Digital Development Rights in Developing Countries:Where the Governance Rules for Cross-Border Data Flows

The digital development rights in developing countries are based on establishing a new international economic order and ensuring equal participation in the digital globalization process to achieve people's well-rounded development in the digital society.The relationship between cross-border data flows and the realization of digital development rights in developing countries is quite complex.Currently,developing countries seek to safeguard their existing digital interests through unilateral regulation to protect data sovereignty and multilateral regulation for cross-border data cooperation.However,developing countries still have to face internal conflicts between national digital development rights and individual and corporate digital development rights during the process of realizing digital development rights.They also encounter external contradictions such as developed countries interfering with developing countries'data sovereignty,developed countries squeezing the policy space of developing countries through dominant rules,and developing countries having conflicts between domestic and international rules.This article argues that balancing openness and security on digital trade platforms is the optimal solution for developing countries to realize their digital development rights.The establishment of WTO digital trade rules should inherently reflect the fundamental demands of developing countries in cross-border data flows.At the same time,given China's dual role as a digital powerhouse and a developing country,it should actively promote the realization of digital development rights in developing countries.

Seismic failure mechanisms for loaded slopes with associated and nonassociated flow rules

Seismic failure mechanisms were investigated for soil slopes subjected to strip load with upper bound method of limit analysis and finite difference method of numerical simulation,considering the influence of associated and nonassociated flow rules.Quasi-static representation of soil inertia effects using a seismic coefficient concept was adopted for seismic failure analysis.Numerical study was conducted to investigate the influences of dilative angle and earthquake on the seismic failure mechanisms for the loaded slope,and the failure mechanisms for different dilation angles were compared.The results show that dilation angle has influences on the seismic failure surfaces,that seismic maximum displacement vector decreases as the dilation angle increases,and that seismic maximum shear strain rate decreases as the dilation angle increases.

Influences of nonassociated flow rules on seismic bearing capacity factors of strip footing on soil slope by energy dissipation method

Seismic bearing capacity factors of a strip footing placed on soil slope were determined with both associated and nonassociated flow rules. Quasi-static representation of earthquake effects using a seismic coefficient concept was adopted for seismic bearing capacity calculations. A multi-wedge translational failure mechanism was used to obtain the seismic bearing capacity factors for different seismic coefficients and various inclined angles. Employing the associated flow rule, numerical results were compared with the published solutions. For bearing capacity factors related to cohesion and equivalent surcharge load, the maximum difference approximates 0.1%. However, the difference of bearing capacity factor related to unit weight is larger. With the two flow rules, the seismic bearing capacity factors were presented in the form of design charts for practical use. The results show that seismic bearing capacity factors related to the cohesion, the equivalent surcharge load and the unit weight increase greatly as the dilatancy angle increases, and that the nonassociated flow rule has important influences on the seismic bearing capacity.

Influences of nonassociated flow rules on three-dimensional seismic stability of loaded slopes

The influences of soil dilatancy angle on three-dimensional （3D） seismic stability of locally-loaded slopes in nonassociated flow rule materials were investigated using a new rotational collapse mechanism and quasi-static coefficient concept. Extended Bishop method and Boussinesq theorem were employed to establish the stress distribution along the rupture surfaces that are required to obtain the rate of internal energy dissipation for the nonassociated flow rule materials in rotational collapse mechanisms. Good agreement was observed by comparing the current results with those obtained using the translational or rotational mechanisms and numerical finite difference method. The results indicate that the seismic stability of slopes reduces by decreasing the dilatancy angle for nonassociated flow rule materials. The amount of the mentioned decrease is more significant in the case of mild slopes in frictional soils. A nearly infinite slope under local loading, whether its critical failure surface is 2D or 3D, not only depends on the magnitude of the external load, but also depends on the dilataney angle of soil and the coefficient of seismic load.

The study of slip line field and upper bound method based on associated flow and non-associated flow rules

At present, associated flow rule of traditional plastic theory is adopted in the slip line field theory and upper bound method of geotechnical materials. So the stress characteristic line conforms to the velocity line. It is proved that geotechnical materials do not abide by the associated flow rule. It is impossible for the stress characteristic line to conform to the velocity line. Generalized plastic mechanics theoretically proved that plastic potential surface intersects the Mohr-Coulomb yield surface with an angle, so that the velocity line must be studied by non-associated flow rule. According to limit analysis theory, the theory of slip line field is put forward in this paper, and then the ultimate beating capacity of strip footing is obtained based on the associated flow rule and the non-associated flow nile individually. These two results are identical since the ultimate bearing capacity is independent of flow role. On the contrary, the velocity fields of associated and non-associated flow rules are different which shows the velocity field based on the associat- ed flow rule is incorrect.

