Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things(IoT)because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices.Clustering is an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data.In a c...Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things(IoT)because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices.Clustering is an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data.In a clustering protocol,the selection of a cluster head(CH)plays a key role in prolonging the lifetime of a network.However,most cluster-based protocols,including routing protocols for low-power and lossy networks(RPLs),have used fuzzy logic and probabilistic approaches to select the CH node.Consequently,early battery depletion is produced near the sink.To overcome this issue,a lion optimization algorithm(LOA)for selecting CH in RPL is proposed in this study.LOA-RPL comprises three processes:cluster formation,CH selection,and route establishment.A cluster is formed using the Euclidean distance.CH selection is performed using LOA.Route establishment is implemented using residual energy information.An extensive simulation is conducted in the network simulator ns-3 on various parameters,such as network lifetime,power consumption,packet delivery ratio(PDR),and throughput.The performance of LOA-RPL is also compared with those of RPL,fuzzy rule-based energyefficient clustering and immune-inspired routing(FEEC-IIR),and the routing scheme for IoT that uses shuffled frog-leaping optimization algorithm(RISARPL).The performance evaluation metrics used in this study are network lifetime,power consumption,PDR,and throughput.The proposed LOARPL increases network lifetime by 20%and PDR by 5%–10%compared with RPL,FEEC-IIR,and RISA-RPL.LOA-RPL is also highly energy-efficient compared with other similar routing protocols.展开更多
The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(...The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)in the IoT.However,RPL is vulnerable to various attacks,including the sinkhole attack,which disrupts the network by manipulating routing information.This paper proposes the Unweighted Voting Method(UVM)for sinkhole node identification,utilizing three key behavioral indicators:DODAG Information Object(DIO)Transaction Frequency,Rank Harmony,and Power Consumption.These indicators have been carefully selected based on their contribution to sinkhole attack detection and other relevant features used in previous research.The UVM method employs an unweighted voting mechanism,where each voter or rule holds equal weight in detecting the presence of a sinkhole attack based on the proposed indicators.The effectiveness of the UVM method is evaluated using the COOJA simulator and compared with existing approaches.Notably,the proposed approach fulfills power consumption requirements for constrained nodes without increasing consumption due to the deployment design.In terms of detection accuracy,simulation results demonstrate a high detection rate ranging from 90%to 100%,with a low false-positive rate of 0%to 0.2%.Consequently,the proposed approach surpasses Ensemble Learning Intrusion Detection Systems by leveraging three indicators and three supporting rules.展开更多
Internet of Things(IoT)empowers imaginative applications and permits new services when mobile nodes are included.For IoT-enabled low-power and lossy networks(LLN),the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks(...Internet of Things(IoT)empowers imaginative applications and permits new services when mobile nodes are included.For IoT-enabled low-power and lossy networks(LLN),the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks(RPL)has become an established standard routing protocol.Mobility under standard RPL remains a difficult issue as it causes continuous path disturbance,energy loss,and increases the end-to-end delay in the network.In this unique circumstance,a Balanced-load and Energy-efficient RPL(BE-RPL)is proposed.It