The Challenges of Water Pollution, Threat to Public Health, Flaws of Water Laws and Policies in Pakistan

In an era of unprecedented urbanization, population and industrial growth pressure is serious threat for the water management in Pakistan in present days. Water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff limited natural fresh water resources in the country. Human health is facing serious problems due to deteriorating drinking water quality. Current review paper provides an insight to the water quality problems in Pakistan with an attempt to emphasize the challenges of water laws enforcement. Although Pakistan has developed many water laws the state of implementation is dominant, intermediate pollution crises are still remaining. We could come to the conclusion that strictly enforcement is compulsory for water environment regulations in Pakistan. Moreover, it is necessary to establish a reliable risk assessment system for water quality, human health and ecological safety.

The Animal Health Law-Regulation EU 2016/429 and the Future of Food Safety and Free Commerce in Europe

The aim of this study was to analyze the contents of Reg.(EU)No.429/2016,and to assess its role in guaranteeing the efficient application of the disease prevention and control rules into member state.Furthermore,the authors evaluated the impact of the abovementioned Regulation on the legislation on public health and food safety already in force in Europe(Regulations EC No.178/2002,No.882/2004,No.853/2004)and considered the global impact of the new rules on the effective functioning of the internal market.The study pays attention also to the TFEU(treaty of lisbon on the functioning of the European union)procedure to delegate to the commission the power to adopt non-legislative acts of general application that supplement or amend certain non-essential elements of a legislative act.

History and Logical Progression of China's Public Health System——From the Perspective of the Protection of the Right to Health

A public health system generally refers to public utilities oriented toward protecting and improving health. It is intended to protect the health of the general public. Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, China has constructed the largest healthcare system in the world. The 20th National Congress of the Communist Party of China(CPC), stressed that China will improve its public health system. Looking back at the history of China’s public health system from its inception to the reform and development and then improvement, it can be found that its development has always revolved around the theoretical logic of unifying rights and obligations and the practical logic of balancing the protection of the right to health and the regulation of state power. The fundamental goal is to protect the right to health of the people. The increasing health risks in modern society have changed require that efforts be made to construct a crisscrossing legal framework for public health, improve early-warning and emergency response mechanisms for public health emergencies,and integrate the health concept into all policies to further improve the public health system.

Conflict： Efficient State or State Under the Rule of Law？-- The Hungarian Case of the Victory of the Efficient State over the State Under the Rule of Law

This study is seeking an answer as to whether the efficient state and the state under the rule of law are indeed irreconcilable, as well as to whether these two categories are by nature to be seen as contrary concepts. The basic issue is whether efficiency is to be handled as an ＂extralegal＂ category, or whether legal regulation, in accordance with public administration traditions in Europe, can in itself meet the requirement of efficiency. Also the study presents the formation of the issue of conflict between the effective state and the state under the rule of law in Hungary after the election held in 2010 in the practice of economic policy and legislation of the Orban government. We are trying to answer the question of the tendency of power concentration to really menace the principles of a traditionally-formed state under the rule of law, as well as whether the economic policy of the government can be implemented effectively in a strongly centralized political and state administrative system.

No country is an island in regulating food safety:How the WTO monitors Chinese food safety laws through the Trade Policy Review Mechanism(TPRM)

Established within the framework of the World Trade Organization （WTO）, the Trade Policy Review Mechanism （TPRM） reviews periodically the trade policies of all WTO Members. The review includes many aspects of food safety regulation. China＇s trade policy is reviewed every two years. This paper analyses in detail the reviews of China＇s trade policy in 2006, 2008, 2010, 2012 and 2014. It focuses in particular on food safety laws and types of standards, alignment of domestic standards with international standards, the role of different domestic institutions, transparency and notification of food safety measures under the WTO agreements on Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures （SPS） and on Technical Barriers to Trade （TBTAgreement）, import and export, and geographical indications （GIs）. It concludes that the WTO TPRM can contribute, within its mandate, to reform of Chinese food safety laws and improvement of food safety in China. it notes that China has already undertaken substantial reforms of its system for regulating food safety. It recommends that China should continue to participate actively in the TPRM, follow its own path with regard to alignment and learn selectively from other WTO Members.

