The Connotations of the Constitutional Clause on Human Rights Protection From the Perspective of Foreign-related Rule of Law

The inclusion of the human rights clause in the Chi-nese Constitution is the core normative manifestation of the constitu-tionalization of human rights,and points to the relationship between international law and the Constitution in the sense of positive law.The inclusion of the human rights clauses in the Chinese Constitution itself is an inherent part of the development of China’s socialist constitution,and socialism has already contributed valuable concepts and practices of human rights protection to the modern world in its early stage.The constitutionalization of human rights protection does not necessarily lead to the superiority of international law over the constitutional order of a country,but rather to the convergence of international law and domestic law through the constitutional order.The relevant rules of international law will be effective only when they are transformed into domestic law through the Constitution and the human rights clause in the Constitution.Correspondingly,the domestic legal order is brought into line with the international legal order through the Con-stitution and its human rights clause.Behind the system of fundamen-tal rights in the constitutional order is the value foundation of the en-tire legal system.The advancement of foreign-related rule of law has brought new opportunities for China’s judicial practice to further pro-mote the protection of human rights.In the future,we should further integrate the human rights values embedded in socialism into China’s constitutional practice,enhance human rights protection around the country,and take a more active part in global human rights gover-nance.

THAPE: A Tunable Hybrid Associative Predictive Engine Approach for Enhancing Rule Interpretability in Association Rule Learning for the Retail Sector

Association rule learning(ARL)is a widely used technique for discovering relationships within datasets.However,it often generates excessive irrelevant or ambiguous rules.Therefore,post-processing is crucial not only for removing irrelevant or redundant rules but also for uncovering hidden associations that impact other factors.Recently,several post-processing methods have been proposed,each with its own strengths and weaknesses.In this paper,we propose THAPE(Tunable Hybrid Associative Predictive Engine),which combines descriptive and predictive techniques.By leveraging both techniques,our aim is to enhance the quality of analyzing generated rules.This includes removing irrelevant or redundant rules,uncovering interesting and useful rules,exploring hidden association rules that may affect other factors,and providing backtracking ability for a given product.The proposed approach offers a tailored method that suits specific goals for retailers,enabling them to gain a better understanding of customer behavior based on factual transactions in the target market.We applied THAPE to a real dataset as a case study in this paper to demonstrate its effectiveness.Through this application,we successfully mined a concise set of highly interesting and useful association rules.Out of the 11,265 rules generated,we identified 125 rules that are particularly relevant to the business context.These identified rules significantly improve the interpretability and usefulness of association rules for decision-making purposes.

An intelligent coastline interpretation of several types of seacoasts from TM/ETM+ images based on rules

A coastline is defined as the average spring tide line. Different types of seacoast, such as sandy, silty, and bio- logical coast, have different indicators of interpretation. It is very difficult to develop a universal method for interpreting all shorelines. Therefore, the sandy, the silty, and the biological coast are regarded as research objects, and with data mining technolog,found the rules of interpretation of those three types of coastlines. Then, an intelligent coastline interpretation method based on rules was proposed. Firstly, the rules for ex- tracting the waterline in Landsat TM/ETM＋ （Thematic Mapper/Enhanced Thematic Mapper Plus） imagery were discovered. Then, through analyzing the features of sandy, silty and biological coast, the indicators of interpreting different types of shoreline were determined. According to the indicators, the waterline could be corrected to the real coastline. In order to verify the validity of the proposed algorithms, three Landsat TM/ETM＋ imageries were selected for case studies. The experimental results showed that the proposed methods could interpret the coastlines of sandy; silty, and biological coasts with high precision and without human intervention, which exceeded three pixels.

Safety Assessment of Liquid Launch Vehicle Structures Based on Interpretable Belief Rule Base

A liquid launch vehicle is an important carrier in aviation,and its regular operation is essential to maintain space security.In the safety assessment of fluid launch vehicle body structure,it is necessary to ensure that the assessmentmodel can learn self-response rules from various uncertain data and not differently to provide a traceable and interpretable assessment process.Therefore,a belief rule base with interpretability(BRB-i)assessment method of liquid launch vehicle structure safety status combines data and knowledge.Moreover,an innovative whale optimization algorithm with interpretable constraints is proposed.The experiments are carried out based on the liquid launch vehicle safety experiment platform,and the information on the safety status of the liquid launch vehicle is obtained by monitoring the detection indicators under the simulation platform.The MSEs of the proposed model are 3.8000e-03,1.3000e-03,2.1000e-03,and 1.8936e-04 for 25%,45%,65%,and 84%of the training samples,respectively.It can be seen that the proposed model also shows a better ability to handle small sample data.Meanwhile,the belief distribution of the BRB-i model output has a high fitting trend with the belief distribution of the expert knowledge settings,which indicates the interpretability of the BRB-i model.Experimental results show that,compared with other methods,the BRB-i model guarantees the model’s interpretability and the high precision of experimental results.