is a routing technique that is both energy-efficient and mobility-aware.It responds quicker to link breakage through received signal strength-based mobility monitoring and selecting a new preferred parent reactively.The proposed system also implements load balancing among stationary nodes for leaf node allocation.Static nodes with more leaf nodes are restricted from participating in the election for a new preferred parent.The performance of BE-RPL is assessed using the COOJA simulator.It improves the energy use,network control overhead,frame acknowledgment ratio,and packet delivery ratio of the network.展开更多
低功率低损耗网络路由(Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy network,RPL)是无线物联网的典型路由。由于未采用集中安全机制,RPL路由易受女巫攻击。为此,提出基于接收信号强度的防御女巫攻击的RPL路由(RSSI-based against Sybil a...低功率低损耗网络路由(Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy network,RPL)是无线物联网的典型路由。由于未采用集中安全机制,RPL路由易受女巫攻击。为此,提出基于接收信号强度的防御女巫攻击的RPL路由(RSSI-based against Sybil attack RPL,RSPL)。RSPL路由通过统计接收信号的强度值,并结合邻居节点的观察,估算节点可信度,进而检测攻击节点。同时,利用链路的传输期望次数和链路信任值修改RPL路由中的目标函数,进而阻止攻击节点参与路由。性能分析表明,相比同类算法,提出的RSPL路由降低了检测攻击节点的误检率,提高了数据包传递率。展开更多
针对低功耗有损网络中采用博弈论的网络拥塞控制(game theory based network congestion control protocol,GTNCC)路由算法在路由构建过程中仅仅考虑无线链路质量不能使网络拓扑最优,以及在拥塞控制过程中由拥塞节点的子节点判断是否切...针对低功耗有损网络中采用博弈论的网络拥塞控制(game theory based network congestion control protocol,GTNCC)路由算法在路由构建过程中仅仅考虑无线链路质量不能使网络拓扑最优,以及在拥塞控制过程中由拥塞节点的子节点判断是否切换父节点不能快速高效地缓解网络拥塞等问题,提出一种基于多维度量结合的集中式网络拥塞控制(centralized network congestion control based on multi-metrics combination,CNCCMC)路由协议。首先,为了降低网络拥塞发生的概率,CNCCMC路由协议综合考虑了节点剩余能量、缓存占用率、无线链路质量和中继节点当前子节点个数等多维度量完成路由构建;其次,当检测到网络拥塞时,CNCCMC路由协议依据网络拥塞节点进行流量分析和判断的结果采取集中式的方式控制其子节点的切换;最后,在网络拥塞缓解过程中,提出一种"乒乓效应"避免机制。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与GTNCC路由算法相比,CNCCMC路由协议在降低网络拥塞发生的概率、延长网络平均生存寿命和提高网络吞吐量等方面的性能得到了有效提升。展开更多
目前基于能量均衡的低功耗有损网络路由协议RPL(Routing Protocol for Lowpower and lossy networks)在网络拓扑构建的过程中由于未考虑备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命,从而导致所构建的网络不能较好地实现能量均衡的问题。对此提出一...目前基于能量均衡的低功耗有损网络路由协议RPL(Routing Protocol for Lowpower and lossy networks)在网络拓扑构建的过程中由于未考虑备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命,从而导致所构建的网络不能较好地实现能量均衡的问题。对此提出一种基于期望寿命的能量均衡RPL(Expected Life Time-based Energy Balance RPL,ELT-EB-RPL)。构造一种复合路由判据,包括传输跳数、期望传输次数和节点期望寿命,同时,节点在选择最优父节点时需综合考虑其备选父节点及备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命。在不增加额外控制开销的前提下,提出一种“节点间期望寿命信息通告”策略,以便节点作出正确的路由选择。通过仿真实验对该方案的性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,在不同发包速率下该方案能够有效实现能量均衡和延长网络寿命。展开更多
由于低功耗有损网络LLN (low power and lossy networks)呈树形结构且节点的能量受限,一旦网络中出现能量瓶颈节点而未及时处理,将会严重影响网络各方面性能。因此提出一种基于负载均衡的高能效LLN路由协议。当检测出能量瓶颈节点后,对...由于低功耗有损网络LLN (low power and lossy networks)呈树形结构且节点的能量受限,一旦网络中出现能量瓶颈节点而未及时处理,将会严重影响网络各方面性能。因此提出一种基于负载均衡的高能效LLN路由协议。当检测出能量瓶颈节点后,对溪流计时器重置策略进行改进,及时将能量瓶颈节点能量不足的状态通告给其子节点。提出一种能量瓶颈节点子节点的切换机制,旨在降低能量瓶颈节点的能耗速率,实现节点高能效。仿真结果表明,该方法在网络生存时间和节点死亡率等性能方面优于现有路由算法,其中网络平均生存时间延长了10.53%,节点死亡率降低了18.59%。展开更多
低功耗有损网络LLNs(Low-Power and Lossy Networks)中,RPL路由协议可以减少能耗和延长网络生命周期,但是负载的不均衡严重影响了RPL路由协议的性能。据此,提出了一种优化的RPL路由协议—WLB-RPL。该协议以节点剩余能量以及节点平均邻...低功耗有损网络LLNs(Low-Power and Lossy Networks)中,RPL路由协议可以减少能耗和延长网络生命周期,但是负载的不均衡严重影响了RPL路由协议的性能。据此,提出了一种优化的RPL路由协议—WLB-RPL。该协议以节点剩余能量以及节点平均邻居距离为权重计算剩余级别,并通过动态调整通信半径完成路由构建,以均衡能量。仿真结果表明,改进后的路由协议可以对之前的负载均衡进行更好的优化,达到了理想的效果。展开更多
针对低功耗有损网络(Low-power and Lossy Network,LLN)中由于无线链路的有损特性导致在高负载场景下无法较好地实现负载均衡的问题,提出一种高负载场景下基于负载均衡的LLN路由协议(HSLB-RPL)。在该协议中,为了避免期望传输次数较大的...针对低功耗有损网络(Low-power and Lossy Network,LLN)中由于无线链路的有损特性导致在高负载场景下无法较好地实现负载均衡的问题,提出一种高负载场景下基于负载均衡的LLN路由协议(HSLB-RPL)。在该协议中,为了避免期望传输次数较大的备选父节点被选作为最优父节点,综合考虑当前节点和其备选父节点的期望传输次数;当检测到节点负载较重时,为了降低其被邻居节点选作为最优父节点的概率,对其DIO控制消息的发送时间间隔进行调整;当节点发生网络拥塞时,设计一种网络拥塞通告消息(NCN),及时地对当前网络拥塞状态进行通告。仿真结果表明,相对于已有协议,HSLB-RPL协议能够有效地实现负载均衡,其中网络平均寿命延长了23.57%,根节点平均吞吐量提高了14.52%,归一化控制开销较低了12.87%。展开更多
基金This research was supported by X-mind Corps program of National Research Foundation of Korea(NRF)funded by the Ministry of Science,ICT(No.2019H1D8A1105622)the Soonchunhyang University Research Fund.