No change of attitude toward forensic psychiatry: 5 years after the Medical Treatment and Supervision Act in Japan

Objective: The forensic mental health system in Japan changed dramatically with the enforcement of the “Act on Medical Care and Treatment for the Persons Who Had Caused Serious Cases under the Condition of Insanity” or MTS Act, in 2005. The aim of this study is to evaluate the changes in attitude and behavior of general psychiatrists, towards forensic psychiatry. Methods: We conducted a questionnaire survey in 2010 on forensic psychiatry for Japanese psychiatrists, mirroring a previous study from 2007. Results: Comparing the results from both questionnaires, it is not evident that awareness of forensic mental health has improved among psychiatrists in the intervening three years. Conclusion: Further education about forensic mental health needs to be considered inJapan.

公共数据开放的逻辑意蕴:现状考察、问题检视与法治进路

[目的/意义]数字法治政府是与数字中国、数字社会相适应的政府治理新样态。数据要素已成为数字时代经济高质量发展的重要驱动力,而公共数据开放则是数字法治政府建设的重要议题。[方法/过程]文章选取中央及浙江、山东、贵州、广东、四川、福建、广西、海南、江西、江苏10个省份的法规政策和技术标准作为研究样本,对当前我国公共数据开放法规政策体系进行考察,并在此基础上检视数据开放中存在的问题。[结果/结论]研究发现,我国公共数据开放存在内涵边界存在不确定性、法规政策体系存在缺口、行政法治制度供给欠缺、公民数据权利保障机制尚未成熟等问题。为此,应明确公共数据概念界定和权属性质、完善公共数据开放法规政策体系、建构公共数据开放行政法治秩序、健全公民数据权利保障体制机制,进而将公共数据开放融入法治轨道之中。

欠发达地区县级公共图书馆法治建设任重道远——对鄂、渝、湘、黔若干县级图书馆的调研分析

文章选取了我国欠发达地区25个县级公共图书馆,围绕《中华人民共和国公共图书馆法》的具体实施情况开展深入调查。发现当前我国欠发达地区县级公共图书馆的法治化治理水平有所提升,但地方政府依法保障的情况仍然堪忧。为此提出了4个基层公共图书馆法治建设着力点,为新时代基层公共图书馆的法治化建设和高质量发展提供参考。

“三治融合”何以赋能农村集体公益设施建设和管护——基于内生动力的视角

内生动力不足是困扰农村集体公益设施建设和管护的重要因素。文章以西安市长安区四皓村美丽乡村建设为例,分析“三治融合”如何激发内生动力进而赋能农村集体公益设施建设和管护:首先,“三治融合”构成的农村“现代公共规则”与农村发展内生动力中的认同、参与、资源等基本要素相嵌合;其次,以党组织为核心的组织机构,通过“三治融合”的治理模式,形成内外部力量的有效互动,构建不同价值的双重循环,搭建个体与集体间的利益关联,产生农村集体公益设施建设和管护中的内驱力;最后,乡村公共事务治理不能仅依赖外部力量的介入,内外力量的互动是农村发展过程中内生动力生成的逻辑前提,构建村民个体与村社共同体的关联和认同是关键。

政府购买公共体育服务治理法治化:立法空间、价值取向与路径选择

法政策学分析显示,政府购买公共体育服务目前仍存在立法空间。为提高其治理法治化水平,应基于权利、平等与均等并重的立法价值取向,从治理体系和治理能力法治化两个方面进行建设。首先,建立国家、地方、部门多层次法律制度体系,从政府购买公共体育服务政策的制定应当广泛征询社会意见并通过法制部门审查、政策转化为法律应当达到稳定的条件、加强法与政策之间的协调性等方面建立法与政策的良性互动机制。其次,建立包括主体、内容、程序、监督在内的一整套行为机制,逐渐推进政府购买公共体育服务治理能力法治化。

