The Rule of Law in Foreign-Related Affairs and Associated Talent Cultivation in China

Advancing the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs in a coordinated manner is a significant strategic measure put forward by the Communist Party of China and the Chinese government amid global changes of a magnitude not seen in a century.It is an important content of XI Jinping Thought on the Rule of Law and also a new practice facing China's highlevel opening up.To further explore and clarify the basic theory and approach of cultivating high-quality talents in the rule of law in foreign-related affairs,this article analyzes and summarizes the practice of foreign-related rule of law in the context of globalization.This is done from the perspectives of territory,normative,subject,and legal application dimensions.Key factors include the significant differences in official languages and legal cultures between jurisdictions,the closure of the legal profession admission mechanisms,and the inter-disciplinary requirements for talents praticing the rule of law in foreignrelated affairs.For this reason,the path for talent cultivation in this field in China for the new era can be explored through clarifying requirements for training and qualification,strengthening international cooperation,and building a multi-level mechanism for the cultivation and utilization of talents practicing the rule of law in foreign-related affairs.

The Rule of Law in Foreign-Related Affairs in Building China into a Great Modern Country

The call to advance the rule of law in foreign-related affairs is an important component of China's strategic move to a great modern country.In modern times,Western countries have applied rule of law practices in their modernization,demonstrating the values of a sound rule of law system for national strength.In particular,the rule of law,extended beyond national borders,provides a crucial guarantee for a great modern country's sustained,stable,and healthy path,and is also a clear symbol of a country's soft power.As China is progressing to become a great modern country,there is a need to pay a particularly close attention to the rule of law,actively promoting the legalization of foreign-related work.China's stance on the rule of law in foreign-related affairs should include both a principle of defending its core interests and a principle of advocating shared values and of promoting mutually beneficial cooperation.In the context of this era,China's international law professional community should delve into appropriate models that can facilitate smooth progress on the path to modernization,further enhancing the rule of law in China and the successful emergence of a great modern country.

The Connotations of the Constitutional Clause on Human Rights Protection From the Perspective of Foreign-related Rule of Law

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is the core normative manifestation of the constitu-tionalization of human rights,and points to the relationship between international law and the Constitution in the sense of positive law.The inclusion of the human rights clauses in the Chinese Constitution itself is an inherent part of the development of China’s socialist constitution,and socialism has already contributed valuable concepts and practices of human rights protection to the modern world in its early stage.The constitutionalization of human rights protection does not necessarily lead to the superiority of international law over the constitutional order of a country,but rather to the convergence of international law and domestic law through the constitutional order.The relevant rules of international law will be effective only when they are transformed into domestic law through the Constitution and the human rights clause in the Constitution.Correspondingly,the domestic legal order is brought into line with the international legal order through the Con-stitution and its human rights clause.Behind the system of fundamen-tal rights in the constitutional order is the value foundation of the en-tire legal system.The advancement of foreign-related rule of law has brought new opportunities for China’s judicial practice to further pro-mote the protection of human rights.In the future,we should further integrate the human rights values embedded in socialism into China’s constitutional practice,enhance human rights protection around the country,and take a more active part in global human rights gover-nance.

Accurately Comprehending the Concept of"Rule of Law in Foreign- Related Affairs" to Promote Coordinated Advancement in the Rule of Law in Chinese Domestic and Foreign-Related Affairs

The n notion of"rule of law in foreign-related affairs"signifies a critical innovation and evolution in the theory and practice of socialist rule of law with Chinese characteristics.It underscores the pivotal role of rule of law in foreign-related affairs in the law-based governance and presents new topics for the theoretical study for rule of law.A precise comprehension of"rule of law in foreign-related affairs"necessitates tracing its origins and elucidating its correlations with both"rule of law in domestic affairs"as well as with"international rule of law."Acknowledging both domestic and international plerugatives,while holistically advancing law-based governance,constitutes the foundational rationale behind"rule of law in foreign-related affairs."In addition,the cognitive transition from a"socialist legal system"to the"socialist rule of law"in foreign-related affairs."In addition,the cognitive transition from a"socialist legal system"to the"socialist rule of law"forms a theoretical foundation for the rule of law in foreign-related affairs.Although national governance and global governance,as well as the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs fall under distinct governance categories and legal systems,they are interconnected,mutually influential,and integrated.As a component of national rule of law,the rule of law in foreign related affairs acts as a bridge between the two independent legal systems of the rule of law in national affairs and international rule of law.It is imperative to promote a harmonized advancement of the rule of law in domestic and foreign-related affairs,thereby expediting the strategic deployment of the rule of law in foreign contexts.This strategy more effectively safeguards national sovereignty,security,and developmental interests while contributing to build a human community with|a shared future.

