STUDY ON AFFORESTATION TECHNIQUE OF DROUGHT RESISTANCE BY RUNOFF CATCHMENT

The catchment of runoff which improves the moisture content condition in tree holes isof great improtance to the development of the afforestation in arid and semi-arid regions.The crux of this technique is the soil water content which influnences the survial rates,

Discharge Water Quality Models of Storm Runoff in a Catchment

The relationships between the water qualities of nitrogen and phosphorous contents in the discharge water and the discharge of storm runoff of an experimental catchment including terraced paddy field are analyzed based on experiment results of the catchment. By summarizing the currently related research on water quality models, the water quality models of different components of storm runoff of the catchment are presented and verified with the experiment data of water quality analyses and the corresponding discharge of the storm runoffs during 3 storms. Through estimating the specific discharge of storm runoff, the specific load of different components of nitrogen and phosphorus in the discharge water of the catchment can be forecasted by the models. It is found that the mathematical methods of linear regression are very useful for analysis of the relationship between the concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and the water discharge of storm runoff. It is also found that the most content of the nitrogen (75%) in the discharge water is organic, while half of the content (49%) of phosphorus in the discharge water is inorganic.

Hydrological Processes of Storm Runoff from Catchments of Different Land Uses

In this paper, a novel and efficient study on the hydrological processes of storm runoff from catchments of different land uses is conducted. The motivation is to precisely simulate the hydrological processes of storm runoff in the agricultural catchments with different patterns of land uses, i.e., forest, paddy, and upland, respectively. As it is discussed in this paper, different land use leads to different characteristics of storm runoff. In order to understand the changes in the hydrological processes of storm runoff from catchments of different land uses, the effects of rainfall intensity, initial soil moisture deficit, evapotranspiration rate, percolation rate, and retention capacity on hydrological processes of the catchments are taken into consideration. According to the principle of water balance, a general model to connect the separate hydrological processes is developed; then, the individual hydrological process is studied in detail： Firstly, the daily evaporation is calculated according to the relation between the actual evapotranspiration and the potential evapotranspiration rate; Secondly, the retention of storm runoff is plotted against the total rainfall, and the maximum storage is calculated; Thirdly, the percolation rate is calculated for each catchment.

径流深和侵蚀量与集水面积、坡度及降雨量关系研究

[目的]分析径流深、侵蚀量与集水面积、坡度等影响因子间定量关系,为土壤侵蚀物理模型构建及参数率定提供参考。[方法]基于不同下垫面措施野外径流小区天然降雨实测资料,构建了年降雨径流深、侵蚀量多参数非线性估算模型。[结果]降雨产流阈值随集水面积、坡度呈先减后增、先增后减的变化趋势。年径流深(Y_(1))和年土壤流失量(Y_(2))随面积呈先增后减变化趋势;Y_(1)随坡度呈先减小后迅速增加变化趋势,Y_(2)随坡度呈持续递增变化规律;Y_(1)和Y_(2)随年降雨量持续增加。当坡面面积为130 m^(2)时,Y_(1)和Y_(2)均达最大值;当坡度为13.5°时,Y_(1)达最小值。Y_(1)多参数非线性回归估算模型精度较好,70%数据点相对误差分布在±30%内。[结论]集水面积、坡度和年降雨量三者交互作用对年降雨径流深和侵蚀量影响作用最大;对于年降雨径流深和侵蚀量而言,均存在临界集水面积和临界坡度值。

基于圩区产流与调蓄的大型平原河网水文水动力耦合模型研究

构建可靠的水文水动力模型是减轻平原河网洪涝灾害的必要手段。以太湖流域杭嘉湖区为例,采用MIKE11和ArcGIS,通过河网概化、集水区划分、圩区内外独立的产汇流计算和调蓄分析等环节构建了杭嘉湖平原河网水文水动力耦合模型,选用“菲特”和“烟花”台风实测洪水数据验证了模型可行性。结果显示,模拟水位与实测水位绝对值相差0.01~0.09 m,水量结果误差为5.4%,表明模型准确可靠。本模型可为该地区防洪调度、工程规模论证等相关工作提供技术支撑,也可为相似地区水文水动力耦合模型的构建提供理论指导。