论新时代公安法治人才培养——基于习近平法治思想中的法学教育理论

习近平法治思想中的法学教育理论和习近平总书记关于新时代公安工作的一系列重要论述,为新时代公安法治人才培养提供了科学指引和根本遵循。其中的公安法治人才培养方向论、公安法治人才培养目标论、公安法治人才培养责任论、公安法治人才培养法学教育体系论、公安法治人才培养改革重点论,搭建起公安法治人才培养的系统理论。公安院校是公安法治人才培养的第一阵地,应当以“五论”为根本引领,着力培育德法兼修、明法笃行的高素质公安法治人才。

论公共卫生治理的政府责任

多元共治时代,公共卫生治理中政府责任要打破基于行政任务进行责任配置的传统逻辑,将政府责任的厘定置于“公共任务公私合作”和“行政任务公私合作”的双重视域。公共卫生治理中行政机关作为公共任务公私合作的主导者和行政任务公私合作的责任方,在承担领导与促进责任、组织与动员责任、履行或担保责任、监督与救济责任之时,其内部构造差异明显。新时代公共卫生治理体系建构必须着眼于中国式社会治理共同体这一整体性视角,科学厘定公共卫生治理中政府责任的内部法律构造,统筹推动公共卫生治理法治化进程。

自然资源资产有偿使用的法治化构造

自然资源资产有偿使用是生态文明体制的改革重点。从基本属性、资源利用和表现形式三个方面廓清自然资源资产的概念内涵是建构自然资源资产有偿使用制度的逻辑起点。在宏观层面,公权力规制失范与私权利保障失衡是阻滞自然资源资产实现有偿使用的主要原因。在实践层面,价值核算体系混乱、使用范围模糊、使用方式粗放是推动自然资源资产有偿使用走向法治化道路的现实动因。以法治维度构造自然资源资产有偿使用制度,应以“公权管制”与“私权自治”为中心,准确释明自然资源资产的法律概念;明确允许有偿使用的自然资源资产范围;建立自然资源资产收益共享机制;完善自然资源资产有偿使用的程序性规则,为维护国家所有者权益和建设美丽中国提供制度保障。

环境健康权作为法律权利的证成

环境健康权是以环境健康利益为核心的一项新兴权利,具有公法与私法属性,环境健康权与环境权以及健康权有着密切的关联。环境健康权优先性是证成环境健康权的逻辑前提,环境健康利益能够满足人格尊严需求,具有伦理道德基础,并形成社会普遍的共识。环境健康权权利推定的合法性证成和权利创设的实践性证成将应然性的环境健康权利转化为实然性权利,可通过修订环境法律将环境健康权利内容予以明确规定。完善私法救济机制,法院在环境民事诉讼中应确立环境健康利益的优先地位,降低环境健康受害人的举证难度,发挥惩罚性赔偿责任的损害填补功效。健全以环境行政部门管控环境健康风险为核心的公法制度,实施环境法律制度须以保障公众健康为导向。

我国《对外关系法》的内容体系及其实施探讨

“涉外法律”可以分为“涉外公法”“涉外经济法”与“涉外私法”。2023年6月28日通过并于同年7月1日生效的《对外关系法》属于“涉外公法”的范畴。该法共有六章四十五条,含总则、对外关系的职权、发展对外关系的目标任务、对外关系的制度、发展对外关系的保障及附则。它意在申明中国的对外关系活动将严格按照法治轨道运行,促使涉外法律体系更为完备,更有利于开展涉外法治斗争和维护国家、企业和国民利益。针对该法的宣示性及高度抽象和概括性,在该法实施过程中,我们首先应加大相关研究,为立法体系的进一步完善和有效实施打下基础;其次要协调好《对外关系法》与其他相关法律的关系;再次采取有效实施《对外关系法》的具体举措;最后要注重非国家行为体对实施《对外关系法》的影响与作用。

