<i>γ</i>-Ray Irradiation Effect on MCF Rubber Solar Cells with both Photovoltaics and Sensing Involving Semiconductors Fabricated under Magnetic and Electric Fields

For cases in which a robot with installed solar cells and a sensor operates in a nuclear reactor building or in space for extravehicular activity, we require elastic and extensible solar cells. More than two different types of sensing are also required, minimally with photovoltaics and built-in electricity. Magnetic compound fluid (MCF) rubber solar cells are made of rubber, so they are elastic and extensible as well as sensitive. To achieve flexibility and an effective photovoltaic effect, MCF rubber solar cells must include both soluble and insoluble rubbers, Fe3O4, TiO2, Na2WO4∙2H2O, etc. On the basis of this constitution, we propose a consummate fabrication process for MCF rubber solar cells. The characteristics of these cells result from the semiconductor-like role of the molecules of TiO2, Fe3O4, Ni, Na2WO4∙2H2O, polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), natural rubber (NR), oleic acid, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), water and magnetic cluster involved in the MCF rubber. Their tendencies can be deduced by synthesizing knowledge about the enhancement of the reverse-bias saturation current IS and the diode ideality factor N, with conventional knowledge about the semiconductor affected by γ-irradiation and the attenuation of the photon energy of γ-rays.

Magnetic,thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties of beta isotactic polypropylene/natural rubber blends reinforced by NiZn ferrite nanoparticles

The dispersion of magnetic nanoparticles in matrix is crucial to ensure optimum performance of the composite.The difficulty level of achieving good dispersion is further increase when a multi-phases of matrix is present.A pre-coating technique of magnetic nanoparticles with polypropylene using ball-mill prior to melt-blending process was employed to prepare a multi-phases thermoplastic natural rubber composite.The effect of filler loading(2 wt%-10 wt%) on morphology,structure,magnetic properties,thermal stability and dynamic mechanical properties of the composites were investigated.It was found that the NiZn ferrite nanoparticles act as nucleating agent to form beta isostatic polypropylene thermoplastic composites.The composites’ magnetic properties are directly dependent on the filler concentration.The dispersion of magnetic fillers in polymer matrix plays role in affecting the magnetic properties and thermal stability.The preference of filler to locate at amorphous phase has distorted the chain orientation of natural rubber and polypropylene.Hence,the polymorphism and crystallinity of the matrix varied as the filler loading increased,affecting the dynamic mechanical properties.It was found that 8 wt% NiZn nanocomposite exhibits highest E’ and tanδ,indicating the dynamic mechanical properties of NiZn nanocomposite are affected by β-phase degree.

Detailed Mechanism and Engineering Applicability of Electrolytic Polymerization Aided by a Magnetic Field in Natural Rubber by Mechanical Approach for Sensing (Part 1): The Effect of Experimental Conditions on Electrolytic Polymerization

Ordinary electrolytic polymerization has involved plastic-type polymer solutions. Rubber, especially natural rubber, is one such polymer solution. Rubber has not been focused on until recently due to the fact that electrolytic polymerization has only a very small effect on rubber. However, when we focus on the C=C bonds of natural rubber, the same electrolytic polymerization is applicable to be enlarged on the natural rubber if a magnetic field and a filler are added. With the application of a magnetic field and a magnetic responsive fluid such as magnetic compound fluid (MCF), the effect of electrolytic polymerization on NR-latex such as plastic-type polymer solutions is enhanced, and the thickness of the vulcanized MCF rubber grows in a short time. The present new method of vulcanization of MCF rubber is effective enough that it is widely used in haptic sensors in various engineering applications. In the present report, as mechanical approach for the sensing, by measuring the temperature under electrolytic polymerization, by investigating the electric and dynamic characteristics, and by observing the magnified appearance of the MCF rubber, we clarified the extrinsic effects of many experimental conditions, including magnetic field strength, applied voltage, the electrodes gap, mass concentration, and the ingredients of the MCF. This report is Part 1, to be followed by another sequential report, Part 2, in which other intrinsic effects on the characteristics are dealt with. The experimental conditions used and the results obtained in the present report provide valuable data that will be useful in the making of MCF rubber.