Application of GIS-based SCS-CN method in West Bank catchments,Palestine

Among the most basic challenges of hydrology are the prediction and quantification of catchment surface runoff. The runoff curve number （CN） is a key factor in determining runoff in the SCS （Soil Conservation Service） based hydrologic modeling method. The traditional SCS-CN method for calculating the composite curve number is very tedious and consumes a major portion of the hydrologic modeling time. Therefore, geographic information systems （G/S） are now being used in combination with the SCS-CN method. This paper assesses the modeling of flow in West Bank catchments using the GIS-based SCS-CN method. The West Bank, Palestine, is characterized as an arid to semi-arid region with annual rainfall depths ranging between 100 mm in the vicinity of the Jordan River to 700 mm in the mountains extending across the central parts of the region. The estimated composite curve number for the entire West Bank is about 50 assuming dry conditions. This paper clearly demonstrates that the integration of GIS with the SCS-CN method provides a powerful tool for estimating runoff volumes in West Bank catchments, representing arid to semi-arid catchments of Palestine.

Spatial distribution of soil hydraulic parameters estimated by pedotransfer functions for the Jialing River Catchment,Southwestern China

Soil hydraulic parameters θs,α,n,Ks,L and θr of the van Genuchten-Mualem model were estimated using three pedotransfer functions(PTFs) based on soil properties for surface soils of the largest main tributary catchment(the Jialing River) of the upper Yangtze River in China.The soil database was from the second national soil survey of China with a spatial 30 × 30 arc-second resolution.According to the statistical analysis of the differences between the continuous-PTFs-estimated values of soil hydraulic parameters for the study catchment and the reference values for a specific texture class provided in the development database of a specific PTF,best estimations were obtained using the W?sten PTF.The Rawls & Brakenssiek PTF was good estimation for parameter θr that was assumed as zero by W?sten PTF.The established higher θr(0.08%) and lower Ks(20 cm/d) and θs(0.43%) in the mid-downstream area relative to the other areas of the catchment could lead to larger amounts of surface runoff andconsequently provide higher energy to erode soil.Thus,these factors provide a supporting explanation for previously reported severe soil erosion occurring in this area.Spatial heterogeneity analysis for estimated hydraulic parameters in terms of semivariogram showed that the spatial correlation distance was in the range of 50-80 km and that the spatial variability(sill) was not large except for parameters Ks and L.The semi-variance with the exponential model at the zero distance(nugget) was 30%-50% of the sill.This study provided a practical PTF approach for estimating soil hydraulic properties from soil survey data at a large watershed scale.The estimation results could provide better insight into the mechanism of surface runoff and soil erosion,which is important to better understand and manage erosion in the catchment.

农村汇水河浜生态修复组合工程处理效果分析

为有效削减农村集中居住区汇水河浜的污染物,在常州市武进区前黄镇运村村新运小桥浜东北侧次级支浜构建“前置库-湿地塘-生态沟”的生态修复组合工程,并沿水流方向采集水样(平枯水期7次、丰水期7次),监测主要水质指标,包括水温、pH、溶解氧(DO)、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH_(4)^(+)-N)、硝氮(NO_(3)^(-)-N)、总磷(TP)、磷酸盐(PO_(4)^(3-)-P)、化学需氧量(COD)和悬浮物(SS),计算各污染物的沿程总削减率,分析各工艺段的污染通量,估算组合工程对于该次级支浜污染负荷的年削减量。结果表明:在平枯水期,组合工程主要依靠物理沉降、透水坝拦截等作用削减颗粒态污染物;在丰水期,组合工程主要依靠植物吸收、微生物降解等作用削减溶解态污染物。生活污水和分散菜地对于TN、TP污染负荷的贡献较大;生活污水对COD污染负荷的贡献最大。次级支浜水体氮素中NO_(3)^(-)-N含量较高,磷素中颗粒态磷(PP)含量较高。组合工程对次级支浜陆源污染中TN、TP和COD污染负荷的年削减量分别为166.23、20.07、502.66 kg·a^(-1)。研究表明,生态修复组合工程能够削减部分污染负荷,今后仍须加强来自生产、生活的陆源污染拦截,以及汇入新运小桥浜之后的水体原位净化。