Creating an Extraterritorial Application System of Chinese Law: From the Perspective of Advancing the Rule of Law in Domestic and Foreign-Related Affairs in a Coordinated Manner

The rule of law in foreign-related affairs breaks down the distinction between domestic law and international law,as well as between the rule of law in domestic affairs and that in international affairs,providing a bridge for China to build lawbased governance and to reform the global governance system for the new era.The extraterritorial application of domestic law can lead to legal conflicts between nations and conflicts between domestic law and international law.The principle of extraterritorially applying domestic law should be based on not violating the prohibitive provisions of international law and resolving legal conflicts through the conclusion of international treaties or negotiations.In the systematic undertaking of taking a coordinated approach to the rule of law in Chinese domestic and foreignrelated affairs,thebuilding ofChina's system of extraterritorial application of domestic law should be accelerated under the unified leadership by the Communist Party of China,with legislative,executive,and judicial authorities performing their respective duties.This building should be based on multilateralism,taking into account the legitimate concerns of other countries,and with the bottom line of not violating the prohibitive provisions of international law,and should be promoted with a balanced approach considering both"offense"and"defense."

Formalizing Foreign-Related Affairs Governance and Exercising Foreign-Related Laws in China

Foreign-related affairs are international relations considered from a domestic perspective,and their governance models vary over time.War has long been a decisive approach to handling international relations.With the Charter of the United Nations requiring peaceful resolutions of international disputes and general banning use of force or threat of force to address international affairs,international relations have been placed on a track of legal governance.Governance of foreign-related affairs has to be formalized,although the associated legal governance model still has a close relationship with other models,and the domestic context plays a great role in this.Legal governance can adopt an approach to international law,domestic law,and policy coordination.The legal governance of China's foreign-related affairs can be regarded as the rule of law applied to foreign-related affairs.To exercise foreign-related affairs in a coordinated manner,appropriately exercising extraterritorial application and jurisdiction,safeguarding national sovereignty,security,and development interests,as well as common values of humanity,and building a human community with a shared future.

论涉外法治关系的法理结构及实践意义

本文从一个全新的法理视角来阐释从党的十八届四中全会《中共中央关于全面推进依法治国若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)提出的“加强涉外法律工作”到党的十九届四中全会《中共中央关于坚持和完善中国特色社会主义制度推进国家治理体系和治理能力现代化若干重大问题的决定》(以下简称《决定》)确定的“加强涉外法治工作”政策术语演变背后的法理依据,并对作为习近平法治思想核心要义之一的“坚持统筹国内法治和涉外法治”的法理内涵进行了创新意义上的解读,其基本分析方法就是打破了传统法理学使用的法律关系概念的逻辑界限,用法理内涵和外延更加丰富的法治关系的概念来分析“统筹”国内法治和涉外法治关系中的各种法律问题,主张应当把制定法规则与法律秩序效果有机结合起来综合性地判断一个主权国家的法治状态,不能仅仅将研究视野停留在制定法规则占优势的传统法理上。本文在分析法治关系概念的建构功能时指出,在涉外法治关系体系中,法治关系的构成要素至少应当分为九个方面,包括法律规则要素、法律关系主体要素、法律关系客体要素、法律关系内容要素(主要是权利义务关系)、法律关系时空要素、法律关系手段要素、法律关系目的要素、法律关系效力要素和法律关系秩序要素。上述九个方面的法治关系构成要素只要其中一个类型的要素中包含“涉外”因素,那么,这种法治关系就具有了“涉外法治关系”的特性,就必须从整体上来协调法律关系中的法律规则与法律秩序之间的价值要求,统筹基于传统法律关系理论形成的“国内法治”与根据法治关系理论产生的“涉外法治”,以具有实效性的“法治”价值来保证涉外法律工作的制度化、规范化,不断提高涉外工作法治化水平。