Detailed Mechanism and Engineering Applicability of Electrolytic Polymerization Aided by a Magnetic Field in Natural Rubber by Mechanical Approach for Sensing (Part 2): Other and Intrinsic Effects on MCF Rubber Property

The same ordinary electrolytic polymerization of plastic-type polymer solution is applicable to natural rubber, with its C=C bonds, if a magnetic field and a filler are added. With the application of a magnetic field and the magnetic responsive fluid known as magnetic compound fluid (MCF), we have clarified the enhancement of the electrolytic polymerization of NR-latex and the growth of the thickness of vulcanized MCF rubber that results from the addition of a magnetic field. The present new method of MCF rubber vulcanization is effective for use in haptic sensors, which are used widely in various engineering applications. In the previous report, part 1 of this study, we investigated many experimental conditions under mechanical approach for sensing: magnetic field strength;applied voltage;electrodes gap;mass concentration, and the ingredients of the MCF. In the present sequential report, part 2, we investigate many other effects on electrolytic polymerization by the same mechanical approach for sensing as in part 1: the Mullins effect;the Piezo effect;vibration;kind of electrode;atmospheric gas. In particular, we clarify that the voltage generates spontaneously in the MCF rubber and that the MCF rubber becomes a Piezo element. These effects on the electrolytic polymerization as well as the effects of the experimental conditions will be useful in engineering applications. By taking the above-mentioned parameters and effects into account, MCF rubber that is electrolytically polymerized with the aid of a magnetic field, the use of MCF as a filler, and doping, can be useful in haptic sensor applications. In particular, the effectiveness of the Piezo element can be shown.

Development of Magnetic Compound Fluid Rubber Sensor for Practical Usage on &gamma;-Irradiation and Energy Harvesting for Broad-Band Electromagnetic Waves

We have performed sequential studies on new types of soft rubber for their application as artificial skin in robots and haptic sensors. Based on a proposed electrolytic polymerization method and novel adhesion technique for rubber and a metal that utilizes a metal complex hydrate, we have developed an MCF rubber sensor. This sensor uses a magnetic compound fluid (MCF), natural rubber (NR-latex) or chloroprene rubber latex (CR-latex), and requires the application of a magnetic field. The potential application of the developed sensor in various engineering scenarios and our daily lives is significant. In this regard, we investigated the effects of &gamma;-irradiation, infrared radiation, microwaves, and a thermal source on the MCF rubber sensor. We established that the MCF rubber is effective enough to be used for power generation of broadband electro-magnetic waves from &gamma;-rays to microwaves, including the range of the solar spectrum, which is the typical characteristic obtained in the present investigation. The remarkable attribute is that the MCF rubber sensor dose is not degraded by &gamma;-irradiation. We also demonstrated the effectiveness of the MCF rubber sensor in energy harvesting.

Development of Novel Magnetic Responsive Intelligent Fluid, Hybrid Fluid (HF), for Production of Soft and Tactile Rubber

For the purpose of the replacement of Magnetic Fluid (MF) which is effective in the production of an artificial soft and tactile skin for the robot, etc. by utilizing a rubber solidification method with electrolytic polymerization, we proposed a novel magnetic responsive intelligent fluid, Hybrid Fluid (HF). HF is structured with water, kerosene, silicon oil having Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) as well as magnetic particles and surfactant. The state of HF changes as jelly or fluid by their rates of the constituents and motion style. In the present paper, we presented the characteristics of HF: the viscosity and the magnetization are respectively equivalent to those of other magnetic responsive fluids, MF and their solvents. For the structure, HF is soluble simultaneously with both diene and non-diene rubbers. The diene rubber such as Natural Rubber (NR) or Chloroprene (CR) has a role in the feasibility of electrolytic polymerization and the non-diene rubber such as silicon oil rubber (Q) has a role in defense against deterioration. Therefore, the electrolytically polymerized HF rubber by mixing NR, CR as well as Q is effective for the artificial soft and tactile skin. It is responsive to pressure and has optimal property on piezoelectricity in the case of the mixture of Ni particles as filler. HF is effective in the production of the artificial soft and tactile skin made of rubber.

