法信号降噪能力较强,在保证机械密封泄漏检测准确性的同时,检测耗时最短,有效提高了海上油气田开采效率,可带来可观的经济收益。

水轮机组接力器锁锭系统改造优化设计分析

为解决传统水轮机组接力器锁锭系统存在的油液渗漏、操作不便、耗油量大、油缸上下腔窜油等问题,提出对现有结构采取以下措施进行整体改造优化设计:将控制阀组优化设计布置在油缸的上端盖上,采用通用型组合密封元件替代传统O形密封圈,并对油缸筒体、上缸盖、活塞杆进行了重新设计。设计改造完成后,系统结构更加紧凑,减少了管路数量,避开了对检修操作有妨碍的物体,方便设备的检修维护操作,同时降低了对环境造成污染的可能性,取得了较好的应用效果。

双端面机械密封在双螺杆原油泵上的应用

基于原油库拆建工程项目,对双螺杆原油泵原采用的单端面金属波纹管机械密封改造为新型的带泵效环的背靠背双端面机械密封,并配套冷却循环辅助系统,经现场工业考核,背靠背双端面机械密封在双螺杆原油泵上得到良好应用。结果表明,新改造的双端面机械密封彻底解决了原密封存在的摩擦副磨损严重、泄漏量大、使用寿命短等问题,实现了工艺介质的零泄漏并确保设备长周期安全稳定运行。

大型油浸式电力变压器胶囊式储油柜运行维护

为解决因设计、制造、安装工艺不足或运行维护操作不规范导致的胶囊密封失效、油位计显示油位不准确等问题,从大型油浸式电力变压器胶囊式储油柜的密封运行维护、油位运行维护两方面进行探讨,分析了密封失效的常见原因和检查方法,提供了摆杆式指针油位计的标定方法,并给出相应的维护建议。

基于两相流的水封油库油气泄漏运移规律及控制措施

地下水封油库运行的关键是保持一定的水封厚度,为确定合适的水封厚度,基于气液两相流理论,采用有限元数值模拟方法,以我国某石油储备地下水封洞库为依托,模拟了地下水封石油洞库储油运行期油气的泄漏运移演变过程。结果表明:施工期不设置水幕系统情况下,洞室顶部出现了大面积的疏干区,造成后期无法储油;设置水幕系统情况下,洞库上方能够维持一定水封厚度,洞库周围岩层油气泄漏范围和泄漏量均与储油运行时间呈正幂函数关系;水封厚度越大油气泄漏范围和泄漏量越小,但过大的水封厚度会大大增加工程成本,所对应的案例在水封厚度为30 m时对油气泄漏控制最为经济合理,《地下水封石洞油库设计标准》推荐的水封厚度合理且有一定安全裕度。研究成果可为水封油库工程的设计及油气泄漏控制提供一定理论参考。