The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(...The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)in the IoT.However,RPL is vulnerable to various attacks,including the sinkhole attack,which disrupts the network by manipulating routing information.This paper proposes the Unweighted Voting Method(UVM)for sinkhole node identification,utilizing three key behavioral indicators:DODAG Information Object(DIO)Transaction Frequency,Rank Harmony,and Power Consumption.These indicators have been carefully selected based on their contribution to sinkhole attack detection and other relevant features used in previous research.The UVM method employs an unweighted voting mechanism,where each voter or rule holds equal weight in detecting the presence of a sinkhole attack based on the proposed indicators.The effectiveness of the UVM method is evaluated using the COOJA simulator and compared with existing approaches.Notably,the proposed approach fulfills power consumption requirements for constrained nodes without increasing consumption due to the deployment design.In terms of detection accuracy,simulation results demonstrate a high detection rate ranging from 90%to 100%,with a low false-positive rate of 0%to 0.2%.Consequently,the proposed approach surpasses Ensemble Learning Intrusion Detection Systems by leveraging three indicators and three supporting rules.展开更多
Internet of Things(IoT)empowers imaginative applications and permits new services when mobile nodes are included.For IoT-enabled low-power and lossy networks(LLN),the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks(...Internet of Things(IoT)empowers imaginative applications and permits new services when mobile nodes are included.For IoT-enabled low-power and lossy networks(LLN),the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks(RPL)has become an established standard routing protocol.Mobility under standard RPL remains a difficult issue as it causes continuous path disturbance,energy loss,and increases the end-to-end delay in the network.In this unique circumstance,a Balanced-load and Energy-efficient RPL(BE-RPL)is proposed.It is a routing technique that is both energy-efficient and mobility-aware.It responds quicker to link breakage through received signal strength-based mobility monitoring and selecting a new preferred parent reactively.The proposed system also implements load balancing among stationary nodes for leaf node allocation.Static nodes with more leaf nodes are restricted from participating in the election for a new preferred parent.The performance of BE-RPL is assessed using the COOJA simulator.It improves the energy use,network control overhead,frame acknowledgment ratio,and packet delivery ratio of the network.展开更多
低功率低损耗网络路由(Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy network,RPL)是无线物联网的典型路由。由于未采用集中安全机制,RPL路由易受女巫攻击。为此,提出基于接收信号强度的防御女巫攻击的RPL路由(RSSI-based against Sybil a...低功率低损耗网络路由(Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy network,RPL)是无线物联网的典型路由。由于未采用集中安全机制,RPL路由易受女巫攻击。为此,提出基于接收信号强度的防御女巫攻击的RPL路由(RSSI-based against Sybil attack RPL,RSPL)。RSPL路由通过统计接收信号的强度值,并结合邻居节点的观察,估算节点可信度,进而检测攻击节点。同时,利用链路的传输期望次数和链路信任值修改RPL路由中的目标函数,进而阻止攻击节点参与路由。性能分析表明,相比同类算法,提出的RSPL路由降低了检测攻击节点的误检率,提高了数据包传递率。展开更多