多极磁性橡胶编码器的空间磁场分布仿真分析

基于空间磁场理论对多极磁性橡胶编码器的空间磁场分布开展仿真分析与试验研究,获取磁感应强度在气隙高度方向和径向方向的变化规律,证明了仿真分析的准确性。对磁极对数、磁性橡胶层厚度和宽度对多极磁性橡胶编码器的磁感应强度影响规律的仿真结果可为多极磁性橡胶编码器的设计提供指导。

天然橡胶与异戊橡胶支链结构对比分析

使用核磁共振波谱仪对比分析了进口天然橡胶RSS-1与异戊橡胶分子链的支链结构。结果显示,RSS-1分子链的支链结构中环氧基团的摩尔分数为0.02%,羟基为0.16%,3,4-异戊二烯单元为0.20%;异戊橡胶的分子链支链结构中不含有环氧基团和羟基,3,4-异戊二烯单元的摩尔分数为0.94%。

纳米陶瓷球、橡胶磁性衬板在复杂多金属矿塔磨机中的应用研究

云南都龙矿区某选矿车间处理的矿石以锌、锡为主,共伴生铜、铁、硫、铟、银等多种元素,矿物共生关系复杂,嵌布粒度粗细不均,选厂采用阶段磨矿、阶段选别工艺流程分选,一段磨矿采用半自磨+球磨SAB流程,二段磨矿采用塔磨机对中间产品进行再磨,实现了多金属矿物的高效回收。塔磨机分别采用轴承钢球和聚氨酯衬板作为磨矿介质和筒体衬板,使用过程中存在磨机运行电耗高、钢球单耗高、空载启动困难、衬板使用寿命短及拆装困难等问题。开展纳米陶瓷球、橡胶磁性衬板在锌粗精矿塔磨中的应用研究后,锌粗精矿再磨粒度-37μm含量达到75%以上,推广应用到锡石次精矿和锡石中矿塔磨再磨系统-74μm含量达到70%以上,磨矿效果得到了明显改善,同时磨机电耗、介质单耗显著降低,橡胶磁性衬板使用寿命是聚氨酯衬板的5倍以上,经济效益可观。

炭黑种类和用量对磁性丁腈橡胶胶料性能的影响

研究炭黑种类和用量对磁性丁腈橡胶(NBR)胶料性能的影响。结果表明:分别将30份炭黑220,N330,N550,N660,N774和N990填充于磁性NBR胶料中,填充炭黑N660的磁性NBR混炼胶的Payne效应最弱(填料网络结构最稳定),填充炭黑N220的磁性NBR硫化胶的物理性能最佳,填充炭黑N550的磁性NBR硫化胶的磁性能最优[剩磁(B)r为0.220 T,矫顽力(Hcb)为165 kA·m-1,最大磁能积(BH)max为9.3 kJ·m^(-3)];分别将不同用量炭黑N550填充于磁性NBR胶料中,填充20份炭黑N550的磁性NBR混炼胶的尺寸稳定性最好,填充30份炭黑N550的磁性NBR硫化胶的拉伸强度最大(9.1 MPa),填充10份炭黑N550的磁性NBR硫化胶的磁性能最优[Br为0.228 T,Hcb为171 kA·m-1,(BH)max为9.9 kJ·m^(-3)]。

