The Centenary of the CPC: Leading the Times by Grasping the Laws and Trends of Historical Development

Discussions on grasping the laws and trends of historical development take a fundamental theoretical position in the scientific system of Xi Jinping Thought on Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era.Xi Jinping’s important statements have systematically answered such questions as what type of laws and trends of historical development should be followed,how did the Party follow the laws and trends of historical development in its centennial history,and how should the laws and trends of historical development be followed in a new era.The birth of the Communist Party of China(CPC),the victory of China’s War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression,the founding of the People’s Republic of China,and the unveiling of a new era for reform and opening up and socialism with Chinese characteristics are all the results of grasping the laws and trends of historical development.Over the past century,the Party has followed the laws and trends of historical development and continuously advanced the sinicization of Marxism on the basis of adhering to the unification between truth and values.In pursuit of“putting people first,”the Party has courageously been reforming itself and made relentless progress in the great endeavor of Party building.History shows that a keen appreciation of the laws and trends of historical development is an important sign of political maturity for a proletarian party.Only by applying Marxism according to current times and conditions will we keep abreast with the laws and trends of historical development.We should establish a broader concept of history and identify the laws and trends of historical development from the interactions and linkages between China and the rest of the world.We must recognize and promote the outstanding role of great leaders in steering the country in line with the laws and trends of historical development.

“Running China in Accordance with the Law” Ensures Development of Human Rights

I. A Review of China＇s Judicial Protection for Human Rights To effectively protect human rights, a country needs to specify in its laws a complete series of basic rights its citizens shall enjoy. Meanwhile, the legal rights for an individual citizen would be meaningless even though such rights are prescribed in laws if, when the person＇s rights are infringed upon, he or she has no access to judicial relief. Administration of justice is the last resort, in fact the most effective, means.

The Legal Logic in the Practice of Poverty Reduction in Rural China in the One Hundred Years Since the Founding of the Communist Party of China

Three major poverty reduction models have successively been adopted in the poverty control led by the Communist Party of China(CPC),namely reliefbased poverty alleviation,which focused on adjusting the production factors of land,development-driven poverty alleviation,and targeted poverty alleviation.In the process,the target of finding a rational position for the principal function of poverty alleviation has been gradually realized:the approach of poverty alleviation has gradually adjusted from micro to macro,from direct to indirect;while the management has transformed from mobilization-based to rule-of-law based.Rules that link policies and laws,as well as a rule-of-law model of the poverty reduction of a developing country that is led by party committees and governments,has been formed,and an illustrative sample of poverty control has been created,which provides experience based knowledge to the anti-poverty practices in developing countries.In the future,it is necessary to further realize the protection of the rights of the people in comparative poverty and the proceduralization of poverty reduction administrative behaviors,as well as to formulate a unified "Poverty Reduction Law" when the time is ripe,to protect the rights of the people in comparative poverty in the post-poverty-alleviation era.

The Human Rights Legislation Practices of the Communist Party of China During the War of Liberation

During the War of Liberation,the liberated areas,under the leadership of the Communist Party of China,kept deepening and developing the concepts and ideas of protecting human rights,promulgated a series of human rights laws and related administrative programs,and put them into practice.The contents included not only the political rights of citizens but also their economic,social,and cultural rights,with emphasis on the protection of the rights to subsistence and development.The human rights legislation in the liberated areas has a wartime and class-based nature due to its social environment.It reflects the transition of the Communist Party of China from a revolutionary party to a ruling party on the historical stage.It played an important role in directing,advancing,and promoting the progress of democracy and the rule of law at that time and accumulated experience for the human rights legislation after the founding of the People’s Republic of China.History proves that the Communist Party of China has always been a political party dedicated to fighting for the human rights of the Chinese people,and only the Communist Party of China can lead China’s human rights development to a deeper level.

PRIMARY ANALYSIS OF DROUGHT AND WATERLOGGING LAW IN NORTH CHINA

According to the drought and waterlogging disaster statistics over the last 30 years (1950-1979), the annual average area suffering from drought was about 300 million mu (1 mu= 1/ 15 ha) in the whole country, among which about 100 million mu were disastrous areas where the output reduced more than 30%. and the annual lost grains totalled about 5 billion kg. The waterlogging disaster was less than drought disaster. The area suffering from waterlogging was about 100 million mu, among which 60 million mu were disastrous. Drought and waterlogging disasters affect directly the development of the national economy. So it is important to study drought and waterlogging variations, especially the drought and waterlogging variation laws of the areas where the disasters frequently occur.The historical literatures and recent observation data reveal the fact that there existed drought and waterlogging variations. For example, the occurrence frequency of the outstanding and severe drought years in north China is

Anti-corruption needs a Party law

The tide of anti-corruption swept across China, anti-corruption within the Party is a top priority. It needs sound legal regulation, but now our country doesn＇ t have a specific law to regulate the Party, leading to Party members has not been well constrained about the execution of the power. The author analyzes the necessity of making a Party law from the perspective of curbing corruption, and puts forward some suggestions on strengthening the supervision function of Party law.