针对低功耗有损网络中采用博弈论的网络拥塞控制(game theory based network congestion control protocol,GTNCC)路由算法在路由构建过程中仅仅考虑无线链路质量不能使网络拓扑最优,以及在拥塞控制过程中由拥塞节点的子节点判断是否切...针对低功耗有损网络中采用博弈论的网络拥塞控制(game theory based network congestion control protocol,GTNCC)路由算法在路由构建过程中仅仅考虑无线链路质量不能使网络拓扑最优,以及在拥塞控制过程中由拥塞节点的子节点判断是否切换父节点不能快速高效地缓解网络拥塞等问题,提出一种基于多维度量结合的集中式网络拥塞控制(centralized network congestion control based on multi-metrics combination,CNCCMC)路由协议。首先,为了降低网络拥塞发生的概率,CNCCMC路由协议综合考虑了节点剩余能量、缓存占用率、无线链路质量和中继节点当前子节点个数等多维度量完成路由构建;其次,当检测到网络拥塞时,CNCCMC路由协议依据网络拥塞节点进行流量分析和判断的结果采取集中式的方式控制其子节点的切换;最后,在网络拥塞缓解过程中,提出一种"乒乓效应"避免机制。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与GTNCC路由算法相比,CNCCMC路由协议在降低网络拥塞发生的概率、延长网络平均生存寿命和提高网络吞吐量等方面的性能得到了有效提升。展开更多
目前基于能量均衡的低功耗有损网络路由协议RPL(Routing Protocol for Lowpower and lossy networks)在网络拓扑构建的过程中由于未考虑备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命,从而导致所构建的网络不能较好地实现能量均衡的问题。对此提出一...目前基于能量均衡的低功耗有损网络路由协议RPL(Routing Protocol for Lowpower and lossy networks)在网络拓扑构建的过程中由于未考虑备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命,从而导致所构建的网络不能较好地实现能量均衡的问题。对此提出一种基于期望寿命的能量均衡RPL(Expected Life Time-based Energy Balance RPL,ELT-EB-RPL)。构造一种复合路由判据,包括传输跳数、期望传输次数和节点期望寿命,同时,节点在选择最优父节点时需综合考虑其备选父节点及备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命。在不增加额外控制开销的前提下,提出一种“节点间期望寿命信息通告”策略,以便节点作出正确的路由选择。通过仿真实验对该方案的性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,在不同发包速率下该方案能够有效实现能量均衡和延长网络寿命。展开更多
低功耗有损网络LLNs(Low-Power and Lossy Networks)中,RPL路由协议可以减少能耗和延长网络生命周期,但是负载的不均衡严重影响了RPL路由协议的性能。据此,提出了一种优化的RPL路由协议—WLB-RPL。该协议以节点剩余能量以及节点平均邻...低功耗有损网络LLNs(Low-Power and Lossy Networks)中,RPL路由协议可以减少能耗和延长网络生命周期,但是负载的不均衡严重影响了RPL路由协议的性能。据此,提出了一种优化的RPL路由协议—WLB-RPL。该协议以节点剩余能量以及节点平均邻居距离为权重计算剩余级别,并通过动态调整通信半径完成路由构建,以均衡能量。仿真结果表明,改进后的路由协议可以对之前的负载均衡进行更好的优化,达到了理想的效果。展开更多
针对现有低功耗有损网络路由协议在拓扑构建及路由选择时没有综合全面考虑各方面的路由度量(Routing Metric),或在考虑两个或3个路由度量时各个路由度量的权重分配多是基于专家经验,主观性太强的问题,本文提出一种新的基于模糊层次分析...针对现有低功耗有损网络路由协议在拓扑构建及路由选择时没有综合全面考虑各方面的路由度量(Routing Metric),或在考虑两个或3个路由度量时各个路由度量的权重分配多是基于专家经验,主观性太强的问题,本文提出一种新的基于模糊层次分析法的RPL(Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks)路由协议—RPL-FAHP(RPL based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process)。RPL-FAHP在选择偏好父节点(下一跳节点)时综合考虑各方面的路由度量,构建新的复合路由度量和目标函数,并采用模糊层次分析法确定复合路由度量中各个路由度量的权重系数,从而选出最优偏好父节点传输数据。理论分析和仿真结果表明:与现有的相关典型算法相比,RPL-FAHP在平均分组丢失率、平均端到端时延及网络寿命等方面具有更优的性能。展开更多
详细介绍了无线传感网络中的RPL(IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks)路由协议,从仿真环境、参数设定、仿真场景设计等方面对RPL路由协议的仿真进行了分析。利用cooja模拟器对RPL路由协议进行了仿真,并针对分组递...详细介绍了无线传感网络中的RPL(IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks)路由协议,从仿真环境、参数设定、仿真场景设计等方面对RPL路由协议的仿真进行了分析。利用cooja模拟器对RPL路由协议进行了仿真,并针对分组递交率和平均功耗两个性能指标对RPL路由协议进行性能评估。仿真结果表明,RPL路由协议在分组递交率方面适用于各个场景,并能很好地适应网络的动态变化;在功耗方面不适用于树型空间位置的场景,并且对于动态变化的网络会大大增加平均功耗。展开更多
针对低功耗有损网络(low-power and lossy network,LLN)的节点移动问题,提出基于博弈论自适应调整传输速率的移动RPL路由(GT-mRPL)。GT-mRPL路由通过博弈论传输速率,进而获取高的数据分组传递率和吞吐量。在移动环境中,将节点竞争发送...针对低功耗有损网络(low-power and lossy network,LLN)的节点移动问题,提出基于博弈论自适应调整传输速率的移动RPL路由(GT-mRPL)。GT-mRPL路由通过博弈论传输速率,进而获取高的数据分组传递率和吞吐量。在移动环境中,将节点竞争发送数据过程设计成一个游戏。将通过增加传输率所获取的增益(效用函数)与因节点移动而产生的成本(移动函数)的比值看成收益函数。同时,考虑能耗对收益函数的影响。仿真结果表明,在移动环境下,提出的GT-mRPL路由降低了数据分组丢失率,提高了吞吐量。展开更多
基金funded by the Deanship of Scientific Research at Najran University for this research through a Grant(NU/RG/SERC/12/50)under the Research Groups at Najran University,Saudi Arabia.