AN APPLICATION OF TOPOLOGICAL ANALYSIS TO STUDYING THE THREE-DIMENSIONAL FLOW IN CASCADES;PART I—TOPOLOGICAL RULES FOR SKIN-FRICTION LINES AND SECTION STREAMLINES

Based on the working of Lighthill and Hunt et al., in the present paper the author has established the topological rules adapting to analysing the skin-friction lines and the section streamlines in cascades. These rules are (1) for a rotor cascade without shroud band, the total number of nodal points equals that the saddle points on the skin-friction line vector fields in eachpitch range; (2) for an annular or straight cascade with no-clearances at blade ends, the total number of saddle points is two more than that of nodal points on the skin-friction line fields in a pitch; (3) the total number of saddles in the secondary flow fields on cross-sections in cascade is one less than that of nodes; (4) in the section streamline vector fields on a meridian surface penetrating a flow passage, and on leading and trailing edge sections, the total number of nodes is equal to that of saddles; (5) on the streamline vector fields of a blade-to-blade surface, the total number of nodes is one less than that of saddles.

Global Risk Appetite,US Economic Policy Uncertainties and Cross-Border Capital Flow

Based on the global asset portfolio model,this paper created a panel threshold model using EPFR fund data to empirically test the non-linear spillover effects of US economic policy uncertainties on cross-border capital flow for emerging economies.Our study led to the following findings:(1)When the level of global investor risk tolerance is high,rising US EPU will induce a capital inflow into emerging economies,as manifested in the“portfolio rebalancing effect.”When the level of global investor risk tolerance is below a critical threshold,this gives rise to risk aversion and emerging economies will experience net capital outflow,i.e.the“flight to quality effect”.(2)Equity fund investors have a lower risk tolerance threshold than bond fund investors.(3)According to our heterogeneity analysis,more attention should be paid to monitoring capital flow through actively managed funds,ETF funds,and retail investor funds.The economy should increase financial efficiency and economic resiliency to mitigate capital outflow pressures from the external environment.

Energy analysis of rock plug thickness in karst tunnels based on non-associated flow rule and nonlinear failure criterion

The geological hazards, such as water inrush and mud outburst, are easily induced by the high water pressure caverns ahead of a karst tunnel face. Therefore, it is a pivotal issue to determine the reserved thickness of rock plug during the construction of tunnels. The limit analysis principle is employed to analyze the safe thickness from the point of energy dissipation, and the nonlinear and non-associated characteristics of geotechnical materials are both considered. On the basis of a plane failure pattern of rock plug, the expressions of detaching curve and rock plug thickness are derived. The effect of each parameter on the safe thickness of rock plug is discussed in detail, which interprets the corresponding failure scope of rock plug. The obtained results indicate that the thickness of rock plug is highly influenced by the nonlinear dilatancy coefficient and the nonlinear coefficient. The proposed method is validated by a comparison of the calculated results with those of the engineering project of the "526 karst cavern" of Yunwushan tunnel. This proposed method can provide reference basis for the design and excavation of karst tunnels in the future.

Pseudo-dynamic analysis of seismic stability of reinforced slopes considering non-associated flow rule

The required reinforcement force to prevent instability and the yield acceleration of reinforced slopes are computed under seismic loading by applying the kinematic approach of limit analysis in conjunction with the pseudo-dynamic method for a wide range of soil cohesion, friction angle, dilation angle and horizontal and vertical seismic coefficients. Each parameter threatening the stability of the slope enhances the magnitude of the required reinforcement force and vice versa. Moreover, the yield acceleration increases with the increase in soil shear strength parameters but decreases with the increase in the slope angle. The comparison of the present work with some of the available solutions in the literatures shows a reasonable agreement.

