Effect of the Substitution of Sand by Rubber of Waste Tires on the Mechanical Properties of Hydraulic Concrete and Exposure to Gamma Radiation

For a long time and until now, rubber is the most used material for the manufacture of tires for motor vehicles. Unfortunately, once the tire meets its life cycle, the remaining rubber cannot be recycled, so the tires are discarded in collection centers and often in clandestine dumps. This represents a serious environmental problem because, in one case, these waste tires become breeding grounds for insects and wildlife that is harmful to humans. In the second case, the tires are burned, releasing highly damaging gases into the atmosphere. On the other hand, concrete is worldwide the construction material par excellence. It is basically composed of cement, gravel and sand. Mixing these three components in different proportions, their mechanical strength in compression can be increased. However, due to its fragile nature, concrete, once a crack is formed, it rapidly advances by fragmenting the material and producing its rapid collapse. In the present work, in order contribute to the care of the environment as well as to modify the fracture mode of the concrete, rubber particles obtained from waste tires were used as sand substitute in hydraulic concrete. In addition, rubber modified samples concrete were lately exposed to 70 kGy of gamma radiation in order to study the effects of this radiation on the mechanical deformation of concrete. The results showed a decrease in the mechanical properties of the concrete with rubber particles with respect to the traditional concrete itself. However, such decreases were offset by the fact that samples with rubber addition do not collapses as fast as the free rubber samples. The acquired data pave the way for research with great benefits, such as the use of recycled tires in concrete for its fracture mode modification in a beneficial way, as well as a possible decrease in the cost of concrete.

Mechanical Test and Meso-Model Numerical Study of Composite Rubber Concrete under Salt-Freezing Cycle

A composite rubber concrete(CRC)was designed by combining waste tire rubber particles with particle sizes of 3~5 mm,1~3 mm and 20 mesh.Taking the rubber content of different particle sizes as the influencing factors,the range and variance analysis of the mechanical and impermeability properties of CRC was carried out by orthogonal test.Through analysis,it is concluded that the optimal proportion of 3~5 mm,1~3 mm,and 20 mesh particle size composite rubber is 1:2.5:5.5 kinds of CRC and 3 kinds of ordinary single-mixed rubber concrete(RC)with a total content of 10%~20%were designed under this ratio,and the salt-freezing cycle test was carried out with a concentration of 5%Na 2 SO4 solution.The physical and mechanical damage laws during 120 salt-freezing cycles are obtained,and the corresponding damage prediction model is established according to the experimental data.The results show that:on the one hand,the composite rubber in CRC produces a more uniform“graded”structure,forms a retractable particle group,and reduces the loss of mechanical properties of CRC.On the other hand,colloidal particles with different particle sizes are used as air entraining agent to improve the pore structure of concrete and introduce evenly dispersed bubbles,which fundamentally improves the durability of concrete.Under the experimental conditions,the CRC performance is the best when the overall content of composite rubber is 15%.

Physical and Mechanical Properties of Crumb Rubber Mortar(CRM)with Interfacial Modifiers

Eight interfacial modifiers were used to improve the interfacial bonding strength between the crumb rubber and matrix of Crumb Rubber Mortar （CRM）, and the physical and mechanical properties and microstructure of CRM were also studied. The results show that, the interfacial modifiers obviously improve the interface bonding strength between the crumb rubber and matrix and the whole strength of CRM, and silicone modified styrene-acryl ate-emulsion has the best effect. The rubber-cement matrix interface was proved by SEM that the interfacial modifiers treated rubber showed good adhesion to the matrix.

Effect of High-Stress Equal Amplitude Cyclic Loading on Mechanical and Deformation Characteristics of Rubber Concrete

In order to study the mechanical and deformation characteristics of rubber concrete under repeated loading,50 cycles of high-stress equal amplitude cyclic loading and uniaxial compression tests were carried out on 30 concrete specimens of 5 groups.The change of uniaxial mechanical properties and the deformation during cyclic loading of normal concrete(NC)and rubber concrete(RC)with 5%,10%,15%,and 20%content were analysed.The results show that the peak stress and modulus of elasticity decrease and the peak strain increases with the increase of rubber content.After cyclic loading,the degradation degree of NC peak stress and elastic modulus reached 11.0%and 36.8%respectively.This study can provide a basis for the application of rubber concrete.