A Processor Performance Prediction Method Based on Interpretable Hierarchical Belief Rule Base and Sensitivity Analysis

The prediction of processor performance has important referencesignificance for future processors. Both the accuracy and rationality of theprediction results are required. The hierarchical belief rule base (HBRB)can initially provide a solution to low prediction accuracy. However, theinterpretability of the model and the traceability of the results still warrantfurther investigation. Therefore, a processor performance prediction methodbased on interpretable hierarchical belief rule base (HBRB-I) and globalsensitivity analysis (GSA) is proposed. The method can yield more reliableprediction results. Evidence reasoning (ER) is firstly used to evaluate thehistorical data of the processor, followed by a performance prediction modelwith interpretability constraints that is constructed based on HBRB-I. Then,the whale optimization algorithm (WOA) is used to optimize the parameters.Furthermore, to test the interpretability of the performance predictionprocess, GSA is used to analyze the relationship between the input and thepredicted output indicators. Finally, based on the UCI database processordataset, the effectiveness and superiority of the method are verified. Accordingto our experiments, our prediction method generates more reliable andaccurate estimations than traditional models.

行为经济学视角下担保型以物抵债的界定

《合同编通则司法解释》所采取的“债务履行期届满前/后”之标准无法清楚界定担保型以物抵债。界定担保型以物抵债的意义在于准确适用流担保禁止规则,无法清楚界定的深层次原因在于对流担保禁止规则的正当性基础存在认识偏差。从行为经济学和心理学的研究来看,流担保禁止规则的正当性基础应当是避免债务人因过度自信和盲目乐观而受损。从这个角度出发,可以对以物抵债协议进行再类型化:若债务人最终给付内容不是由其的履行能力决定,或债务人最终给付内容的不确定不会对其造成损失,则以物抵债协议不需要被限制;在其他情况下,有必要对以物抵债协议的效力予以限制。若当事人存在担保的意思,则应通过流担保禁止规则限制以物抵债协议的效力,否则就适用违约金酌减规则。

法治的历史唯物主义解读

法治既是一定社会的物质生产发展的产物,又是人类迈入文明社会的重要标志。虽然古今中外对法治的理解和阐述众说纷纭,但是法治作为一种规则之治是基本共识。以历史唯物主义的基本立场和观点,从法治的起源和本质入手,发现法治有阶级性、共同性、工具性的特点,法治的基本要素是:(一)法治意识;(二)法律制度;(三)法治行为。

试析国内与国际视域下的条约解释协调规则

条约解释协调规则旨在避免国内法院适用本国法的法律解释与该国承担义务(尤其是条约义务)的国际法相冲突,或者是国内法院与行政部门对涉案法律的解释冲突。在国内与国际视域下考察此类规则,有助于全面客观地认识其适用限制或现状,防止生搬硬套。中国在加入世界贸易组织之后制定实施的条约解释协调规则,有些存在适用上的困惑。对此,应在统筹推进国内法治和涉外法治思想的指导下,结合国内与国际视域,全面客观地分析、评估源于美国判例法的条约解释协调规则,从中国国情出发,打破通常涉外案件的界定,重新认识各级人民法院适用条约转化的国内法时进行条约解释的涉外性。

数据跨境流动的约束性企业规则研究

欧盟《一般数据保护条例》确立的约束性企业规则是欧盟个人数据跨境传输规则中的适当保障措施之一,它作为数据跨境流动的合规工具具有显著优势。我国自2021年施行的《个人信息保护法》中仅参照引入了标准合同条款,约束性企业规则还未明确在我国法律中引入。为了便利我国企业“走出去”,我国应引入约束性企业规则。为此,我国应明确约束性企业规则的上位法依据,同时合理借鉴他国实践经验,打造中国式约束性企业规则。

油气场站火灾爆炸风险的神经支持决策树识别与预测

为了有效防控油气场站火灾爆炸事故,从影响因素之间因果关系的角度出发,提出利用神经支持决策树(Neural-Backed Decision Tree,NBDT)算法构建油气火灾爆炸可解释预测模型。该方法利用词频逆向文件频率(Term Frequency-Inverse Document Frequency,TF-IDF)算法从风险描述信息中提取出关键词并计算权重,整合得到64个风险二级因素,构建了油气场站的火灾爆炸数据集;采用神经支持决策树算法构建分类模型,对油气场站火灾爆炸事故进行预测和可解释分析,可以基于数据可视化地分析油气火灾爆炸事故的风险与诱因。结果表明,NBDT模型预测准确率为0.976,AUC为0.913,明显优于其他模型;模型可视化结果分别从单因素和多因素角度分析,确立7种二级风险主控因素和6种二级风险组合主控因素。13种风险主控因素的确立,可以为既有油气场站火灾爆炸预测和防控机制提供理论支撑。

