The glutamate metabotropic receptor 5(GRM5)gene is associated with beef cattle home range and movement tortuosity

Background:The grazing behaviour of herbivores and their grazing personalities might in part be determined genetically,but there are few studies in beef cattle illustrating this.In this study,we investigated for first time the genetic variation within a candidate‘grazing gene',the glutamate metabotropic receptor 5 gene(GRM5),and tested associations between variation in that gene and variation in grazing personality behaviours(GP-behaviours)displayed by free-ranging cows during winter grazing in the steep and rugged rangelands of New Zealand.Mature beef cows(n=303,from 3 to 10 years of age)were tracked with global positioning system(GPS)and,with 5-minutes(min)relocation frequency,various GP-behaviours were calculated.These included horizontal and vertical distances travelled,mean elevation,elevation range,elevation gain,slope,home range and movement tortuosity,variously calculated using daily relocation trajectories with repeated measurements(i.e.,7 to 24 days(d))and satellite-derived digital elevation models(DEM).The different GP-behaviours were fitted into mixed models to ascertain their associations with variant sequences and genotypes of GRM5.Results:We discovered three GRM5 variants(A,B and C)and identified the six possible genotypes in the cattle studied.The mixed models revealed that A was significantly associated with elevation range,home range and movement tortuosity.Similarly,GRM5 genotypes were associated(P<0.05)to home range and movement tortuosity,while trends suggesting association(P<0.1)were also revealed for elevation range and horizontal distance travelled.Most GP-behaviour models were improved by correcting for cow age-class as a fixed factor.The analysis of GP-behaviours averaged per cow age-class suggests that grazing personality is fully established as beef cows reached 4 years of age.Home range and movement tortuosity were not only associated with GRM5 variation,but also negatively correlated with each other(r=-0.27,P<0.001).Conclusions:There seems to be a genetically determined trade-off between home range and movement tortuosity that may be useful in beef cattle breeding programmes aiming to improve the grazing distribution and utilisation of steep and rugged rangelands.

Tomographic velocity inversion for ADCIGs in areas with a rugged surface

Pre-stack depth migration velocity analysis is one of the key techniques influencing image quality. As for areas with a rugged surface and complex subsurface, conventional prestack depth migration velocity analysis corrects the rugged surface to a known datum or designed surface velocity model on which to perform migration and update the velocity. We propose a rugged surface tomographic velocity inversion method based on angle-domain common image gathers by which the velocity field can be updated directly from the rugged surface without static correction for pre-stack data and improve inversion precision and efficiency. First, we introduce a method to acquire angle-domain common image gathers （ADCIGs） in rugged surface areas and then perform rugged surface tornographic velocity inversion. Tests with model and field data prove the method to be correct and effective.

Two-dimensional frequency-domain acoustic fullwaveform inversion with rugged topography

We studied finite-element-method-based two-dimensional frequency-domain acoustic FWI under rugged topography conditions. The exponential attenuation boundary condition suitable for rugged topography is proposed to solve the cutoff botmdary problem as well as to consider the requirement of using the same subdivision grid in joint multifrequency inversion. The proposed method introduces the attenuation factor, and by adjusting it, acoustic waves are sufficiently attenuated in the attenuation layer to minimize the cutoff boundary effect. Based on the law of exponential attenuation, expressions for computing the attenuation factor and the thickness of attenuation layers are derived for different frequencies. In multifrequency-domain FWI, the conjugate gradient method is used to solve equations in the Gauss-Newton algorithm and thus minimize the computation cost in calculating the Hessian matrix. In addition, the effect of initial model selection and frequency combination on FWI is analyzed. Examples using numerical simulations and FWI calculations are used to verify the efficiency of the proposed method.

Rugged Resonant Pole and Its Applications in Soft-Switching Converter

The soft switching operation principle and operation performance of rugged resonant pole (RRP) is given. The applications of RRP in soft switching DC DC converter and soft switching inverter are discussed in detail. RRP can constitute buck boost soft switching DC DC converter and isolated soft switching DC DC converter with the automatic limitation performance of output power. Partial series resonant DC DC converter with RRP can realize the zero voltage/zero current switching of power devices. RR...

QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS检测畜禽组织中金刚烷胺残留

建立一种QuEChERS-超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS)检测畜禽组织中金刚烷胺残留的方法。样品用1%乙酸乙腈溶液超声提取,提取液加入C18和PSA填料进行基质分散固相净化,浓缩后经Proshell120 EC-C18柱分离,用电喷雾离子源正离子多反应监测(MRM)模式进行检测。在0.2μg/L^100.0μg/L线性范围内具有较好的线性关系,相关系数大于0.997。该方法检出限(LOD)为0.6μg/kg,定量限(LOQ)为2.0μg/kg,回收率为70.5%~100.1%,相对标准偏差(RSD)小于10%。该方法简便快速、准确度好,适用于畜禽组织中金刚烷胺药物残留的检测。

Simulation of astronomical solar radiation over Yellow River Basin based on DEM

Based on the developed distributed model for calculating astronomical solar radiation (ASR), monthly ASR with a resolution of 1 km×1 km for the rugged terrains of Yellow River Basin was calculated, with DEM data as the general characterization of terrain. This model gives an all-sided consideration on factors that influence the ASR. Results suggest that (1) Annual ASR has a progressive decrease trend from south to north; (2) the magnitude order of seasonal ASR is: summer>spring>autumn>winter; (3) topographical factors have robust effect on the spatial distribution of ASR, particularly in winter when a lower sun elevation angle exists; (4) the ASR of slopes with a sunny exposure is generally 2 or 3 times that of slopes with a shading exposure and the extreme difference of ASR for different terrains is over 10 times in January; (5) the spatial differences of ASR are relatively small in summer when a higher sun elevation angle exists and the extreme difference of ASR for different terrains is only 16% in July; and (6) the sequence of topographical influence strength is: winter>autumn>spring>summer.

Distributed Modeling of Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation Over the Rugged Terrains of Pakistan

In Pakistan,the solar analogue has been addressed but its surface geographical parameterization has given least attention.Inappropriate density of stations and their spatial coverage particularly in difficult peripheral national territories,little or no solar radiation data,non-satisfactory sunshine hours data,and low quality of ground observed cloud cover data create a situation in which the spatial modeling of Extraterrestrial Solar Radiation(ESR) and its ground parameterization got sufficient scope.The Digital Elevation Model (DEM) input into Geographic Information System (GIS) is a compatible tool to demonstrate the spatial distribution of ESR over the rugged terrains of the study domain.For the first time,distributed modeling of ESR is done over the rugged terrains of Pakistan,based on DEM and ArcGIS..Results clearly depict that the complex landforms profoundly disrupt the zonal distribution of ESR in Pakistan.The screening impact of topography is higher on spatial distribution of ESR in winter and considerably low in summer.The combined effect of topography and latitude is obvious.Hence,the model was further testified by plotting Rb (ratio of ESR quantity over rugged terrain against plane surface) against azimuth at different latitudes with different angled slopes.The results clearly support the strong screening effect of rugged terrain through out the country especially in Himalayas,Karakoram and Hindukush (HKH),western border mountains and Balochistan Plateau.This model can be instrumental as baseline geospatial information for scientific investigations in Pakistan,where substantial fraction of national population is living in mountainous regions.

Distributed modeling of direct solar radiation on rugged terrain of the Yellow River Basin

Due to the influences of local topographical factors and terrain inter-shielding, calculation of direct solar radiation （DSR） quantity of rugged terrain is very complex. Based on digital elevation model （DEM） data and meteorological observations, a distributed model for calculating DSR over rugged terrain is developed. This model gives an all-sided consideration on factors influencing th a resolution of 1 km × 1 km for thDSR. Using the developed model, normals of annual DSR quantity wie Yellow River Basin was generated, with DEM data as the general characterization of terrain. Characteristics of DSR quantity influenced by geographic and topographic factors over rugged terrain were analyzed thoroughly. Results suggest that： influenced by local topographic factors, i.e. azimuth, slope and so on, and annual DSR quantity over mountainous area has a clear spatial difference; annual DSR quantity of sunny slope （or southern slope） of mountains is obviously larger than that of shady slope （or northern slope）. The calculated DSR quantity of the Yellow River Basin is provided in the same way as other kinds of spatial information and can be employed as basic geographic data for relevant studies as well.