论气候法治的公私协同进路

公私协同应当作为气候治理的基本模式和气候法治遵循的制度逻辑。这不仅是实现碳达峰碳中和目标的必然路径,也是构建气候变化适应型制度体系的内在需求,还是气候法治公私交融属性的重要体现。在气候法治的公私协同模式中,各主体应当基于商谈理性实现互动,以气候信息为节点构建风险应对体系。在具体机制构建层面,气候法治体系应当结合公私协同模式的体系特征,从主体、治理框架和法秩序三个层面体现公私协同的制度逻辑,即以协同共治为基底构建主体决策机制,以信息沟通为核心构建治理框架,以公私法协同为线索构建气候法秩序。

中国式法治现代化与卫生健康法学教育的四个面向

中国式法治现代化是中国式现代化整体进程中的重要环节;提升卫生健康领域的法治化水平、强化发展卫生健康法学教育,是全面推进中国法治现代化的必然要求。当从四个面向(面向外部、面向国际、面向未来和面向内部)出发,围绕“立德树人、德法兼修”育人理念、“大卫生、大健康”价值理念、“新文科”教育理念和“数智化”素养理念四个方面,探索新时代德才兼备、医法融合的复合型高质量卫生健康法治人才培养的优化方案,以进一步丰富卫生健康法学教育研究的内容。

卫生健康治理体系现代化的私法进路--以人格利益保护为视角

健康权概念的发展引发了各国对卫生健康法治进行重新整合的热潮,我国采取的是多元、全方位和基本医疗为主的大健康战略。私主体参与是医疗服务市场化改革和大健康理念引领的制度建设下,卫生健康治理去中心化的现实必然。为此,应发挥私法的开放性,把握《民法典》的基础性定位,把人格权制度融入卫生健康法治体系中,以此弥补公法治理的法律滞后短板:健康权诉讼可调节社会活动对健康的影响,实现环境健康治理;就医歧视阻碍健康权实现并增加疾病防控难度,可从增加强制缔约、精神损害赔偿等救济途径加以应对;落实患者隐私权和健康信息权利可保护个人尊严和数据安全,长远推进医疗建设战略;根据具体医疗活动的风险细化知情同意的内容并倒置举证责任,可以促进医患沟通、降低医疗操作错误的风险。

公物法视域下国家文化公园的法治化运行

建设国家文化公园是当前我国文化建设中的重要工作,也是丰富公民文化生活,提升公民文化权利保障程度的关键一环。国家文化公园在建设过程中遇到定位不清、主体不明确、运行规则不健全等难题,集中表现为法治理论资源供给不充分。公物制度作为行政组织法的重要制度内容,与国家文化公园在公益性、国家性和复合性三个层面具有内在共通性,同时能够克服国家文化公园建设中的主体地位不清、基本属性不明确、管理体制不健全等诸多难题。公物制度的先天优势为国家文化公园建设主体与管理体制的厘定提供依据,明确国家文化公园的建设程序和治理模式,同时为国家文化公园的运行理念、运行方式、运行界限、纠纷解决方式等运行规则的建构提供理论支撑。

宋代民众的诉讼与官府的审理——读《名公书判清明集》的几点认识

“好讼”是宋代比较普遍的民情,这一现象在《名公书判清明集》中有具体印证。凭借大量的案例,再联系历史实情,可知“好讼”源于官吏贪腐、豪强奸恶,也是民众学法懂法、有文明维权意识的表现。江西农耕经济旺盛,耕地紧俏,因而争夺田产所有权的讼案很多。审理纠纷时因官员品德才干差异,有的贪财,甚至“自紊其法”,遂判决不公正。诸多关于教化与刑罚并举的判词,启发我们加深对《白鹿洞书院揭示》的理解,朱熹强调圣贤教人之道,也告诫生徒若不听教育,必将实施“学规”,予以惩罚。《名公书判清明集》是研究断代史、社会史、法制史等的珍贵资料,至今不失其借鉴警示意义。