The Function of Human Rights Protection and Its Approaches of Filing and Review——Rethinking of PAN Hongbin Case

The PAN Hongbin case raised to the academic circles the question of how to connect with the court proceedings after the People’s Congress filed for review.The solution to this problem should focus on the functional positioning of China’s recording and review system,whether it involves the specific rights of citizens in individual cases.From the actual situation in China,the development trend of the constitutional review systems in various countries in the world,and the attitudes of the National People’s Congress and the academic circle,the protection of civil rights should be one of the functions of record review.According to the relevant provisions of the Legislative Law and the Law on the Supervision of Standing Committees of People’s Congresses at Various Levels,our courts should construct a dual complementary mechanism for review requests from the Supreme People’s Court and review recommendations from local people’s courts at all levels in the litigation process.Meanwhile,according to the retrospective theory of the law,the filing review filed by the parties after the court ’s lawsuit should be retroactive to the parties themselves,and the law should provide for a system to initiate retrial proceedings in this case to relieve the parties’ rights.

碳数据质量合规与企业寻租监管——演化博弈视角下第三方核查监管制度的完善研究

保证碳数据质量合规是碳数据二元功能发挥的前提。但现行碳数据质量合规第三方核查监管制度(下称监管制度)对企业碳数据造假寻租行为的监管乏力。构建由监管部门、企业与核查机构共同参与的演化博弈系统,利用数理经济学分析方法进行模型推导和数值仿真,探究关键因素变动对博弈系统演化稳定状态跃迁的影响与启示,可在厘清博弈主体行为逻辑的基础上探究匡补现行监管制度缺损的方案。研究发现:(1)监管部门的行为选择受到多种因素的影响而具有复杂性,且监管部门客观监管能力的提高需和其他关键参数协同作用才能显著提升演化速度;(2)“寻租联盟”内部成员之间的行为选择相互影响且具有一致性;(3)利用法律的利导性功能可弥补“数据利他主义”不能提振企业“报告合规碳数据”意愿的不足,但需满足一定的量化约束条件以保证博弈系统稳定性;(4)企业与核查机构的行为选择具有明显的成本遵循特征,寻租成本、碳数据造价成本、违规核查成本等是影响博弈系统演化稳定状态跃迁的关键因素。锚定碳数据质量合规目标,可从提升合规动力、提高监管能力和增大造假压力三个方面着手完善现行监管制度。

中国环境自动监控行政执法中的法律问题研究

中国环境行政执法中自动监控方式是广泛应用的新模式,也是环境行政监管与执法的未来趋势,但目前无论是国家法律、行政法规、部门规章还是地方规范都片段化且不统一。在2021年修订的《行政处罚法》背景下,亟须围绕该法第41条“电子技术监控”条款生成统一系统的环境非现场行政执法规范。环境自动化监控从主体、程序、证据、处罚四方面给行政处罚带来新的变革:首先,主体上,新的主体第三方服务机构的产生,带来新的第三方执法义务等共治问题。其次,程序上,行政执法流程相比人工时代需要再造,以保障行政相关方的权利。第三,证据上,“数据失真”与自动监控时代执法证据的证明力问题,使得人工“双审”成为要件。第四,罚责上,需做到甄别三种自动监控数据属于违法,并在海量的自动监控数据中降低执法强度。在新的环境自动监测时代,主体、程序、证据、处罚都要考虑行政相对方——企业的权利与利益再平衡。此外,上述结论往往也适用于我国自动化行政执法的许多共性问题。

法律行为规范对身份行为的有限适用

身份行为的构造依托于以意思表示为要素的抽象法律行为框架,不能以事实先在性架空意思自治。即使家庭法没有明确规定,身份行为也存在成立和效力的判断问题。根据纯粹身份行为和身份财产行为的区分概括描述适用模式的意义有限,即使是身份财产行为,也不能当然适用法律行为规范,而必须结合具体行为的性质以及所涉法律行为规范之利益状态进行个别化检视。在具体的规范适用检视中,应当首先考虑立法者的法政策决断,然后再考虑不同身份行为的本质。限制法律行为规范的适用往往意味着对当事人意思自治的限制,其背后往往存在维护身份关系安定性及公共利益的特殊考量。