Core-Germplasm Construction of <i>Rosa rugosa</i>Collections by CDDP Molecular Markers

A method for constructing core-germplasm of Rosa rugosa in China based on molecular marker data was probed and the optimum core germplasm was established. Studies were initiated to analyze the genetic diversity of 120 rugged roses from 6 different Chinese source populations based on CDDP marker, and a preliminary construction of the core collection was established using stepwise UPGMA clustering sampling method. The 26 core collection resources of R. rugosa collections in China have 20% germplasm samples of initial collection, the retention ratio of polymorphic loci, effective number of alleles (Ne), Nei’s genetic diversity (H) and Shannon information index (I) were respectively 97.52%, 104.16%, 108.38% and 106.18%. The results of t-test showed that no significant difference was found in genetic diversity indexes between the core collection and the original collection. These results also demonstrated that the core collection could stand for original collection excellently. The results show that CDDP molecular technology can be successfully applied to the construction of core germplasm resources of rugged roses.

Simulation Calculation and Distribution Characteristics of Terrain Reflected Radiation in Fujian Province

[Objective] The aim was to study the distribution characteristics of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province.[Method] Based on solar radiation data,digital elevation model (DEM) and surface meteorological observation data in Fujian Province,plus surface albedo obtained by using remote sensing inversion method,the distribution of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province from 1988 to 2007 was simulated,and then its temporal and spatial distribution characteristics was studied.[Result] The simulation results of terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province was credible.Terrain reflected radiation in Fujian Province was the highest in July (about 160 MJ/m2) and lowest in January (about 60 MJ/m2),and it was obviously higher from May to August compared with other months,while the order of terrain reflected radiation in four seasons was summer>spring>autumn>winter,and complex terrain affected the distribution of terrain reflected radiation greatly,especially in autumn and winter when sun elevation angle was small.In addition,terrain reflected radiation in most areas of Fujian Province was below 100 MJ/m2,and it was high in Ningde,Sanming and Nanping City in northern Fujian,while the maximum value (630 MJ/m2) could be found in Dong’an Island in Xiapu County in Ningde City and had good utilization value.[Conclusion] The study could provide theoretical foundation for the development and utilization of solar energy resources under complex terrain in China.

Development and Validation of New RP-HPLC Method for the Estimation of Alfuzosin Hydrochloride in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form

A reverse phase high performance liquid chromatographic method (HPLC) has been developed for the estimation of Alfuzosin hydrochloride (ALH) in the pharmaceutical formulation using RP-C18 column. The mobile phase (Tetrahydrofuran, Acetonitrile and buffer (pH 3.50) was pumped at a flow rate of 1.5 ml/min in the ratio of 1:20:80 and the eluents were monitored at 254.0 nm. Linearity was obtained in the concentration range of 80 - 120 μg/mL for ALH. The method was statistically validated and RSD was found to be less than 2% indicating high degree of accuracy and precision of the proposed HPLC method. Due to its simplicity, rapidness, high precision and accuracy, the proposed HPLC method may be used for determination of Alfuzosin hydrochloride in bulk drugs and in pharmaceutical dosage form.

Impact of Terrain and Cloud Cover on the Distribution of Incoming Direct Solar Radiation over Pakistan

This study investigates the spatial distribution of direct solar irradiation on rugged terrain over Pakistan. Digital elevation model (DEM), observational data of solar radiation from 6 meteorological observatories located in Pakistan and 5 meteorological observatories located in China were used in the present study. This conjunction is based on the same climatic conditions. MODIS Level-2 (L2) cloud fraction products and observational data of cloud cover from 21 meteorological observatories in Pakistan were incorporated to quantify the cloud cover influences on solar radiation amount and spatial distribution. The emerging field of remote sensing and GIS makes it possible to calculate solar radiation with finer spatial resolution and better understanding of terrain and cloud effects. ArcGIS with RS platform were used to simulate the model for direct solar radiation for the first time over Pakistan region. The results show clear quantitative influences of local topography and cloud cover on the DSR. Similarly, the area (east of Indus river) affected by monsoon receives less solar radiation during summer compared to the west of the Indus River.