文摘Energy conservation is a significant task in the Internet of Things(IoT)because IoT involves highly resource-constrained devices.Clustering is an effective technique for saving energy by reducing duplicate data.In a clustering protocol,the selection of a cluster head(CH)plays a key role in prolonging the lifetime of a network.However,most cluster-based protocols,including routing protocols for low-power and lossy networks(RPLs),have used fuzzy logic and probabilistic approaches to select the CH node.Consequently,early battery depletion is produced near the sink.To overcome this issue,a lion optimization algorithm(LOA)for selecting CH in RPL is proposed in this study.LOA-RPL comprises three processes:cluster formation,CH selection,and route establishment.A cluster is formed using the Euclidean distance.CH selection is performed using LOA.Route establishment is implemented using residual energy information.An extensive simulation is conducted in the network simulator ns-3 on various parameters,such as network lifetime,power consumption,packet delivery ratio(PDR),and throughput.The performance of LOA-RPL is also compared with those of RPL,fuzzy rule-based energyefficient clustering and immune-inspired routing(FEEC-IIR),and the routing scheme for IoT that uses shuffled frog-leaping optimization algorithm(RISARPL).The performance evaluation metrics used in this study are network lifetime,power consumption,PDR,and throughput.The proposed LOARPL increases network lifetime by 20%and PDR by 5%–10%compared with RPL,FEEC-IIR,and RISA-RPL.LOA-RPL is also highly energy-efficient compared with other similar routing protocols.
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for this research through a Grant(NU/RG/SERC/12/50)under the Research Groups at Najran University,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)in the IoT.However,RPL is vulnerable to various attacks,including the sinkhole attack,which disrupts the network by manipulating routing information.This paper proposes the Unweighted Voting Method(UVM)for sinkhole node identification,utilizing three key behavioral indicators:DODAG Information Object(DIO)Transaction Frequency,Rank Harmony,and Power Consumption.These indicators have been carefully selected based on their contribution to sinkhole attack detection and other relevant features used in previous research.The UVM method employs an unweighted voting mechanism,where each voter or rule holds equal weight in detecting the presence of a sinkhole attack based on the proposed indicators.The effectiveness of the UVM method is evaluated using the COOJA simulator and compared with existing approaches.Notably,the proposed approach fulfills power consumption requirements for constrained nodes without increasing consumption due to the deployment design.In terms of detection accuracy,simulation results demonstrate a high detection rate ranging from 90%to 100%,with a low false-positive rate of 0%to 0.2%.Consequently,the proposed approach surpasses Ensemble Learning Intrusion Detection Systems by leveraging three indicators and three supporting rules.
文摘Internet of Things(IoT)empowers imaginative applications and permits new services when mobile nodes are included.For IoT-enabled low-power and lossy networks(LLN),the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks(RPL)has become an established standard routing protocol.Mobility under standard RPL remains a difficult issue as it causes continuous path disturbance,energy loss,and increases the end-to-end delay in the network.In this unique circumstance,a Balanced-load and Energy-efficient RPL(BE-RPL)is proposed.It is a routing technique that is both energy-efficient and mobility-aware.It responds quicker to link breakage through received signal strength-based mobility monitoring and selecting a new preferred parent reactively.The proposed system also implements load balancing among stationary nodes for leaf node allocation.Static nodes with more leaf nodes are restricted from participating in the election for a new preferred parent.The performance of BE-RPL is assessed using the COOJA simulator.It improves the energy use,network control overhead,frame acknowledgment ratio,and packet delivery ratio of the network.