面向人与自然和谐共生的环境党内法规的治理逻辑

建设面向人与自然和谐共生的中国式现代化,中国式法治化是必然要求,其中环境法治不可或缺。中国式的环境法治必然要重视党内法规的特殊法治和治理功能。可从着力发挥党内法规在环境法治中的特殊作用、统筹推进环境综合治理的规范功能、推动构建人类环境命运共同体的制度文明三方面,揭示出环境党内法规所秉持环境系统观、环境效能观、环境文明观的政理法理。环境党内法规有广义和狭义之分,环境党内法规所承载上述治理逻辑的规范样态,不仅包括符合《中国共产党党内法规制定条例》严格形式要件的狭义党内法规,也包括引领环境法治发展的环境政策、起到监督保障等作用的党内环境规范性文件。从环境党内法规的政治功能和规范效力来讲,将以决议、决定、意见、通知等为主要载体的环境政策视为广义的环境党内法规,符合新形势下环境党内法规体系构筑的核心要义。从目前党内法规体系的构成情况看,起到监督保障作用的党内环境规范性文件成为了主力军,但其数量庞杂又单线作战的实践困境使其亟需完善以形成治理合力。因此,应进一步探讨党的环境政策和党内环境规范性文件向狭义党内法规的有机转化,使狭义的环境党内法规成为环境党内法规体系的主体部分。广义视阈下的环境党内法规,在面向人与自然和谐共生的现代化中发挥着规范、治理与重塑的制度功能。环境党内法规通过将党的不成文的环境文明提炼转化为具有约束力的制度形态,从而使其获得长远的效能力和长期的执行力。环境党内法规通过为生态文明建设提供制度赋能,从而全面发挥其环境治理的政治效能、预防效能和发展效能。环境党内法规以党的领导为本质特征的政治结构为环境文明奠基、以人民为中心的人本理念为环境文明铸魂、以党规国法共治为保障的外部制度为环境文明塑形,使其实质上具备了打造人类环境文明新形态的重塑功能。需要注意的是,完备的环境党内法规体系对上述功能的系统发挥尤为重要,因此,面向人与自然和谐共生的环境党内法规,还有待进一步体系化完善。

“Fundamental Rights and Private Law” in China

The Qi Yuling case is a crucial juncture in the study of “fundamental rights and private law” in China, yet relevant research is underpinned on two clues. The first is that the increasing interest in the “constitutionalization of private law” worldwide provides knowledge resources and reference materials for scholars in China;the second is the understanding and exploration of the judicial application of the Constitution since the 1980s. Among them, such concepts as “the Constitution has direct legal effect” and “the Constitution needs to be implemented by the people” could have directly affected the Qi Yuling case. Focusing on such topics as the case of Qi Yuling, judicial enforcement of the Constitution, and the compilation of the Civil Code, scholars discussed the ways and scope for inclu ding fundamental rights in private law based on their experience abroad. They also looked into specific issues, covering how fundamental rights affect civil acts and the private law effects fundamental rights like personality rights, equali ty rights, freedom of speech, and protection of personal information. In the context of promoting the full implementation of the Constitution in the new era, “fundamental rights and private law” is still a field with great potential in both practice and theory.

论党的纪律严于国家法律的涵义与正当性

党的纪律严于国家法律,即“纪严于法”,是党的十八大以来以习近平同志为核心的党中央坚持依法治国和依规治党有机统一、推进党内法规制度体系建设的重要理念创新。“纪严于法”是一个比较性用语,涉及比较主体与比较标准两个方面。在比较主体方面,包括规范层面的比较主体和约束对象层面的比较主体。其中,规范层面的比较主体是党的纪律与国家法律,约束对象层面的比较主体根据系统标准和地位相称标准则分别是党员与普通公民、党员干部与公职人员、党员领导干部与领导干部。在比较标准层面,纪严于法包含调整对象的比较、行为模式的比较、惩戒起点的比较和追责时效的比较。“纪严于法”的正当性要根据约束对象层面比较主体的不同来分别探讨其正当性。

香港第三方资助仲裁制度及其对《仲裁法》修订的启示

香港《2017年仲裁及调解(第三方资助)(修订)条例》的颁布为第三方资助仲裁的合法化扫除了障碍,《第三方资助仲裁实务守则》则详细规定了出资第三方所需遵从的常规和标准。对于第三方资助仲裁,香港地区依循的是轻度规管的路线。从内容上来看,相关规定较为全面,更好地保护了受资助方的利益,保障了第三方资助仲裁的健康发展,有利于提高香港地区作为国际仲裁中心的竞争力。与此同时,立法者也为第三方资助仲裁的未来发展预留了充分的空间。这些都对中国内地具有借鉴与启示作用。鉴于已出现第三方资助仲裁的实践,在《仲裁法》的修订中应当借鉴香港地区分阶段规管的思路,在立法上明确承认其合法地位,日后通过司法解释和仲裁规则对其予以具体化和制度化。