Modeling of Diffuse Solar Radiation and Impact of Complex Terrain over Pakistan Using RS/GIS

Diffuse solar radiation is subject to the combined influence of ground and sky factors, such as topography, geography of the area and cloud cover. This study attempts to quantify the impacts of topography, sky factors and the cloud cover on the distribution of diffuse solar radiation over Pakistan. Distributed modeling approach by considering anisotropy scattering mechanism was adopted. Digital elevation model and observed data are used to derive average monthly diffuse solar radiation values over the rugged terrains of Pakistan. Extraterrestrial solar radiation model, sky view factor model (openness model) and digital elevation model (DEM) are applied to investigate the impacts of ground factors, while diffuse solar radiation model for horizontal surface was considered for sky factors. Furthermore, corrected MODIS cloud fraction data are incorporated using GIS plat form. Results show that the highest amount of diffused solar radiation occurs during the monsoon months along the eastern side of the River Indus, when the sky is covered by clouds of various heights and densities. The variation due to topography is evident in mountainous areas, particularly in the North Pakistan and over the Baluchistan Plateau.

Quantifying the Accuracy of LiDAR-Derived DEM in Deciduous Eastern Forests of the Cumberland Plateau

Digital elevation models (DEMs) derived from light detection and ranging (LiDAR) technology are becoming the standard in representing terrain surfaces. They have numerous applications in forestry, agriculture, and natural resources. Although elevation errors are much lower than those derived from traditional methods, accuracies have been reported to decrease with terrain slope and vegetation cover. In this study, we quantified the accuracy of airborne LiDAR-derived DEM in deciduous eastern forests of the Cumberland Plateau. We measured relative elevation changes within field plots located across different slope and ruggedness classes to quantify DEM accuracy. We compared elevation change errors of DEMs derived from three LiDAR datasets: a low-density (~1.5 pts&bull;m&minus;2), a high-density (~40 pts&bull;m&minus;2), and a combined dataset. We also compared DEMs obtained by interpolating the ground points using four interpolation methods. Results indicate that mean elevation change error (MECE) increased with terrain slope and ruggedness with an average of 73.6 cm. MECE values ranged from 23.2 cm in areas with lowest slope (0% - 39%) and ruggedness (0% - 28%) classes to 145.5 cm in areas with highest slope (50% - 103%) and ruggedness (46% - 103%) classes. We found no significant differences among interpolation methods or LiDAR datasets;the latter of which indicates that similar accuracy levels can be achieved with the low-density datasets.

Application of Gaussian beam pre-stack depth migration in rugged seabed

Strong fluctuation of seabed,abrupt variation in depth and dip of seabed bring seismic imaging problems,such as irregular reflection waves,obvious multiple waves,serious lateral wave development,poor imaging on base surface and depression structure,low signal-to-noise ratio of middle and deep layers.In this paper,Gaussian beam migration imaging method is used to analyze the imaging effect of rugged seabed in deep water area,and the ray tracing method of wavefront construction method is used to analyze the kinematic characteristics of seismic waves.By improving the design of seismic data acquisition and observation system,imaging quality of fine structures is improved.