Study on Modification of Waste Rubber Powder in Cement-Based Composites Mixed with Waste Rubber Powder

In view of the disadvantage that the mechanical properties of cement-based composites can be significantly reduced by incorporating waste rubber powder in situ, the surface modification methods of the original rubber powder by coupling agent KH560, sodium hydroxide, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), methyl hydroxyethyl cellulose ether (MHEC) and tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) as precursors were adopted respectively. The modification of waste rubber powder was studied by Change rate of mortar strength of cement-based composite mortar mixed with waste rubber powder. The results show that the hybrid modification method using tetraethyl orthosilicate as precursor has better ef-fect. When 5 phr ethyl orthosilicate is added, the compressive strength and flexural strength of cement-based composite mortar can be increased by 31.7% and 28%. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results show that the surface of waste rubber powder with good modification effect has many pro-trusions and flake-like porous structures which are beneficial to its bonding with cement-based materials.

Mechanical Properties of Self-Compacting Rubberized Concrete with Different Rubber Types under Triaxial Compression

Different rubber aggregates lead to changes in the effect of stress conditions on the mechanical behavior of concrete,and studies on the triaxial properties of self-compacting rubber concrete(SCRC)are rare.In this study,35 cylindrical specimens taking lateral stress and rubber type as variables were prepared to study the fresh properties and mechanical behaviors of SCRC under triaxial compression,where the rubber contains two types,i.e.,380μm rubber powder and 1–4 mm rubber particles,and four contents,i.e.,10%,20%and 30%.The test results demonstrated that SCRC exhibited a typical oblique shear failure mode under triaxial compression and had a more moderate descending branch compared with self-compacting concrete(SCC).The presence of lateral stress can significantly improve the compression properties,including initial elastic modulus,peak stress and peak strain,with an improvement range of 3%–73%for peak stress.While rubber aggregates mainly targeted the deformation abilities and toughness for improvement,and the peak strain improvement ranges were 0.1–3.1 times and 0.1–1.0 times for SCRC containing rubber powder and SCRC containing rubber particles,respectively,relative to SCC.At a high lateral stress of at least 12 MPa,the loss of strength due to the addition of rubber can be controlled within 10%,in which case the content of rubber powder and rubber particles was recommended to be at most 20%and 30%,respectively.Based on the Mohr-Coulomb theory,the failure criteria of SCRC with different rubber types were established.For analysis and design purposes,an empirical model was proposed to predict the stressstrain behavior under triaxial compression,considering the influence of different rubber content and lateral stress.The results obtained in this study can provide a valuable reference for the design and application of self-compacting rubberized concrete in practical projects,especially those involving three-way compression states and requiring high-quality deformation and energy dissipation.

Mechanical Properties and Microcosmic Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Modified by Compound Admixtures

It has become a research hotspot to explore raw material substitutes of concrete.It is important to research the mechanical properties of self-compacting concrete(SCC)with slag powder(SP)and rubber particle(RP)replacing cement and coarse aggregate,respectively.12 kinds of composite modified self-compacting concrete(CMSCC)specimens were prepared by using 10%,20%and 30%SP and 30%,40%,50%and 60%RP.The rheological properties,mechanical properties and microstructure of the CMSCC were investigated.Results indicate that the workability,compressive strength,splitting tensile strength and flexural strength of CMSCC prepared by 20%SP and less than 40%RP are improved.In order to maximize the utilization of waste materials,20%SP and 40%RP can be used as the optimal ratio of the combined modifier.The microstructure shows that the addition of proper amount of SP is conducive to the formation of increasingly more uniform C-S-H gel.C-SH gel can fill the internal pores of the sample and enhance the adhesion between the aggregate,thus improving the mechanical properties of CMSCC.RP has a rougher surface and lower density and stiffness,which inhibits the workability and mechanical properties of CMSCC.The above research results have important theoretical and practical significance for the selection of raw materials of self-compacting concrete and the rational use of industrial wastes.