基于模糊计算的音乐人工智能演奏系统设计

本文设计了一种基于MIDI的音乐人工智能演奏系统,其特点是根据乐谱音乐要素审美的模糊性,运用模糊计算建立了能够调整声音变化参数的演奏解释规则。该系统在人机交互的作用下,会产生符合演奏者或学习者音乐表现需要的自适应、自调整功能。系统功能通过MIDI声音调整技术、音乐感知规则生成技术、音乐审美学习技术等环节实现。基于模糊计算的音乐演奏系统克服了MIDI音乐情感表现力的局限性,将演奏算法作为一种人工学习工具融入演奏技术系统中,从一定角度建立了音乐人工智能演奏的审美表现学习模式,为音乐演奏者提供了一种从审美感知到认知的学习训练系统。

一阶逻辑定理证明器中的无效子句删除策略

在一阶逻辑定理证明器中,子句预处理是不可或缺的步骤,而子句的消去规则是预处理中极其重要的部分。传统的基于纯文字规则的子句消去方法在理论上存在子句删除过多的问题,在算法实现上又存在子句删除不充分的情况。为了提高子句删除的精确率,在理论上,基于纯文字规则对子句进行再分类。第一类称为无效子句,该类子句不能通过等词替换与某个子句形成互补对,此类子句应完全删除;第二类为相对无效子句,该类子句无法与当前子句集中的子句形成互补对,但能进行等词替换,此类子句应在参与演绎后综合考虑是否删除。在算法实现中,考虑到子句的消去应是动态的过程,当前消去的子句会影响已判断的子句的无效性,提出一种用于判定子句无效性的递归遍历算法。将上述子句约简规则应用于证明器CSE1.5(Contradiction Separation Extension 1.5)中,以2019—2022的CADE(Conference on Automated DEduction)自动定理证明(ATP)系统竞赛中一阶逻辑问题组为测试对象。在300 s内,应用所提算法的CSE1.5_IC比原始CSE1.5总共多证明了27个问题。在两个版本证明器共同证明的所有FNE(FOF theorems without Equality)测试例中,CSE1.5_IC比CSE1.5平均每个问题多约简了28个子句,平均求解时间减少了7.07 s。实验结果表明,所提无效子句约简算法是一种有效的预处理方式,能够提高一阶逻辑子句集的约简精确率,同时能够提高自动定理证明器的证明能力和缩短证明时间。

“潜隐剧本”的诞生:幼儿阐释性再构班级规则的民族志探究

幼儿作为班级规则形成的重要主体,并不只是简单地遵守或者抗拒规则,而是对班级规则进行阐释性再构。本研究基于民族志田野作业探究幼儿自发构建班级规则的过程,发现幼儿通过延长活动的持续时间、扩展活动的空间边界、重新定义活动的内容,形成一套新的一日生活流程表,从而实现对班级规则的阐释性再构。其中,幼儿的内在需要是驱动幼儿阐释性再构班级规则的动力,教师的选择性实施班级规则客观上产生了催化剂的效果,幼儿与之互动的班级规则及其属性也悄然起着推动作用。而对由此衍生出的幼儿言行不一、教师时紧时松、规则“似变非变”三个悖论性现象的关注,有助于我们更好地理解儿童、理解规则、理解教育。

面向简化规则的集成学习模型及规则约简策略

随着机器学习模型的广泛应用,研究者们逐渐认识到这类方法的局限之处。这些模型大多数为黑盒模型,导致其可解释性较差。为了解决这一问题,以集成学习模型为基础,提出了一种基于规则的可解释模型以及规则约简方法,包括生成优化的随机森林模型、冗余规则的发现和约简等步骤。首先,提出了一种随机森林模型的评价方法,并基于强化学习的思想对随机森林模型的关键参数进行了优化,得到了更具可解释性的随机森林模型。其次,对随机森林模型中提取的规则集进行了冗余消除,得到了更加精简的规则集。在公开数据集上的实验结果表明,生成的规则集在预测准确率和可解释性方面均表现优秀。

基于BP神经网络的隧道超前地质预报资料综合解译技术研究

为提高超前地质预报资料综合解译的准确性,本次研究通过大量预报工作实践与持续开挖验证,建立了一套基于隧道掌子面地质调查法、地震波反射法和电磁波反射法于一体的隧道超前地质预报资料的综合解译规则。其中,一级综合解译基于掌子面地质编录一项指标和超前地质预报探测的四项指标分析得到,包含70条一级综合解译结果;二级综合解译在一级综合解译的基础上增加了地质雷达探测资料的两项指标,包含117条二级综合解译结果;二级综合解译比一级综合解译更详细、具体,降低了多解性出现的概率。同时,选取了70组训练样本,采用Back Propagation神经网络分析方法训练解译规则,形成了一套隧道超前地质预报综合解译技术。最后,以大巴山脉某公路隧道预报为应用实例,提出方法的预报准确率在80%以上,证明了该综合解译技术的有效性,研究可为隧道综合超前地质预报资料解译提供参考。

