Internet of Things(IoT)is a recent paradigm to improve human lifestyle.Nowadays,number devices are connected to the Internet drastically.Thus,the people can control and monitor the physical things in real-time without...Internet of Things(IoT)is a recent paradigm to improve human lifestyle.Nowadays,number devices are connected to the Internet drastically.Thus,the people can control and monitor the physical things in real-time without delay.The IoT plays a vital role in all kind of fields in our world such as agriculture,livestock,transport,and healthcare,grid system,connected home,elderly people carrying system,cypher physical system,retail,and intelligent systems.In IoT energy conservation is a challenging task,as the devices are made up of low-cost and low-power sensing devices and local processing.IoT networks have significant challenges in two areas:network lifespan and energy usage.Therefore,the clustering is a right choice to prolong the energy in the network.In LEACH clustering protocol,sometimes the same node acts as CH again and again probabilistically.To overcome these issues,this paper proposes the Energy-Aware Cluster-based Routing(EACRLEACH)protocol in WSN based IoT.The Cluster Head(CH)selection is a crucial task in clustering protocol inWSN based IoT.In EACR-LEACH,the CH is selected by using the routing metrics,Residual Energy(RER),Number of Neighbors(NoN),Distance between Sensor Node and Sink(Distance)and Number of Time Node Act as CH(NTNACH).An extensive simulation is conducted on MATLAB 2019a.The accomplishment of EACR-LEACH is compared to LEACH and SE-LEACH.The proposed EACR-LEACH protocol extends the network’s lifetime by 4%-8%and boosts throughput by 16%–24%.展开更多
The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks(RPL),standardized by Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF),is mainly designed to use for Low-power and Lossy Networks(LLNs).To solve the problems of several import...The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks(RPL),standardized by Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF),is mainly designed to use for Low-power and Lossy Networks(LLNs).To solve the problems of several important routing metrics are not evaluated,the optimal path may contain long single hop links,lack of scientific multi-routing metrics evaluation method and mechanism to balance the parent child number(especially the parent with one hop away from root),this paper proposes an improved RPL algorithm for LLN(I-RPL).First of all,we propose the evaluated routing metrics:child number of parent,candidate parent number,hop count,ETX and energy consumption index.Meanwhile,we improve the path ETX calculation method to avoid selecting optimal path containing long single hop links.Then we design a novel lexical method to synthetically evaluate candidate parents.Meanwhile,based on the evaluation results of candidate parents,we design a novel objective function and a new calculation node rank method which can also be used for selecting the optimal path.Finally,evaluation results show that I-RPL outperforms ETXOF and several other improvements in terms of packet delivery ratio,latency,etc.展开更多
This article addresses the problem of route selection in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). The traditional routing metrics adopt packet delivery ratio (PDR) as a representative metric of wireless link quality assessm...This article addresses the problem of route selection in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). The traditional routing metrics adopt packet delivery ratio (PDR) as a representative metric of wireless link quality assessment. However, PDR measured by the broadcast-based probe method is affected by the size, number and transmission rate of probe packets, which influences the metric accuracy. In this paper, improved expected transmission count (iETX), a new routing metric of interference-aware link quality, is proposed for WMNs. Dispensing with traditional broadcast-based probing method, the iETX uses regional physical interference model to obtain PDR. Regional physical interference model is built upon the relationship between signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and PDR, which contributes to the improvement of metric accuracy. The iETX comprehensively considers the effects of interference and link quality and minimizes the expected number of packet transmissions required for successful delivery, which helps find a path with minimum interference and high throughput. Simulation shows that the proposed metric can significantly improve the network performance.展开更多
For the use in low-power and lossy networks(LLNs)under complex and harsh communication conditions,the routing protocol for LLNs(RPL)standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force is specially designed.To improve ...For the use in low-power and lossy networks(LLNs)under complex and harsh communication conditions,the routing protocol for LLNs(RPL)standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force is specially designed.To improve the performance of LLNs,we propose a novel context-aware RPL algorithm based on a triangle module operator(CAR-TMO).A novel composite context-aware routing metric(CA-RM)is designed,which synchronously evaluates the residual energy index,buffer occupancy ratio of a node,expected transmission count(ETX),delay,and hop count from a candidate parent to the root.CA-RM considers the residual energy index and buffer occupancy ratio of the candidate parent and its preferred parent in a recursive manner to reduce the effect of upstream parents,since farther paths are considered.CA-RM comprehensively uses the sum,mean,and standard deviation values of ETX and delay of links in a path to ensure a better performance.Moreover,in CAR-TMO,the membership function of each routing metric is designed.Then,a comprehensive membership function is constructed based on a triangle module operator,the membership function of each routing metric,and a comprehensive context-aware objective function.A novel mechanism for calculating the node rank and the mechanisms for preferred parent selection are proposed.Finally,theoretical analysis and simulation results show that CAR-TMO outperforms several state-of-the-art RPL algorithms in terms of the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.展开更多
基金We deeply acknowledge Taif University for supporting this study through Taif University Researchers Supporting Project Number(TURSP-2020/313),Taif University,Taif,Saudi Arabia.