Application of Snow Melt Runoff Model in a Mountainous Basin of Iran

Simulation and modeling the stream flow provide major data while it is a challenge in mountainous basins with regard to the important role of snowmelt runoff as well as the data scarcity in these places. The main purpose of this paper is to examine the capability of an integrated application of remote sensing data and Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) to simulate scheme of daily stream flow in the snow-dominated catchment, located in the North-East region of Iran. The main parameters of the model are Snow Cover Area (SCA), temperature and participation. Regarding to the lack of measured data, the input variable and parameters of the model are extracted or estimated based on accessible maps, satellite data and available meteorological and hydrological stations. The changes of snow-cover, as spatial-temporal data, which are the most effective variable in performance of SRM, are obtained from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) eight-day composite snow cover images. The evaluation of the model application efficiency was tested by the coefficient of determination and the volume difference, which are 0.85% and -4.6% respectively. The result depicts the relative capability of SRM though it is evident that the more accurate the estimation of model parameters, the more efficient simulation results can be obtained.

汉江上游径流情势变化及归因分析

基于Budyko框架及径流变化情势指标同气象因子的拟合关系,拓展Budyko方程并得到微分方程。选择汉江上游安康和白河水文站的年均径流、汛期平均径流和非汛期平均径流资料系列,开展径流情势变化及归因研究。结果表明:所有径流指标均发生变异且明显减小;多元对数线性回归模型拟合的相关系数大于0.90,能够较好预估径流变化情势指标,并捕捉到径流变化情势指标同气象参数之间的非线性关系;基于Budyko假设的互补关系法性能优于全微分法,气候(流域下垫面)变化对安康站年均径流量、汛期平均径流量和非汛期平均径流量贡献的绝对值分别为35.89%(64.11%)、34.58%(65.42%)和71.12%(28.88%),对白河站年均径流量、汛期平均径流量和非汛期平均径流量贡献的绝对值分别为34.82%(65.18%)、26.29%(73.71%)和35.11%(64.89%)。

基于海绵城市子汇水分区LID设施的峰值径流控制效应

为探索海绵城市设计中子汇水分区的积水内涝风险的解决途径,采用SWMM建模针对不同重现期下LID设施及组合的峰控特性、容积型LID设施增量规模的峰控规律进行研究。结果表明,容积型LID设施主要通过延时达到峰控效果,渗透型LID设施主要通过整体产流削减达到峰控效果,容积型LID设施峰控效果更为明显;仅渗透型LID设施组合对5年及以上重现期降雨无明显的峰控效果,搭配容积型LID设施后能够对重现期为10年以内的降雨达到20%以上的削峰率;渗透型LID设施规模增加60%及以上时,对重现期50年及以内的降雨削峰效果较为明显;其规模增加80%及以上时,基本能够保证重现期50年及以内开发后径流总量不超过开发前。研究结果旨在探索局部区域的积水内涝风险的解决途径,为实际海绵城市子分区峰值径流控制设计提供理论参考。