利用集成剪枝和多目标优化算法的随机森林可解释增强模型

随机森林模型是广泛应用于各个领域的经典黑盒模型,而黑盒模型的结构特征导致模型可解释性弱,需要借助可解释技术优化随机森林的可解释性,从而促进其在可靠性要求较高场景的应用与发展。研究构建了基于集成剪枝和多目标优化算法的规则提取模型,集成剪枝在解决树模型规则提取易陷入局部最优的问题上具有代表性,多目标优化在解决规则准确性和可解释性的平衡问题上有多个领域的应用。模型验证结果表明,所构建模型能够在不降低准确性的前提下优化模型的可解释性。本研究首次将集成剪枝技术与多目标优化算法相融合,增强了随机森林的可解释性,有助于推动该模型在可解释性要求较高领域的决策应用。

基于规则集成的可解释机器学习算法及应用

机器学习算法因其良好的预测性能已经取得了巨大的成功,但在对模型可解释性有着较高需求的领域,其适用性受到了限制。针对机器学习算法缺乏可解释性的缺点,基于规则集成思想提出一种新的可解释机器学习算法,称之为集成树惩罚逻辑规则回归,它能以较小的结构复杂度实现与集成树算法相当的预测性能,并且保留了逻辑回归的解释效果。首先,从随机森林、XGBoost等集成树中提取分枝,并将其转换为逻辑规则。其次,对规则集进行剪枝和去重处理,以得到精简的规则集。最后,将规则作为变量融入逻辑回归中,并以Lasso算法进行复杂度控制。以企业风险预警作为实例,与多种机器学习算法进行实验对比,结果表明此算法不仅能很好地继承集成树的违约判别能力,在各个分类指标上均超越了大多数机器学习算法,而且可以通过规则给出企业风险指标的阈值,便于企业进行风险管理。进一步地,根据此算法制作企业信用评分,验证了它的广泛适用性,得到的评分符合客观规律且具有区分度,然后通过三个公开数据集验证了模型预测性能的稳健性。

多份合同场域下合同变更的适用机理——《合同编通则解释》第14条第3款评注

《合同编通则解释》第14条第3款细化了多份合同场域下的合同变更规则,并赋予法官依职权查明合同是否发生变更的权力。但面对实践中复杂多样的合同变更纠纷,在多份合同均合法有效且存在内在关联时,此举无疑会加剧法官轻易推定合同发生整体性变更的“惯性”做法。应当认为,本条规定所指向的合同变更应恪守阐释性合同解释及合同的独立性,而不应滥行体系解释、合同漏洞填补等作业,同时多份合同中合同变更应主要是法律拟制,而不应不当适用合同变更推定规则。合同变更与否本质上系属意思表示解释的范畴,在无法探明当事人是否就合同变更的内容达成一致时,应推定合同未发生变更,这不仅契合合同禁止推定变更的规范意蕴,也更符合民事诉讼法的举证规则。

新《公司法》条文解释的赋权导向

新《公司法》存在一些文义上待明确之处。在对其解释适用时,应坚持对公司及相关人赋权的导向,以体现公司应有的自治性,促进市场效率。新《公司法》对出资期限进行限缩时,应尊重存量公司的认缴期限利益,对股份公司、增资出资均宜用足“3年+5年”的期限。公司登记机关宜审慎调整“出资期限明显异常”的情形。赋权论意味着赋予公司更多的经营权、自主权,包括选择单设监事会、单设审计委员会或并设这两个机构的权利。公司对他人取得股份行为的资助应获得更多赋权。赋权论也意味着赋予股东更多的权利,同时新《公司法》对股东权利的客观制约仍需被承认,包括:股东请求召开股东会会议的权利可受董事会的程序性制约,股东查询权不应涵盖债券持有人名册。

两阶段多标签分类探索中医证素辨证规律

探索证素辨证规律能更好地辅助临床决策和促进中医辨证理论的传承。中医文本句式结构复杂、表述标准不一,难以匹配符号规则,且神经网络黑盒特性又难以直接解释其辨证过程。为探索中医证素辨证规律,第一阶段使用神经网络模型对证素进行多标签分类,通过稀疏注意力捕获与证素相关的关键词及其权重生成证素表征;第二阶段使用随机森林对融入相关证素标签的证素表征进行分类训练,后对随机森林规则提取以探索辨证规律,提高证素辨证的可解释性。实验结果表明,该方法提升了证素辨识的准确率,同时F1保持较高水平,有利于探索证素辨证规律。