文摘低功率低损耗网络路由(Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy network,RPL)是无线物联网的典型路由。由于未采用集中安全机制,RPL路由易受女巫攻击。为此,提出基于接收信号强度的防御女巫攻击的RPL路由(RSSI-based against Sybil attack RPL,RSPL)。RSPL路由通过统计接收信号的强度值,并结合邻居节点的观察,估算节点可信度,进而检测攻击节点。同时,利用链路的传输期望次数和链路信任值修改RPL路由中的目标函数,进而阻止攻击节点参与路由。性能分析表明,相比同类算法,提出的RSPL路由降低了检测攻击节点的误检率,提高了数据包传递率。
文摘针对低功耗有损网络中采用博弈论的网络拥塞控制(game theory based network congestion control protocol,GTNCC)路由算法在路由构建过程中仅仅考虑无线链路质量不能使网络拓扑最优,以及在拥塞控制过程中由拥塞节点的子节点判断是否切换父节点不能快速高效地缓解网络拥塞等问题,提出一种基于多维度量结合的集中式网络拥塞控制(centralized network congestion control based on multi-metrics combination,CNCCMC)路由协议。首先,为了降低网络拥塞发生的概率,CNCCMC路由协议综合考虑了节点剩余能量、缓存占用率、无线链路质量和中继节点当前子节点个数等多维度量完成路由构建;其次,当检测到网络拥塞时,CNCCMC路由协议依据网络拥塞节点进行流量分析和判断的结果采取集中式的方式控制其子节点的切换;最后,在网络拥塞缓解过程中,提出一种"乒乓效应"避免机制。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与GTNCC路由算法相比,CNCCMC路由协议在降低网络拥塞发生的概率、延长网络平均生存寿命和提高网络吞吐量等方面的性能得到了有效提升。
文摘目前基于能量均衡的低功耗有损网络路由协议RPL(Routing Protocol for Lowpower and lossy networks)在网络拓扑构建的过程中由于未考虑备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命,从而导致所构建的网络不能较好地实现能量均衡的问题。对此提出一种基于期望寿命的能量均衡RPL(Expected Life Time-based Energy Balance RPL,ELT-EB-RPL)。构造一种复合路由判据,包括传输跳数、期望传输次数和节点期望寿命,同时,节点在选择最优父节点时需综合考虑其备选父节点及备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命。在不增加额外控制开销的前提下,提出一种“节点间期望寿命信息通告”策略,以便节点作出正确的路由选择。通过仿真实验对该方案的性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,在不同发包速率下该方案能够有效实现能量均衡和延长网络寿命。
文摘由于低功耗有损网络LLN (low power and lossy networks)呈树形结构且节点的能量受限,一旦网络中出现能量瓶颈节点而未及时处理,将会严重影响网络各方面性能。因此提出一种基于负载均衡的高能效LLN路由协议。当检测出能量瓶颈节点后,对溪流计时器重置策略进行改进,及时将能量瓶颈节点能量不足的状态通告给其子节点。提出一种能量瓶颈节点子节点的切换机制,旨在降低能量瓶颈节点的能耗速率,实现节点高能效。仿真结果表明,该方法在网络生存时间和节点死亡率等性能方面优于现有路由算法,其中网络平均生存时间延长了10.53%,节点死亡率降低了18.59%。
文摘低功耗有损网络LLNs(Low-Power and Lossy Networks)中,RPL路由协议可以减少能耗和延长网络生命周期,但是负载的不均衡严重影响了RPL路由协议的性能。据此,提出了一种优化的RPL路由协议—WLB-RPL。该协议以节点剩余能量以及节点平均邻居距离为权重计算剩余级别,并通过动态调整通信半径完成路由构建,以均衡能量。仿真结果表明,改进后的路由协议可以对之前的负载均衡进行更好的优化,达到了理想的效果。
文摘针对低功耗有损网络(Low-power and Lossy Network,LLN)中由于无线链路的有损特性导致在高负载场景下无法较好地实现负载均衡的问题,提出一种高负载场景下基于负载均衡的LLN路由协议(HSLB-RPL)。在该协议中,为了避免期望传输次数较大的备选父节点被选作为最优父节点,综合考虑当前节点和其备选父节点的期望传输次数;当检测到节点负载较重时,为了降低其被邻居节点选作为最优父节点的概率,对其DIO控制消息的发送时间间隔进行调整;当节点发生网络拥塞时,设计一种网络拥塞通告消息(NCN),及时地对当前网络拥塞状态进行通告。仿真结果表明,相对于已有协议,HSLB-RPL协议能够有效地实现负载均衡,其中网络平均寿命延长了23.57%,根节点平均吞吐量提高了14.52%,归一化控制开销较低了12.87%。