Energy analysis of stability on shallow tunnels based on non-associated flow rule and non-linear failure criterion

On the basis of upper bound theorem, non-associated flow rule and non-linear failure criterion were considered together.The modified shear strength parameters of materials were obtained with the help of the tangent method. Employing the virtual power principle and strength reduction technique, the effects of dilatancy of materials, non-linear failure criterion, pore water pressure,surface loads and buried depth, on the stability of shallow tunnel were studied. In order to validate the effectiveness of the proposed approach, the solutions in the present work agree well with the existing results when the non-associated flow rule is reduced to the associated flow rule and the non-linear failure criterion is degenerated to the linear failure criterion. Compared with dilatancy of materials, the non-linear failure criterion exerts greater impact on the stability of shallow tunnels. The safety factor of shallow tunnels decreases and the failure surface expands outward when the dilatancy coefficient decreases. While the increase of nonlinear coefficient, the pore water pressure coefficient, the surface load and the buried depth results in the small safety factor. Therefore, the dilatancy as well as non-linear failure criterion should be taken into account in the design of shallow tunnel supporting structure. The supporting structure must be reinforced promptly to prevent potential mud from gushing or collapse accident in the areas with abundant pore water, large surface load or buried depth.

Modified Burzynski criterion with non-associated flow rule for anisotropic asymmetric metals in plane stress problems

The Burzynski criterion is developed for anisotropic asymmetric metals with the non-associated flow rule （NAFR） for plane stress problems. The presented pressure depending on the yield criterion can be calibrated with ten experimental data, i.e., the tensile yield stresses at 0°, 45°, and 90°, the compressive yield stresses at 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 75°, and 90° from the rolling direction, and the biaxial tensile yield stress. The corresponding pressure independent plastic potential function can be calibrated with six experimental data, i.e., the tensile R-values at 0°, 15°, 45°, 75°, and 90° from the rolling direction and the tensile biaxial R-value. The downhill simplex method is used to solve these ten and six high nonlinear equations for the yield and plastic potential functions, respectively. The results show that the presented new criterion is appropriate for anisotropic asymmetric metals.

Flow－shop调度问题的遗传启发算法

结合遗传算法和启发式规则，构造了一种新的遗传启发搜索算法，用于求解Ｆｌｏｗ－ｓｈｏｐ调度问题．通过分析和实例计算表明，算法能够有效地适用于大规模加工过程中调度问题的优化计算，在运行时间，适应性和最优率等方面都具有很好的搜索优势．

求解 Flow Shop 排序问题的模拟进化法

为ＦｌｏｗＳｈｏｐ排序问题的求解构造了一类模拟进化寻优方法——基于启发式规则的有序遗传算法，并对不同规模的实例进行了计算机模拟。

重力流关阀规律及空气阀优化研究

为有效防护长距离、多起伏、高落差的重力流输水管道,基于波特性法对某工程建立了水力过渡过程计算模型,分析了无防护措施下的关阀规律,对比了传统普通空气阀和三动式空气阀的防护效果,探讨了三动式空气阀联合两阶段关阀方案对关阀水锤的影响。结果表明:在未采取防护措施时,管道全线最低压力严重超标;采取三动式空气阀联合两阶段关阀方案后,输水管道的最低压力水头保持在-2 m以上;对于长距离、多起伏、高落差的重力流输水管道,应首先考虑减轻管道的负压;采用三动式空气阀联合两阶段关阀方案可以对输水管道和阀前的负压起到很好的控制效果。

Lane changing analysis for two-lane traffic flow

In this paper, the two-lane traffic are studied by using the lane-changing rules in the car-following models. The simulation show that the frequent lane changing occurs when the lateral distance in car following activities is considered and it gives rise to oscillating waves. In contrast, if the lateral distance is not considered （or considered occasionally）, the lane changing appears infrequently and soliton waves occurs. This implies that the stabilization mechanism no longer functions when the lane changing is permitted. Since the oscillating and soliton waves correspond to the unstable and metastable flow regimes, respectively, our study verifies that a phase transition may occur as a result of the lane changing.