Experimental Study and Failure Criterion Analysis of Rubber Fibre Reinforced Concrete under Biaxial Compression-Compression

In order to examine the biaxial compression-compression properties of rubber fibre reinforced concrete(RFRC),an experimental study on RFRC under different lateral compressive stresses was carried out by considering different rubber replacement rates and polypropylene fibre contents.The failure modes and mechanical property parameters of different RFRC working conditions were obtained from the experiment to explore the effects of rubber replacement rate and polypropylene fibre content on the biaxial compression-compression properties of RFRC.The following conclusions were drawn.Under the influence of lateral compressive stress,the biaxial compression-compression failure mode gradually developed from a columnar pattern to a flaky pattern,suggesting that the incorporation of rubber and polypropylene fibres into the concrete resulted in a significant change in the development of cracks.For different rubber replacement rates and polypropylene fibre contents,the vertical compressive stress exhibited the same developing trend under the influence of lateral compressive stress.Specifically,the lateral compressive stress imposed the minimum effect on the vertical compressive stress when the rubber replacement rate and polypropylene fibre content were 20%and 0.4%,respectively,and imposed the maximum effect when the rubber replacement rate and polypropylene fibre content were 20%and 0%,respectively.With the increase of rubber replacement rate,the vertical peak stress was significantly reduced,which implies that an appropriate amount of polypropylene fibres can increase the vertical peak stress to a certain extent.Then,the biaxial compression-compression mechanism of RFRC was analysed from the microscopic level by using scanning electron microscope(SEM).Meanwhile,based on Kupfer’s biaxial compression-compression failure criterion and the octahedral stress space,a biaxial compression-compression failure criterion for RFRC was proposed,which was proven to have good applicability.The research results of this study provide important theoretical basis for the engineering application and development of RFRC.

煤矸石气流分级改性制橡胶补强填料研究

【目的】煤矸石是一种富含硅铝氧化物的煤基固废,对其资源化利用至关重要。【方法】将煅烧活化的煤矸石,采用铝酸酯偶联剂研磨一体化改性,考察了研磨时间、改性剂用量对其表面改性效果的影响规律。进一步利用气流分级对煤矸石灰进行分选,对比分析了改性与否及颗粒粒径对橡胶补强填充性能的影响。【结果】结果表明,球磨30min、铝酸酯偶联剂添加量2%时,综合改性效果最佳,煤矸石灰表面出现铝酸酯偶联剂的特征官能团。相较商用白炭黑填料,气流分级改性所得填料填充橡胶的硬度和交联密度更高,硫化性能更好,橡胶的拉伸强度、拉断伸长率和拉断永久变形降低,定伸应力提高。填料粒度分布对橡胶性能影响明显,硫化性能随填料粒度减小而提高,拉伸性能随之提高,超细煤矸石灰改性作为填料的补强性能与白炭黑接近,具有替代白炭黑的潜力。

液体丁腈橡胶YN25对丁腈橡胶2980的改性

将液体丁腈橡胶(牌号YN 25)与丁腈橡胶(NBR)2980进行机械共混制备了NBR 2980 M,研究了YN 25加入量对NBR 2980 M混炼胶的门尼黏度、硬度和硫化特性及硫化胶拉伸性能的影响。结果表明,随YN 25加入量增加,NBR 2980 M的门尼黏度、50 min的300%定伸应力、拉伸强度、最大和最小转矩均呈线性下降,扯断伸长率及25 min、50 min和90 min三个转矩差硫化时间均线性上升,而混炼胶硬度的变化不明显。YN 25在NBR 2980 M中的质量分数每增加1%,混炼胶门尼黏度下降0.78,50 min的300%定伸应力、拉伸强度、最大和最小转矩分别下降0.15 MPa、0.17 MPa、0.12 dN·m和0.02 dN·m,扯断伸长率及25 min、50 min和90 min三个硫化时间分别增加4.1%、0.05 min、0.08 min和0.18 min。

聚苯乙烯颗粒掺量对混凝土力学性能和保温性能的影响研究

以聚苯乙烯颗粒(EPS)作为掺杂材料,通过不同的表面活性剂对其进行亲水改性,在此基础上将聚苯乙烯颗粒掺入到泡沫混凝土中,研究了亲水改性后的聚苯乙烯颗粒对混凝土力学性能和保温性能的影响。结果表明,未改性的聚苯乙烯属于憎水材料,接触角为112°,三乙醇胺改性后接触角降低至31°,具有优异的亲水性。泡沫混凝土具有多孔特征,孔径分布为20~230μm,凝固时间随聚苯乙烯颗粒掺杂量的增多不断降低,流动度先增大后降低,EPS-0.9%的凝固时间为90 min,流动度最高为17.9 mm。随着EPS颗粒掺杂量的增多,泡沫混凝土的抗压强度持续降低,抗折强度先降低后轻微升高,导热系数和干密度先降低后增大,抗碳化性能持续降低。在28 d龄期时,EPS-1.2%试样的抗压强度达到最低值5.2 MPa,碳化深度达到最大值2.13 mm;EPS-0.6%试样的抗折强度达到最大值0.57 MPa;EPS-0.9%试样的干密度和导热系数达到最低值,分别为357 kg/m^(3)和0.069 W/(m·K),保温性能最优。