习近平“用法律保障民族团结”重要论述的学理阐释

习近平同志关于“用法律保障民族团结”的重要论述,既是对民族平等宪法原则和全面依法治国基本方略的重申,又是对我国依法治理民族事务历史经验的总结和升华,并在战略层面上,将依法治理民族事务纳入“全面依法治国”“全面推进中国式现代化”的工程体系之中。在这个意义上,“用法律保障民族团结”在依法治理民族事务中居于枢纽地位。其标志着中国民族事务治理由政策思维向法治思维转变,由线性思维向系统思维转变,由工具思维向价值思维转变。法治思维之要义在于确立“法治”在民族事务治理中的世界观地位;系统思维之要义在于确立“统筹兼顾”在民族事务治理中的方法论地位;价值思维之要义在于“民族团结”在民族事务治理中的价值论地位。

中国与东南亚合作应对电信网络诈骗犯罪策略优化:结构性错位与现代化融合

跨境电信诈骗犯罪是一种全新的高智商高科技型犯罪,当前各国犯罪侦破和司法审查仍处于经验积累阶段。近年来,部分东南亚国家尤其是澜沧江—湄公河流域国家电信网络诈骗案发数量骤增。中国公安机关会同海关总署等部门通过与缅甸等国家执法部门开展大规模反电诈行动,在缅北等地区取得阶段性成果,但电信诈骗犯罪活动仍有较大活动空间,且有向司法监管薄弱国家或地区转移的趋势,这种以境外第三国为犯罪源头,专门针对境内外中国公民财产为诈骗目标的新型网络犯罪亟需予以持续关注。新型网络电信诈骗团伙对社会经济安全、公民财产安全产生持续系统性威胁。跨境电信诈骗犯罪组织具有高科技化、善变多变和反侦查意识强等特征,电信诈骗犯罪在各国间面临罪与非罪的差异、罪名与刑罚的差异,各国间法治差异、应对的不对称性和结构性错位问题给跨国电信诈骗治理带来障碍,同时也存在跨境证据收集原则差异与证据转化难问题。文章提出按照预防为先的应对思路,加快构建涉外法治体系为切入,共同推进国家间涉外法治现代化融合发展,深化跨境侦防一体化建设与完善跨境诉讼制度。通过跨境“侦查—防范”体系的涉外法治与国际法治保障相结合,立法上扩大跨境技术侦查的证据来源范畴,优化跨境证据转化和有效利用,统筹协调预防犯罪,密切双边法治合作基础,推动澜沧江—湄公河次区域各国大数据警务合作发展,共同提升跨境电信诈骗犯罪治理效能。

国际法治中的跨国司法对话与中国的因应

伴随着全球司法议题的变化和司法理念的革新,跨国司法对话越来越广泛地发生于法院之间。根据参与对话的法院在国内和国际法律体系中的相对地位高低,跨国司法对话可分为横向对话、纵向对话和混合型对话三大类。跨国司法对话能够促进国际义务的接受和执行,并提升国内判决的说服力。在我国处于近代以来最好的发展时期、世界处于百年未有之大变局之际,我国司法被赋予了积极参与构建涉外法治的新使命。为扩大中国法院及其判决的国际影响力,应当完善中国法院开展跨国司法对话的实践路径,具体包括:深化通过跨国司法对话参与全球治理的理念、不断提升我国涉外案件的国际影响力和鼓励中国法院积极与外国法院开展互动交流。

新时代推进政府治理数字化转型的原则与路径

政府治理数字化转型是实施创新驱动发展战略、推动信息化与现代化相结合的关键环节,对于推动我国经济转型升级、提高产业竞争力具有重要作用。政务信息化、政务透明化和治理法治化是推动政府治理数字化转型的重要原则。政府治理数字化转型是一个复杂而庞大的任务,需要不断从实践中总结经验、发现问题,进而进行理论的完善。政府治理在数字化转型的背景下,需要建立起更加规范的法律法规体系,以解决政府治理过程中的合法性、正当性和公正性问题。只有通过建立合理的法律框架,才能够确保政府治理数字化转型的顺利进行。