文摘The Internet of Things(IoT)consists of interconnected smart devices communicating and collecting data.The Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks(RPL)is the standard protocol for Internet Protocol Version 6(IPv6)in the IoT.However,RPL is vulnerable to various attacks,including the sinkhole attack,which disrupts the network by manipulating routing information.This paper proposes the Unweighted Voting Method(UVM)for sinkhole node identification,utilizing three key behavioral indicators:DODAG Information Object(DIO)Transaction Frequency,Rank Harmony,and Power Consumption.These indicators have been carefully selected based on their contribution to sinkhole attack detection and other relevant features used in previous research.The UVM method employs an unweighted voting mechanism,where each voter or rule holds equal weight in detecting the presence of a sinkhole attack based on the proposed indicators.The effectiveness of the UVM method is evaluated using the COOJA simulator and compared with existing approaches.Notably,the proposed approach fulfills power consumption requirements for constrained nodes without increasing consumption due to the deployment design.In terms of detection accuracy,simulation results demonstrate a high detection rate ranging from 90%to 100%,with a low false-positive rate of 0%to 0.2%.Consequently,the proposed approach surpasses Ensemble Learning Intrusion Detection Systems by leveraging three indicators and three supporting rules.
文摘Internet of Things(IoT)empowers imaginative applications and permits new services when mobile nodes are included.For IoT-enabled low-power and lossy networks(LLN),the Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks(RPL)has become an established standard routing protocol.Mobility under standard RPL remains a difficult issue as it causes continuous path disturbance,energy loss,and increases the end-to-end delay in the network.In this unique circumstance,a Balanced-load and Energy-efficient RPL(BE-RPL)is proposed.It is a routing technique that is both energy-efficient and mobility-aware.It responds quicker to link breakage through received signal strength-based mobility monitoring and selecting a new preferred parent reactively.The proposed system also implements load balancing among stationary nodes for leaf node allocation.Static nodes with more leaf nodes are restricted from participating in the election for a new preferred parent.The performance of BE-RPL is assessed using the COOJA simulator.It improves the energy use,network control overhead,frame acknowledgment ratio,and packet delivery ratio of the network.