改性芳纶短纤维增强氯丁橡胶/顺丁橡胶复合材料的实验研究

采用等离子体/油酸钾协同处理对芳纶纤维进行改性,并研究了改性芳纶纤维对氯丁橡胶/顺丁橡胶并用胶的增强作用。结果表明,等离子体的高能冲击使芳纶纤维的表面粗糙度增大,增加了芳纶纤维的表面积,并在芳纶纤维表面引入活性位点;油酸钾改性促进了芳纶纤维极性的削弱及其与橡胶的界面结合;经过等离子体/油酸钾协同处理的改性芳纶纤维增强后,橡胶复合材料的拉伸强度提高了25.85%,定伸模量提高了34.65%,刚度提高了10.96%,在正硫化时间(t90)未改变的情况下,焦烧时间(t10)下降。

聚丙烯纤维橡胶混凝土的力学及抗冻性能研究

研究了聚丙烯纤维的体积掺量(0.45%、0.90%、1.35%、1.80%、2.25%、3.41%、4.51%)对橡胶混凝土力学及抗冻性能的影响,并建立了冻融损伤劣化模型来预测橡胶混凝土的冻融损伤劣化规律。结果表明:掺入适量聚丙烯纤维可以有效提高橡胶混凝土的力学及抗冻性能,当聚丙烯纤维掺量在1.80%~2.25%范围内时,试件的力学及抗冻性能均较好;建立的冻融损伤劣化模型的拟合系数R2均大于0.992,拟合精度较高,可为聚丙烯纤维橡胶混凝土在寒冷地区工程中的应用提供理论依据。

玄武岩纤维表面改性对混凝土力学性能的影响

用偶联剂KH550与纳米SiO_(2)协同改性玄武岩纤维(BF),研究了BF表面改性对玄武岩纤维混凝土(BFRC)力学性能的影响.结果表明:经KH550与纳米SiO_(2)改性后,BF表面出现了C—H键,且Si—O—Si键对应的振动峰变强;当纳米SiO_(2)用量为BF质量的3%时,BF形貌变化最为明显,此时改性BFRC的力学强度及抗裂性能均高于普通BFRC;在KH550的桥联作用下,纳米SiO_(2)可有效增强纤维与混凝土基体的黏结强度,进而提高BFRC的力学强度和抗裂性能.

硫化橡胶沥青和脱硫橡胶沥青的性能评估

文中采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)观察了硫化橡胶粉和脱硫橡胶粉的微观形貌.以硫化橡胶粉和脱硫橡胶粉作为改性剂制备了改性沥青,并以基质沥青作为对照组,评估了三种沥青的高温性能和低温抗裂性能.通过红外光谱分析了其改性机理.结果表明:硫化胶粉颗粒表面光滑,棱角明显,颗粒相对分散.脱硫胶粉颗粒表面粗糙,颗粒有团聚现象.硫化胶粉改性沥青的粘度最大,脱硫胶粉改性沥青粘度次之,基质沥青的粘度最小.胶粉脱硫可以降低沥青的温度敏感度.硫化胶粉的高温抗车辙性能和低温抗裂性能均优于脱硫胶粉改性沥青.硫化胶粉改性沥青和脱硫胶粉改性沥青其主要以物理混溶为主.

水泥改性水性环氧涂料的制备及性能

[目的]聚合物水泥防水涂料在应用于水工混凝土时的粘结强度亟待提高。[方法]将硅酸盐水泥作为第三组分对水性环氧涂料进行改性,研究了水泥掺量(占与石英共同组成的填料质量的10%~50%)对涂料力学性能和防护性能的影响。采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)分析了水泥对水性环氧乳液的改性机理。[结果]在40%的水泥掺量下,涂层的力学性能和防护性能最优,粘结强度、拉伸强度和断裂伸长率分别为6.14 MPa、2.16MPa和156%,浸水、浸碱和冲蚀后未出现吸水溶胀现象,粘结强度下降和质量损失的程度最小。[结论]水泥的掺入明显改善了涂层的力学性能和防护性能,环氧乳液聚集包裹在石英砂、水泥及其水化产物周围,形成了以环氧乳液为主要成膜物质,石英砂、水泥及其水化产物为次成膜物质的互穿网络结构,CaCO_(3)的存在使网络结构更为致密。