外贸、外资与经济再全球化

面对复杂多变的世界经济再全球化,我国外贸外资和知识产权国际贸易面临新的困难、机遇与挑战。通过材料分析和实地调研十个城市的外贸外资和知识产权国际贸易情况,了解到各地方一些好的经验和做法,如通关便利化水平、推进两岸融合发展、开展制度型开放试点等方面取得新的成绩。同时,也存在一些困难和问题,如国际贸易纷争增多、国内企业内卷所致外贸产品质量下降、部分行业协会作用发挥不够、跨境数据流动国际规则差异等十个问题。综合调查研究,该文提出十点政策建议,包括:积极参与经济再全球化过程,推动完善全球经济治理;加快建设全国统一大市场,形成强大的国内市场力量;强化优势产品及供应链保障,占领全球市场制高点;构建相关评估体系,推动服务贸易创新发展;加强知识产权保护,提升知识产权国际贸易水平;探索跨境数据流动便利,促进数字贸易发展;制定外资认定流程标准,完善市场准入清单;积极减轻企业负担,提升企业综合竞争力;改善政府监管模式,发挥行业协会功能;加强涉外法治建设,维护海外中国权益。

涉外法治:属性解读与完善进路

涉外法治是我国法治体系中的“弱项”,其属性的明确无疑是推进涉外法治的基础和关键。涉外法治具有混合属性,在不同属性之下,涉外法治的完善路径和完善内容亦不相同。国内法治属性立基于国内层面的法治运行,国际法治属性侧重于国际层面的法治活动,交叉属性强调国内法治与国际法治的互动,对外关系法治属性则集中反映了涉外法治的主要内容。不同属性汇聚于涉外法治一身,看似矛盾,但辩证地看,这恰恰反映了涉外法治的混合属性。只有基于混合属性、兼顾不同路径,才能构建完善的涉外法治体系。

百年变局下涉外法治中“涉外”的法理解读

“涉外”通常指“具有外国因素的现象或行为”,过去主要指涉及外国因素的民商事活动且重点指“引进来”,即外国民商事主体在华投资或进行其他民商事活动等。涉外法治中的“涉外”不仅指上述含义,还包括“走出去”的中国企业或公民在他国或地区进行民商事活动所涉及的国外因素;此外,在民商事活动外,它还涉及有关公法活动如参与国际规则谈判及反恐、反腐败中的合作以及为相关国家提供法律服务等内容,即一般意义上的对外关系法之内容。涉外法治概念的提出及其“涉外”含义的扩充主要是应对百年变局下某些霸权国家过度扩张其国内法的域外效力、滥用“长臂管辖”以及采取单边制裁等而进行的法治斗争,后者对他国主权带来伤害,对国际法治造成阻碍和扭曲。作为负责任的大国,以“涉外法治”这一嫁接国内法治和国际法治的桥梁,既能维护本国国家、企业和公民正当合法权益,又能匡扶国际正义,为国际法治的推进和完善做出积极贡献。因此,准确解读“涉外法治”中“涉外”意义十分重大。

统筹推进国内法治与涉外法治视角下我国海洋自然保护的规范建构

伴随着我国自然保护地体系建设的持续推进,海洋自然保护建设也迎来了新的发展机遇与更艰巨复杂的挑战,未来应在统筹推进国内法治与涉外法治的战略背景下,对我国海洋自然保护的目标实现进行阶段、程度、时空的区分解构和规范建构。就国内法面向来看,应结合我国当前推进生态文明建设、促进生物多样性就地保护的既有成就,在整体系统观指导下促进“陆海统筹”战略在海洋自然保护领域的法律化表达。就国内法与国际法的衔接面向来看,应紧密结合我国建设“海洋强国”过程中增强软实力的诉求,在立足中国特色、维护国家主权权益的前提下对国际海洋法治先进经验进行移植。就参与国际海洋法律秩序重建、融入国际海洋法治建设的面向来看,我国应秉持共建“海洋命运共同体”之理念投身全球及区域海洋综合治理,实现从国际海洋规则的“接受者”向“制定者”的身份转变。未来,我国海洋自然保护宜紧扣“硬法”“软法”的法律制度设计与治理主体及参与模式构造的“法”与“治”两条线索,在“陆海统筹”“海洋强国”“海洋命运共同体”三重面向中循序渐进、层次分明地有效推进。