文摘低功率低损耗网络路由(Routing Protocol for low power and Lossy network,RPL)是无线物联网的典型路由。由于未采用集中安全机制,RPL路由易受女巫攻击。为此,提出基于接收信号强度的防御女巫攻击的RPL路由(RSSI-based against Sybil attack RPL,RSPL)。RSPL路由通过统计接收信号的强度值,并结合邻居节点的观察,估算节点可信度,进而检测攻击节点。同时,利用链路的传输期望次数和链路信任值修改RPL路由中的目标函数,进而阻止攻击节点参与路由。性能分析表明,相比同类算法,提出的RSPL路由降低了检测攻击节点的误检率,提高了数据包传递率。
文摘针对低功耗有损网络中采用博弈论的网络拥塞控制(game theory based network congestion control protocol,GTNCC)路由算法在路由构建过程中仅仅考虑无线链路质量不能使网络拓扑最优,以及在拥塞控制过程中由拥塞节点的子节点判断是否切换父节点不能快速高效地缓解网络拥塞等问题,提出一种基于多维度量结合的集中式网络拥塞控制(centralized network congestion control based on multi-metrics combination,CNCCMC)路由协议。首先,为了降低网络拥塞发生的概率,CNCCMC路由协议综合考虑了节点剩余能量、缓存占用率、无线链路质量和中继节点当前子节点个数等多维度量完成路由构建;其次,当检测到网络拥塞时,CNCCMC路由协议依据网络拥塞节点进行流量分析和判断的结果采取集中式的方式控制其子节点的切换;最后,在网络拥塞缓解过程中,提出一种"乒乓效应"避免机制。理论分析和仿真结果表明,与GTNCC路由算法相比,CNCCMC路由协议在降低网络拥塞发生的概率、延长网络平均生存寿命和提高网络吞吐量等方面的性能得到了有效提升。
文摘目前基于能量均衡的低功耗有损网络路由协议RPL(Routing Protocol for Lowpower and lossy networks)在网络拓扑构建的过程中由于未考虑备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命,从而导致所构建的网络不能较好地实现能量均衡的问题。对此提出一种基于期望寿命的能量均衡RPL(Expected Life Time-based Energy Balance RPL,ELT-EB-RPL)。构造一种复合路由判据,包括传输跳数、期望传输次数和节点期望寿命,同时,节点在选择最优父节点时需综合考虑其备选父节点及备选父节点上一跳节点的期望寿命。在不增加额外控制开销的前提下,提出一种“节点间期望寿命信息通告”策略,以便节点作出正确的路由选择。通过仿真实验对该方案的性能进行了对比分析。结果表明,在不同发包速率下该方案能够有效实现能量均衡和延长网络寿命。
文摘低功耗有损网络LLNs(Low-Power and Lossy Networks)中,RPL路由协议可以减少能耗和延长网络生命周期,但是负载的不均衡严重影响了RPL路由协议的性能。据此,提出了一种优化的RPL路由协议—WLB-RPL。该协议以节点剩余能量以及节点平均邻居距离为权重计算剩余级别,并通过动态调整通信半径完成路由构建,以均衡能量。仿真结果表明,改进后的路由协议可以对之前的负载均衡进行更好的优化,达到了理想的效果。
文摘针对现有低功耗有损网络路由协议在拓扑构建及路由选择时没有综合全面考虑各方面的路由度量(Routing Metric),或在考虑两个或3个路由度量时各个路由度量的权重分配多是基于专家经验,主观性太强的问题,本文提出一种新的基于模糊层次分析法的RPL(Routing Protocol for Low-power and Lossy Networks)路由协议—RPL-FAHP(RPL based on Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process)。RPL-FAHP在选择偏好父节点(下一跳节点)时综合考虑各方面的路由度量,构建新的复合路由度量和目标函数,并采用模糊层次分析法确定复合路由度量中各个路由度量的权重系数,从而选出最优偏好父节点传输数据。理论分析和仿真结果表明:与现有的相关典型算法相比,RPL-FAHP在平均分组丢失率、平均端到端时延及网络寿命等方面具有更优的性能。
文摘详细介绍了无线传感网络中的RPL(IPv6 Routing Protocol for Low-Power and Lossy Networks)路由协议,从仿真环境、参数设定、仿真场景设计等方面对RPL路由协议的仿真进行了分析。利用cooja模拟器对RPL路由协议进行了仿真,并针对分组递交率和平均功耗两个性能指标对RPL路由协议进行性能评估。仿真结果表明,RPL路由协议在分组递交率方面适用于各个场景,并能很好地适应网络的动态变化;在功耗方面不适用于树型空间位置的场景,并且对于动态变化的网络会大大增加平均功耗。
文摘针对低功耗有损网络(low-power and lossy network,LLN)的节点移动问题,提出基于博弈论自适应调整传输速率的移动RPL路由(GT-mRPL)。GT-mRPL路由通过博弈论传输速率,进而获取高的数据分组传递率和吞吐量。在移动环境中,将节点竞争发送数据过程设计成一个游戏。将通过增加传输率所获取的增益(效用函数)与因节点移动而产生的成本(移动函数)的比值看成收益函数。同时,考虑能耗对收益函数的影响。仿真结果表明,在移动环境下,提出的GT-mRPL路由降低了数据分组丢失率,提高了吞吐量。