基于事件处置规则的设备监控智能化决策研究

针对电力系统输电设备异常报错准确率低的问题,对一种基于事件处置规则的工业工程界面交换(iFIX)系统的设备智能监控系统进行了研究。分别对基于稳定数据流(SDF)技术的iFIX智能监控系统设计、事件处置规则的决策系统设计、DenseNet方案设计等进行分析。将SDF技术设置在iFIX设备智能监控系统中,以利用该技术组态扩展的特点实现软硬件的兼容。采用ZigBee通信技术实现对电力监控数据远距离、大容量的传输。采用生成对抗网络(GAN)和DenseNet技术数据治理分析系统,实现输电设备的图像特征数据收集。改进GAN算法扩充生成模块图像数据量,并提高数据质量。试验结果表明,该系统对电力输电设备的检测准确度在90%以上。该系统具有较强的实用性。

基于OpenFlow的软件定义网络流规则冲突检测系统

在软件定义网络(SDN)中,各类网络应用的独立开发以及多用户的网络管理可能导致下发至交换设备的流规则发生冲突,而控制平面与转发平面的分离使得交换设备缺乏策略分析能力,无法独立检测内部的流规则冲突。针对这一问题,提出一种流规则冲突检测系统和检测算法。首先,通过监听、捕获控制平面与转发平面之间的OpenFlow报文,获取即将下发的流规则的信息。然后,使用冲突检测算法判定流规则的冲突类型。该算法根据流规则的匹配协议选择对应的规则集合,从而缩小了检测规模;而且在检测时优先对无冲突(NC)规则的特征进行检测,使得对NC规则的检测效率要高于其他类型的冲突规则。最后,根据冲突类型对流规则进行冲突消解。实验结果表明,所提冲突检测算法的检测准确率可以达到100%,与动态冲突检测模型相比该算法在同等规模的规则集合下的检测时间缩短约47%。且检测时间随NC规则占比的提高而缩短。

Towards a Global Regulatory Framework for Cross-Border Data Flows——Fundamental Concerns and the China’s Approach

Cross-border data flows not only involve cross-border trade issues,but also severely challenge personal information protection,national data security,and the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.As the current digital trade negotiations could not accommodate these challenges,China has initiated the concept of secure cross-border data flow and has launched a dual-track multi-level regulatory system,including control system for overseas transfer of important data,system of crossborder provision of personal information,and system of cross-border data request for justice and enforcement.To explore a global regulatory framework for cross-border data flows,legitimate and controllable cross-border data flows should be promoted,supervision should be categorized based on risk concerned,and the rule of law should be coordinated at home and abroad to promote system compatibility.To this end,the key is to build a compatible regulatory framework,which includes clarifying the scope of important data to define the“Negative List”for preventing national security risks,improving the cross-border accountability for protecting personal information rights and interests to ease pre-supervision pressure,and focusing on data access rights instead of data localization for upholding the jurisdiction of justice and enforcement.

The Governance of Cross-Border Data Flows in Trade Agreements:Is the CPTPP Framework an Ideal Way Out?

The regulations of cross-border data flows is a growing challenge for the international community.International trade agreements,however,appear to be pioneering legal methods to cope,as they have grappled with this issue since the 1990s.The World Trade Organization(WTO)rules system offers a partial solution under the General Agreement on Trade in Services(GATS),which covers aspects related to cross-border data flows.The Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership(CPTPP)and the United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement(USMCA)have also been perceived to provide forward-looking resolutions.In this context,this article analyzes why a resolution to this issue may be illusory.While they regulate cross-border data flows in various ways,the structure and wording of exception articles of both the CPTPP and USMCA have the potential to pose significant challenges to the international legal system.The new system,attempting to weigh societal values and economic development,is imbalanced,often valuing free trade more than individual online privacy and cybersecurity.Furthermore,the inclusion of poison-pill clauses is,by nature,antithetical to cooperation.Thus,for the international community generally,and China in particular,cross-border data flows would best be regulated under the WTO-centered multilateral trade law system.

Tax distortions in cross-border flows of intangible assets

The phenomenon of global fragmented production and associated trade in intermediate products,including intangible assets,has changed how economists study globalization and how new public policies are shaped.Understanding cross-border flows of disembodied knowledge,often associated with intellectual property(IP),is essential for analyzing how modern economies operate.Available data to document these international IP-related knowledge flowsdnamely cross-border payments for IPdare distorted by various factors.Tax planning by multinational enterprises has seriously distorted the measurement of cross-border IP flows,affecting national measurements of imports,exports,GDP,and productivity.The tax-induced mismeasurement could be more than 35% of global charges for use of intellectual property,and greater for individual countries,particularly high-taxrate countries.International initiatives to address the effects of tax base erosion,profit shifting,and other statistical initiatives on global value chains will improve future measurements of cross-border IP flows,improving the understanding of both the creation and uses of IP.