Free running period affected by network structures of suprachiasmatic nucleus neurons exposed to constant light

Exposed to the natural light-dark cycle,24 h rhythms exist in behavioral and physiological processes of living beings.Interestingly,under constant darkness or constant light,living beings can maintain a robust endogenous rhythm with a free running period(FRP)close to 24 h.In mammals,the circadian rhythm is coordinated by a master clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus(SCN)of the brain,which is composed of about twenty thousand self-oscillating neurons.These SCN neurons form a heterogenous network to output a robust rhythm.Thus far,the exact network topology of the SCN neurons is unknown.In this article,we examine the effect of the SCN network structure on the FRP when exposed to constant light by a Poincare model.Four typical network structures are considered,including a nearest-neighbor coupled network,a Newman-Watts small world network,an Erd¨os-Renyi random network and a Barabasi-Albert(BA)scale free network.The results show that the FRP is longest in the BA network,because the BA network is characterized by the most heterogeneous structure among these four types of networks.These findings are not affected by the average node degree of the SCN network or the value of relaxation rate of the SCN neuronal oscillators.Our findings contribute to the understanding of how the network structure of the SCN neurons influences the FRP.

Transition Periods Between Sea Ice Concentration and Sea Surface Air Temperature in the Arctic Revealed by an Abnormal Running Correlation

This study used the synthetic running correlation coefficient calculation method to calculate the running correlation coefficients between the daily sea ice concentration(SIC) and sea surface air temperature(SSAT) in the Beaufort-Chukchi-East Siberian-Laptev Sea(BCEL Sea), Kara Sea and southern Chukchi Sea, with an aim to understand and measure the seasonally occurring changes in the Arctic climate system. The similarities and differences among these three regions were also discussed. There are periods in spring and autumn when the changes in SIC and SSAT are not synchronized, which is a result of the seasonally occurring variation in the climate system. These periods are referred to as transition periods. Spring transition periods can be found in all three regions, and the start and end dates of these periods have advancing trends. The multiyear average duration of the spring transition periods in the BCEL Sea, Kara Sea and southern Chukchi Sea is 74 days, 57 days and 34 days, respectively. In autumn, transition periods exist in only the southern Chukchi Sea, with a multiyear average duration of only 16 days. Moreover, in the Kara Sea, positive correlation events can be found in some years, which are caused by weather time scale processes.

Applying Periodic Boundary Conditions to Predict Open Water Propeller Performance

Mathematical models of propellers were created that investigate the influence of periodic boundary conditions on predictions of a propeller's performance.Thrust and torque coefficients corresponding to different advance coefficients of DTMB 4119, 4382, and 4384 propellers were calculated.The pressure coefficient distribution of the DTMB 4119 propeller at different sections was also physically tested.Comparisons indicated good agreement between the results of experiments and the simulation.It showed that the periodic boundary condition can be used to rationally predict the open water performance of a propeller.By analyzing the three established modes for the computation, it was shown that using the spline curve method to divide the grids can meet the calculation's demands for precision better than using the rake cutting method.

ANALYSIS OF OPEN MICROSTRIP STRUCTURES BY USING DIAKOPTIC METHOD OF LINES COMBINED WITH PERIODIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS

This paper presents the analysis of open microstrip structures by using diakoptic method of lines (ML) combined with periodic boundary conditions (PBC). The parameters of microstrip patch are obtained from patch current excited by plane wave. Impedance matrix elements are computed by using fast Fourier transform(FFT), and reduced equation is solved by using diakoptic technique. Consequently, the computing time is reduced significantly. The convergence property of simulating open structure by using PBC and the comparison of the computer time between using PBC and usual absorbing boundary condition (ABC) show the validity of the method proposed in this paper. Finally, the resonant frequency of a microstrip patch is computed. The numerical results obtained are in good agreement with those published.

Open Access to Geological Research of China——“Geoscience Periodical Network China”

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China——"Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China—“Geoscience Periodical Network of China”

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chirtese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration.

Open Access to Geological Research of China—"Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China—"Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access;

Open Access to Geological Research of China — "Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China —— ＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China——"Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China——“Geoscience Periodical Network of China”

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：l/www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China——"Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals,which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China.All papers of this site comprise English abstract,and some papers have figures with English description.Papers present as the PDF format with two types：（1）papers can be downloaded for opening access;and（2）the others provide both Chinese and English abstract,which can be downloaded after registration.

Open Access to Geological Research of China——"Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can he downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China— "Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojoumals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China——"Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China—“Geoscience Periodical Network of China”

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China—"Geoscience Periodical Network of China"

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/

Open Access to Geological Research of China-“Geoscience Periodical Network of China”

＂Geoscience Periodical Network of China＂ is composed of 233 Chinese geological journals, which covers all kinds of geological research fields of China. All papers of this site comprise English abstract, and some papers have figures with English description. Papers present as the PDF format with two types： （1） papers can be downloaded for opening access; and （2） the others provide both Chinese and English abstract, which can be downloaded after registration. Welcome to visit our website： http：//www.geojournals.cn/