高腈橡胶序列结构与加工硫化特性

对乳液聚合法制备的丙烯腈含量40%以上的丁腈橡胶,使用核磁共振氢谱对其序列结构进行表征,使用差示扫描量热仪对其玻璃化转变温度(T_(g))进行分析,使用凝胶渗透色谱仪和门尼黏度仪分别对其相对分子质量和门尼黏度进行测试,研究了不同丙烯腈含量的丁腈橡胶的序列结构规律及序列结构与加工硫化特性的关系。结果表明,丙烯腈含量40%以上的高腈丁腈橡胶中开始出现低腈橡胶所没有的BAA序列,且随着结合丙烯腈含量的增加呈现上升的趋势。而其他序列结构含量的改变对丁腈橡胶的加工硫化特性也有所影响,例如BAB序列含量升高会缩短焦烧时间,BBB序列含量升高会改善丁腈橡胶的分子链柔顺性,且会缩短正硫化时间。综合来看,文中制备的丁腈橡胶已优于市场一线产品的性能。

基于T_(1)-T_(2)^(*)弛豫相关的聚氨酯橡胶相态结构和动力学特征

磁共振技术具有非破坏性、对高分子链运动敏感等特点,是一种能够在分子水平上表征高分子系统相态结构和动力学特征的常用技术.本文利用T_(1)-T_(2)^(*)弛豫相关研究了聚氨酯橡胶的相态结构和分子动力学特征,并用高斯衰减和指数衰减模型分析了聚氨酯橡胶的T_(1)-T_(2)^(*)数据.聚氨酯橡胶的T_(1)-T_(2)^(*)谱显示了三种类型的信号:晶体氢组分的T2*最短,过渡相氢组分具有中等的T_(2)^(*),非晶体氢组分的T_(2)^(*)最长;但这三种氢组分表现出相近的T1,且T1随着聚氨酯橡胶硬度的增加或温度的降低而逐渐降低.三种氢组分的磁共振信号强度随聚氨酯橡胶的硬度和温度的变化而变化.随着聚氨酯橡胶硬度的增加,晶体氢组分含量增加,非晶体氢组分和过渡相氢组分的含量降低;随着温度的增加,晶体氢组分含量减少,过渡相氢组分含量保持不变,而非晶体氢组分含量增加.另外,聚氨酯橡胶的硬软比随温度的升高而降低.这些结果表明T_(1)-T_(2)^(*)弛豫相关可用于聚氨酯橡胶的相态结构和动力学评价.

硅橡胶复合绝缘子老化状态核磁共振与红外光谱对比分析研究

硅橡胶复合绝缘子在电力系统中使用广泛,但随着运行时间增长容易老化,威胁电力系统的安全运行。为此,采用核磁共振(nuclear magnetic resonance,NMR)技术来分析识别硅橡胶复合绝缘子的老化状态。运用NMR分析方法从低场NMR信号中提取出表征硅橡胶绝缘子老化状态的特征量,解释绝缘子的老化机理,并与红外光谱分析技术进行对比分析。结果表明:复合绝缘子NMR测量结果与红外光谱外层吸收峰吻合,2种结果在一定程度上都能反映复合绝缘子的老化程度;绝缘子的老化程度越高,NMR方法的横向弛豫时间值越小,红外光谱的吸收值越低。

FeCuNbSiB/硅橡胶磁性复合薄膜制备及压磁性能研究

以FeCuNbSiB粉为填料,硅橡胶为基体制备了FeCuNbSiB/硅橡胶磁性复合薄膜,并对压磁性能进行了研究。利用4294A阻抗分析仪,在0-100MHz频率范围内研究了样品的点压磁阻抗效应。结果表明,FeCuNbSiB/硅橡胶复合薄膜具有优越的压磁性能,薄膜的阻抗随着频率的增加而减小。薄膜对微应力变化非常敏感,具有低频压磁特性。当FeCuNbSiB粉末与硅橡胶的质量比为3∶1时的磁性薄膜压磁性能最有规律,压磁稳定性最好。