海外投资人权风险的治理不足与法治优化路径

人权风险是中国企业海外投资面临的一种新型风险。中国企业海外投资不仅面临着直接的人权风险,还需要应对间接的人权风险。然而,在海外投资人权风险的治理实践中,政府和企业的工作都存在不足之处。涉外法治是中国共产党和国家应对涉外法律风险,维护国家主权、安全和发展利益的重大战略。以涉外法治理念和原则应对海外投资人权风险在理论上具有一定的适格性。在以往的涉外工作中,立法工作取得了一定的成绩,但是践行法治以应对海外投资人权风险的工作仍需加强,因此,需要更好地发挥涉外法治工作的价值,优化海外投资人权风险的治理路径。加快涉外法治工作战略布局,统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治;完善良法,以良法保障善治,优化善治,以善治落实良法;提升涉外法治水平,处理好斗争与合作的关系,综合运用涉外法治合作与斗争双重范式;培养风险意识、法治意识和责任意识,对于人权风险,事先积极主动预防,事后及时依法救济,做到有备无患和救济得法。

铸牢中华民族共同体意识的法治进路研究——以习近平法治思想为指引

第五次中央民族工作会议精神以及党的二十大报告中关于加强和改进民族工作的重要论述,强调以铸牢中华民族共同体意识为主线,坚持依法治理民族事务。习近平法治思想作为全面依法治国的指导思想,对铸牢中华民族共同体意识有着重要的指引价值。从中华民族共同体的孕育、形成、发展、升华四个阶段出发,梳理中华民族共同体的历史生成脉络,阐释法治作为宏观的治国方略、和谐的社会状态和文明的法律精神,为铸牢中华民族共同体意识提供了民族平等的基本遵循、繁荣稳定的社会环境和民族团结的文化之魂。结合习近平法治思想的核心要义,铸牢中华民族共同体意识的法治进路在于坚持党对民族事务法治化的领导,进一步完善法治规范体系、优化法治实施体系、强化法治保障体系,发挥法治文化对铸牢中华民族共同体意识的力量。

新时代民族事务治理法治化的价值意蕴、实践成效与根本遵循

依法治理民族事务是全面依法治国、建设中国特色社会主义法治体系和社会主义法治国家的必然要求,是推动新时代党的民族工作高质量发展的重要保障。实践表明,民族事务治理法治化建设能够把民族工作领域内的各项事务都纳入法治化轨道上来,实现处理民族事务领域冲突和危机时有法可依,这是有效应对我国民族问题的一个重要抓手,落实法治思维和采用法治方式将能够为铸牢中华民族共同体意识注入强大正能量。不断完善和提高民族事务治理的法治化水平,也是民族事务治理体系与治理能力现代化的必然要求,是我国当下依法治国、维护国家统一和社会稳定的应有之义。

宗教事务治理的法治化进路

提高国家治理现代与宗教工作法治化水平,都要求改变现有的宗教事务管理模式。作为一种管理模式创新,宗教事务治理在治理结构、治理方式与治理过程方面需要获得法律制度的支持。在多元治理主体结构、多样化治理方式、治理程序以及治理机制等方面,宗教事务治理具有强烈的法治需求。作为回应,宗教事务治理在多元治理主体结构法定化、多样化治理方式规范化、治理法治程序制度塑造、动态化法律治理机制构建等方面,法治的建构作用无可替代。

高校学工干部法治素养和法治能力提升策略研究

法治素养和法治能力是两个互相递进的范畴,前者注重内在法治修为,后者注重外在法治行动。法治素养由法治知识生成,法治思维是法治素养重要构成要素。法治能力是法治素养的客观表现,反映为依法办事、合规办事。二者依次递进又相互加持。法治素养重在学习法治知识凝聚法治思维,法治能力重在善用法治制度、原则、价值等形成法治实践。构建知识—思维—实践的研究框架,提出高校学工干部法治素养和法治能力提升策略,为依法治校、依法治教、依法办学提供理论与实践指引。