越权代表行为效力规范释论

法定代表人的代表权限制方式存在意定限制与法定限制两种,在不同的代表权限制方式下越权行为的代表权外观表征并不相同,相对人的善意评判标准应随之有别。在代表权意定限制下,相对人只需审查法定代表人的身份则为已足,相对人对不知道越权代表无重大过失的即为善意。在代表权法定限制下,相对人除了尽到审查法定代表人身份这一最低义务之外,还应合理审查作为法定代表人授权来源的法人机关决议,相对人对不知道越权代表需无轻过失才为善意。相对人的善意是推定的,法人可以提出证据推翻这种善意。在相对人善意的情形下,法人对代表权外观总是具有可归责性,应向相对人承担表见代表责任。相对人有权放弃向法人主张表见代表责任,而选择向明知越权代表的法定代表人主张债务履行责任,或者向因过失而不知越权代表的法定代表人主张消极信赖损害赔偿。在相对人恶意的情形下,越权代表行为效力待定,法人追认的则为有效,由法人向相对人承担债务履行责任;法人未追认的则为无效,此时根据过失相抵规则,相对人因过失而不知越权代表的,既可以选择类推适用无权代理规范向有过错的越权代表人主张相应责任,也可以选择基于缔约过失或者侵权向有过错的法人主张相应责任。相对人明知越权代表的,越权代表人和法人原则上都无须向相对人承担责任。法人或者越权代表人向相对人承担责任之后,彼此之间根据过失相抵原则各自分担相应责任,最终分担的责任大小与各自的过错程度成正比。

法治规范体系视域下党内法规保留的功能定位与规范建构

党内法规保留是将法律保留相关原理引入党内法规制度建设中形成的有关党内事务制定权配置的制度。在中国特色社会主义法治体系的法治背景下,党内法规保留应以法治规范体系作为制度建构的基本视角。基于与法律保留的功能比较,党内法规保留具有统制、区分、整合、保障等功能。在法治规范体系视域下,当前党内法规保留制度存在明显结构缺陷。可以从重塑党内法规保留的结构理念、重新阐释《中国共产党党内法规制定条例》第四条第一款的保留对象、建立相对保留制度、单列党章保留事项、对中央党内法规绝对保留事项进行内涵解读等方面进行结构重塑与完善。此外,在党内法规保留的保留标准上,应确立面向从严治党的重要事项保留标准。

中国式现代化的党章基础

党章以一种从根本上体现中国共产党国家建设观念的方式,为中国式现代化构建逻辑完整的规范链条提供了充分有效的制度保障。党章通过实现人的全面发展与现代化道路的同构共进、表达党领导国家发展的价值理性、坚持系统均衡的发展理念,集中彰显中国式现代化的政治愿景。党章中的发展原则规范、社会主义文化建设规范、社会主义生态文明建设规范、外交规范等,与中国式现代化的基本特征、本质要求相呼应。以相关理念内容为基础,党章主要通过对规范体系的统领与指引、对治理体系的塑造与影响,确保中国式现代化在党的领导下扎实推进。

以党内民主带动全过程人民民主的价值意蕴

全过程人民民主是中国共产党团结带领人民追求民主、发展民主、实现民主的伟大创造,中国共产党的领导是发展和实现全过程人民民主的根本保证。人民当家作主是社会主义民主政治的本质和核心,也是党矢志不渝的奋斗目标,党的领导必须贯穿我国社会主义民主政治建设的全过程。发展全过程人民民主,既要发挥党总揽全局、协调各方的领导核心作用,增强全过程人民民主的政治功能;又要坚持和发展党内民主,以党内民主带动人民民主的发展,保证党领导人民有效治理国家。从政治价值、理论价值、实践价值三个维度深刻理解以党内民主带动全过程人民民主的价值意蕴,有助于更好地认识和把握全过程人民民主的显著优势,推动我国社会主义民主政治建设,彰显人民当家作主的民主真谛。

领导干部干预司法的党法规制研究——以《领导干部干预司法活动、插手具体案件处理的记录、通报和责任追究规定》为视角

领导干部干预司法是党法规制的基本内容。领导干部干预司法在党内法规体系中的法源包括党内基本法、党内一般法、党内综合法和党内专项法。领导干部干预司法的行为类型有请托说情式、要求私下接触式、授意属下施压式、要求汇报式、出面协调式和其他形式。党法规制领导干部干预司法能够体现党支持司法、党法周延、党依法执政和弘扬法治思维等法治价值。因此,领导干部干预司法的党法规制应当作出司法让渡、司法工作痕迹化、司法干预予以报告、司法干预责任化等方面的制度设计,要在立法位阶、规制主体、行为的针对性和制裁的时效性方面完善党法规制的立法技术。

二十届三中全会《决定》中的“法”字及其语义价值分析

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