磁粉及其偶联处理对压延取向橡胶粘结磁体性能的影响

通过对压延取向橡胶粘结磁体的磁性能及力学性能的测量和在扫描电镜上对磁粉颗粒形貌及粘结磁体拉伸断口形貌的观察研究,表明同样条件下,磁粉径厚比分布合理是保证粘结磁体性能的关键。磁粉大小均匀,径厚比大约在3.0～4.0之间时,磁体综合性能良好;

金属橡胶环和磁悬浮阻尼器对磁轴承转子系统不平衡振动的影响

在磁悬浮轴承柔性转子系统中同时引入金属橡胶环和磁悬浮阻尼器,通过理论计算和系统高速旋转实验分析了金属橡胶环和磁悬浮阻尼器对系统不平衡振动的影响。研究结果表明:在一定范围内,转子在第一阶弯曲模态频率处的振动随金属橡胶环刚度和阻尼的变化而明显改变;同时引入金属橡胶环和磁悬浮阻尼器可显著减小转子在前两阶弯曲临界转速运行时的振幅,有助于简化磁轴承的控制策略,保障系统安全稳定的运行。

核磁共振法表征硫黄用量对天然橡胶交联密度及结构的影响

用核磁共振(NMR)法测定了硫黄用量及硫化温度对天然橡胶(NR)硫化胶交联结构的影响,并与传统的平衡溶胀法进行了对比。结果表明,用NMR法可以测定硫化胶的总交联密度、未硫化胶的物理交联密度和由于交联反应产生的化学交联密度;NR硫化胶的总交联密度和化学交联密度随硫黄用量的增加而呈线性增加;随着硫黄用量的增加,交联密度增加,NR硫化胶的纵向弛豫时间和横向弛豫时间下降;NR硫化胶的交联密度越大,弛豫时间对温度的依赖性越小;NMR法可以清晰展示NR/硫黄/促进剂NS硫化体系的硫化过程中橡胶交联点间的相对分子质量、化学交联密度及橡胶大分子连到橡胶交联网络上的演变过程。

磁性橡胶在密封系统中的密封特性及有限元分析

为了有效改善传统密封材料的密封特性,介绍了磁性橡胶作为中高压密封件的密封机理及可行性。研究发现:由于磁性橡胶具有摩擦系数小,硬度高等特点,密封圈的使用寿命以及使用质量得到改善,密封效果得到有效的提高。使用磁性油封能够避免油封发生老化造成唇口磨损、弹性变坏以及应力松弛,Fi逐渐降低等缺点。利用有限元软件Ansys对其进行了分析,对使用以及安装磁性橡胶O形圈时,在密封界面之上产生的接触应力的分布规律以及接触变形展开了分析,并与普通密封圈进行了对比,在理论上给橡胶O形圈提供了进一步优化以及可靠设计的依据。

结构件涂装中的屏蔽措施

介绍了结构件涂装过程中的屏蔽措施:孔的抛丸使用锥形橡胶棒进行屏蔽,而喷漆过程可用废旧报纸进行屏蔽;带有螺纹孔或通孔的精加工平面抛丸时,可用钢板进行屏蔽;平面上喷漆屏蔽一般采用胶带和报纸;对于形状规则的平面,喷漆时采用磁性橡胶板屏蔽,效率更高;而磁性橡胶板具有磁性、弹性、电绝缘性以及密度小的特性,更适于钢铁零件抛丸过程的屏蔽。

微米铁粉填充硅橡胶复合材料的压阻性能研究

利用磁场辅助硫化工艺,制备了含有排列的微米铁粉的硅橡胶复合材料,测量了体系的压阻特性。结果表明,该复合材料显示丰富的压阻特性,初始电阻大于1010Ω的体系显示负压阻特性,而小于1010Ω的体系显示正压阻特性;填充了10%,20%,50%（质量分数）铁粉的硅橡胶在加载压力0.2MPa前后出现正压阻渗流转变,电阻变化达103~105Ω个量级,然而,质量分数φ=50%,磁感应强度B=0.2T体系显示线性正压阻特性。初步研究认为,体系压阻行为的复杂性与磁场在基胶中诱导的导电路径构象的多样性有关。