聚磷酸铵表面改性及对天然橡胶复合材料性能的影响

先使用碱性硅溶胶在聚磷酸铵(APP)表面形成一层无机自组装微胶囊化APP(SiO2@APP),再使用硅烷偶联剂3-巯丙基三乙氧基硅烷(KH 580)通过溶胶-凝胶法对SiO2@APP表面进行接枝改性制备了接枝改性APP(KH 580-SiO2@APP)阻燃剂,将其应用到天然橡胶(NR)中制备了NR复合材料,研究了APP表面改性对NR复合材料的疏水性、热稳定性、阻燃性能和物理机械性能的影响。结果表明,已成功对APP表面进行改性。相较于APP,经碱性硅溶胶改性后所得SiO2@APP的水接触角增加了205.7%,热稳定性提高了约25.7%;相较于APP/NR复合材料,SiO2@APP/NR复合材料的拉伸强度提高了43.7%,但是其极限氧指数(LOI)有所下降。SiO2@APP经硅烷偶联剂KH 580改性后,所得KH 580-SiO2@APP的水接触角增加了9.1%,热稳定性提高幅度将近11.6%。此外,KH 580-SiO2@APP/NR复合材料的拉伸强度得以提高,达到了16.2 MPa,扯断伸长率上升幅度达到了539%,而LOI略下降至24.3%。

聚丙烯纤维改性多孔生态混凝土的制备及性能研究

以玄武岩碎石为天然粗骨料,废弃混凝土为再生粗骨料,聚丙烯纤维为增强相,制备了不同聚丙烯纤维掺杂量的多孔生态混凝土,探究了聚丙烯纤维的掺杂量对多孔生态混凝土的物理性能、微观形貌、力学性能及抗冻性能的影响。结果表明,多孔生态混凝土的透水系数和孔隙率呈现出正向线性关系,随着聚丙烯纤维掺杂量的增大,混凝土的透水系数和孔隙率持续降低;适量聚丙烯纤维的掺杂能够在多孔生态混凝土中形成均匀致密的网格结构,当聚丙烯纤维的掺杂量为3%(体积分数)时,混凝土的致密度最高。随着聚丙烯纤维掺杂量的增大,混凝土的抗折强度先增大后降低,抗压强度先快速增大后缓慢增大。在28 d龄期下,当聚丙烯纤维的掺杂量为3%(体积分数)时,混凝土的抗折强度达到最大值4.68 MPa,对应的抗压强度为14.68 MPa。经历100次冻融循环后,当聚丙烯纤维的掺杂量为3%(体积分数)时,混凝土的质量损失率最低为2.17%,相对动弹性模量最高为84.81%,抗冻性能最佳。因此,聚丙烯纤维的最佳掺杂量为3%(体积分数)。

脂溶性改性茶多酚对顺丁橡胶老化行为的影响

将茶多酚与硬脂酸进行酯化反应制备了硬脂酸茶多酚酯,研究了硬脂酸茶多酚酯在顺丁橡胶(BR)中的防老化行为。结果表明:硬脂酸茶多酚酯与BR基体的相容性较好,抑制了喷霜效应;与茶多酚相比,硬脂酸茶多酚酯使BR的初始拉伸强度与扯断伸长率均提高,而邵尔A硬度与交联密度均降低,且老化10 d后BR的物理机械性能与使用苯胺类防老剂4010 NA相当;改性前后的茶多酚均会明显抑制BR在老化过程中的顺反异构化效应,其效果远优于防老剂4010 NA。

珊瑚混凝土改性技术研究

为解决陆地资源紧缺等问题,与普通混凝土力学性能相近的珊瑚混凝土成为近年来研究的新型材料,随着对珊瑚混凝土不断深入研究,发现在其制备过程中存在很多的缺陷,如珊瑚石的自身强度低、抗渗性能差、易遭受海水中氯盐的侵蚀、与钢筋的粘结程度低等,因此对国内外已有的珊瑚混凝土改性处理技术的研究成果进行了归纳,此外还总结出当前对珊瑚材料作用机理的局限性以及对珊瑚混凝土改性处理方法、动态力学性能的研究存在的不足,为后续研究提供参考。