户外爱好者挚爱 Lacia Rugged XL移动硬盘

不管做什么都讲究专业．哪怕是移动硬盘这样的小东西。对于户外爱好者和探险家来说．拥有一款可以和JEEP媲美的移动硬盘同样重要。它必须拥有结实的外表．舒适的使用环境，超强的速度体验．能够克服任何恶劣的环境，它就是来自法国莱希Lacie的移动硬盘Rugged XL——探路者。

Distributed modeling of monthly air temperatures over the rugged terrain of the Yellow River Basin

Our analyses of the monthly mean air temperature of meteorological stations show that altitude, global solar radiation and surface effective radiation have a significant impact on air temperature. We set up a physically-based empirical model for monthly air temperature simulation. Combined the proposed model with the distributed modeling results of global solar radiation and routine meteorological observation data, we also developed a method for the distributed simulation of monthly air temperatures over rugged terrain. Spatial distribution maps are generated at a resolution of 1 km×1 km for the monthly mean, the monthly mean maximum and the monthly mean minimum air temperatures for the Yellow River Basin. Analysis shows that the simulation results reflect to a considerable extent the macro and local distribution characteristics of air temperature. Cross-validation shows that the proposed model displays good stability with mean absolute bias errors of 0.19°C–0.35°C. Tests carried out on local meteorological station data and case year data show that the model has good spatial and temporal simulation capacity. The proposed model solely uses routine meteorological data and can be applied easily to other regions.

Modeling the land surface reflectance for optical remote sensing data in rugged terrain

A model for topographic correction and land surface reflectance estimation for optical remote sensing data in rugged terrian is presented.Considering a directional-directional reflectance that is used for direct solar irradiance correction and a hemispheric-directional reflectance that is used for atmospheric diffuse irradiance and terrain background reflected irradiance correction respectively,the directional reflectance-based model for topographic effects removing and land surface reflectance calculation is developed by deducing the directional reflectance with topographic effects and using a radiative transfer model.A canopy reflectance simulated by GOMS model and Landsat/TM raw data covering Jiangxi rugged area were taken to validate the performance of the model presented in the paper.The validation results show that the model presented here has a remarkable ability to correct topography and estimate land surface reflectance and also provides a technique method for sequently quantitative remote sensing application in terrain area.

Plane-Wave Least-Squares Reverse Time Migration for Rugged Topography

We present a method based on least-squares reverse time migration with plane-wave encoding （P-LSRTM） for rugged topography. Instead of modifying the wave field before migration, we modify the plane-wave encoding function and fill constant velocity to the area above rugged topography in the model so that P-LSRTM can be directly performed from rugged surface in the way same to shot domain reverse time migration. In order to improve efficiency and reduce I/O （input/output） cost, the dynamic en- coding strategy and hybrid encoding strategy are implemented. Numerical test on SEG rugged topography model show that P-LSRTM can suppress migration artifacts in the migration image, and compensate am- plitude in the middle-deep part efficiently. Without data correction, P-LSRTM can produce a satisfying image of near-surface if we could get an accurate near-surface velocity model. Moreover, the pre-stack P- LSRTM is more robust than conventional RTM in the presence of migration velocity errors.

High Efficient Extraction of Phthalates in Aquatic Products by a Modified QuEChERS Method

A simple, environmentally friendly and high efficient extraction method was proposed for the determina- tion of five phthalates in aquatic products by gas chromatography combined with mass spectrometry detector （GC-MS）. When this method was adopted, samples were pretreated by modified QuEChERS（quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe） method. An environmentally friendly extractant（ethanol aqueous solution） replaced toxic acetonitrile for extracting phthalates in the protein-matrix samples. Fluorescence quenching spectra of bovine serum albumin（BSA） with phthalates show that there was a high-affinity interaction between phthalate and protein, de- creasing the extraction efficiency of phthalates from fish samples. However, in the 80%（volume fraction, ~） ethanol aqueous solution, a slow but full protein denaturation takes place, which would cause the unfolding of protein and the release of phthalates. Meanwhile, the fat-soluble impurities are extracted less in ^（ethanol） 80% aqueous solution than in either ~p（ethanol） 100% or hydrophobic solvents in the liquid-liquid extraction procedure. Therefore the puri- fication steps were greatly simplified. Overall recoveries were 81.77%--90.5% with limits of detection between 2.53 and 9.61 ~tg/L, and relative standard deviation values at 1.15%---4.85%. The proposed approach was satisfactorily applied to the determination of phthalates in real aquatic products, such as fish, shrimp and oyster.