文摘Internet of Things(IoT)is a recent paradigm to improve human lifestyle.Nowadays,number devices are connected to the Internet drastically.Thus,the people can control and monitor the physical things in real-time without delay.The IoT plays a vital role in all kind of fields in our world such as agriculture,livestock,transport,and healthcare,grid system,connected home,elderly people carrying system,cypher physical system,retail,and intelligent systems.In IoT energy conservation is a challenging task,as the devices are made up of low-cost and low-power sensing devices and local processing.IoT networks have significant challenges in two areas:network lifespan and energy usage.Therefore,the clustering is a right choice to prolong the energy in the network.In LEACH clustering protocol,sometimes the same node acts as CH again and again probabilistically.To overcome these issues,this paper proposes the Energy-Aware Cluster-based Routing(EACRLEACH)protocol in WSN based IoT.The Cluster Head(CH)selection is a crucial task in clustering protocol inWSN based IoT.In EACR-LEACH,the CH is selected by using the routing metrics,Residual Energy(RER),Number of Neighbors(NoN),Distance between Sensor Node and Sink(Distance)and Number of Time Node Act as CH(NTNACH).An extensive simulation is conducted on MATLAB 2019a.The accomplishment of EACR-LEACH is compared to LEACH and SE-LEACH.The proposed EACR-LEACH protocol extends the network’s lifetime by 4%-8%and boosts throughput by 16%–24%.
基金supported by Doctoral Research Project of Tianjin Normal University 52XB2101。
文摘The routing protocol for low-power and lossy networks(RPL),standardized by Internet Engineering Task Force(IETF),is mainly designed to use for Low-power and Lossy Networks(LLNs).To solve the problems of several important routing metrics are not evaluated,the optimal path may contain long single hop links,lack of scientific multi-routing metrics evaluation method and mechanism to balance the parent child number(especially the parent with one hop away from root),this paper proposes an improved RPL algorithm for LLN(I-RPL).First of all,we propose the evaluated routing metrics:child number of parent,candidate parent number,hop count,ETX and energy consumption index.Meanwhile,we improve the path ETX calculation method to avoid selecting optimal path containing long single hop links.Then we design a novel lexical method to synthetically evaluate candidate parents.Meanwhile,based on the evaluation results of candidate parents,we design a novel objective function and a new calculation node rank method which can also be used for selecting the optimal path.Finally,evaluation results show that I-RPL outperforms ETXOF and several other improvements in terms of packet delivery ratio,latency,etc.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (61373124)
文摘This article addresses the problem of route selection in wireless mesh networks (WMNs). The traditional routing metrics adopt packet delivery ratio (PDR) as a representative metric of wireless link quality assessment. However, PDR measured by the broadcast-based probe method is affected by the size, number and transmission rate of probe packets, which influences the metric accuracy. In this paper, improved expected transmission count (iETX), a new routing metric of interference-aware link quality, is proposed for WMNs. Dispensing with traditional broadcast-based probing method, the iETX uses regional physical interference model to obtain PDR. Regional physical interference model is built upon the relationship between signal to interference plus noise ratio (SINR) and PDR, which contributes to the improvement of metric accuracy. The iETX comprehensively considers the effects of interference and link quality and minimizes the expected number of packet transmissions required for successful delivery, which helps find a path with minimum interference and high throughput. Simulation shows that the proposed metric can significantly improve the network performance.
基金Project supported by the Doctoral Research Project of Tianjin Normal University,China(No.52XB2101)。
文摘For the use in low-power and lossy networks(LLNs)under complex and harsh communication conditions,the routing protocol for LLNs(RPL)standardized by the Internet Engineering Task Force is specially designed.To improve the performance of LLNs,we propose a novel context-aware RPL algorithm based on a triangle module operator(CAR-TMO).A novel composite context-aware routing metric(CA-RM)is designed,which synchronously evaluates the residual energy index,buffer occupancy ratio of a node,expected transmission count(ETX),delay,and hop count from a candidate parent to the root.CA-RM considers the residual energy index and buffer occupancy ratio of the candidate parent and its preferred parent in a recursive manner to reduce the effect of upstream parents,since farther paths are considered.CA-RM comprehensively uses the sum,mean,and standard deviation values of ETX and delay of links in a path to ensure a better performance.Moreover,in CAR-TMO,the membership function of each routing metric is designed.Then,a comprehensive membership function is constructed based on a triangle module operator,the membership function of each routing metric,and a comprehensive context-aware objective function.A novel mechanism for calculating the node rank and the mechanisms for preferred parent selection are proposed.Finally,theoretical analysis and simulation results show that CAR-TMO outperforms several state-of-the-art RPL algorithms in terms of the packet delivery ratio and energy efficiency.