澳门城市小流域地表径流污染特征分析

摘要：在澳门半岛选取土地利用为公园绿地和商住混合的2个分流制城市小流域．于2005—08～2005-11借助自动采样器进行流域出口5场降雨地表径流水质水量监测。结果表明，商住混合分流制小流域TN、TP、COD多场降雨平均浓度值分别超出国家地表水环境V类标准4倍以上，公园绿地小流域TN、TP均超出V类水标准2倍多，从降雨-径流过程污染物浓度历时变化看，2个小流域TN和TP呈现一定的初始冲刷现象TSS与TN、TP的判定系数尺。都在0．95以上，地表径流中水土流失与总氮总磷输出显著相关，TSS、浊度。COD与径流量的变化过程呈明显的正相关性．TN和TP营养盐浓度变化与流量的相关性不明显，重金属受降雨过程中交通流量的影响通常呈锯齿状波动，干期长度与降雨强度对地表径流水质参数TSS、TN、COD的影响较显著。

祁连山典型小流域降水特征及其对径流的影响

研究了祁连山排露沟流域降水特征及对径流的影响．结果表明：降水的季节性强且分配不均匀，存在明显的干季（11月至翌年4月）和雨季（5-10月）之分；排露沟雨季降水占全年降水量的88％，占全年降水频数的70％；干季降水仅占全年的降水量12％，占全年降水频数的30％．降水事件主要以0～5mm的降水为主，占全年降水事件的78．8％，占全年降水量的30％；0～10d的降水间隔期出现的频率高达86．1％，占全年无降水期的55．5％．降水受海拔高度的影响明显，沿海拔梯度呈先增后减的趋势，降水的峰值出现在海拔3400m的区域．径流受降水的影响，主要集中在雨季，占全年的95．6％，干季径流仅占4．4％．径流与日降水、旬降水及其雨季月降水显著相关，其复相关系数均〈0．7．径流主要受降水量和前期降水的影响，对于前期无降水基础、雨量〈20mm降水过程，径流变化迟缓，而对于前期有一定降水基础，雨量〉25mm的降水过程，径流变化大．

利用大型径流场研究太湖地区稻季氮素的径流排放

为准确评价稻季氮素径流排放对水体环境的影响,建立一面积为714m2的大型径流场。通过测定降雨、灌溉输入氮量以及稻田径流氮排放量,研究在常规施肥、灌溉条件下太湖地区乌栅土上稻田施氮肥对水体环境的影响。结果表明,稻季径流氮中主要为溶解无机氮,所占比例达69.2%～91.4%,颗粒氮、溶解有机氮比例很低;氮素径流排放主要发生在苗期,稻季后期排放量较少;径流氮排放量低于降雨和灌溉氮素输入量,用较高氮浓度水体灌溉稻田可能是减少周围水体氮总量的有效方法;与同期进行的原状土柱试验比较发现,将田埂高度由6cm增加到8cm,稻季径流量和氮素径流排放分别降低73.4%和约90%。降雨输入氮在研究该地区水体富营养化时不容忽视。

黄土丘陵沟壑区鱼鳞坑雨季土壤水分状况

在黄土高原半干旱地区,降水是限制植被生长的主要限制因子。鱼鳞坑作为一种集水措施在人工造林中被普及推广。为研究鱼鳞坑雨季的集水功能,对样地鱼鳞坑内部、上部及侧面坡面典型部位的土壤水分进行了连续性监测,结果显示:7—8月,鱼鳞坑内的平均土壤含水量维持在低于鱼鳞坑外部坡面的水平;鱼鳞坑内20～40cm土层是土壤水分的主要利用层,鱼鳞坑的集雨效果表现在40～60cm土层上;单个鱼鳞坑的集雨效果存在差异性,这种差异性主要表现在有径流产生的降雨期。单个鱼鳞坑的集雨效果受鱼鳞坑的布置模式、施工工艺等因素的影响。

金沙江干热河谷典型区段水土流失特征

以金沙江干热河谷典型区段不同处理坡面和林地、农地集水区为研究对象,采用坡面径流小区和集水区卡口站三角形薄壁堰实测法,在坡面径流小区和集水区土地利用现状调查基础上,通过降雨、径流及泥沙观测,分析金沙江干热河谷典型区段水土流失特征。结果表明:(1)不同处理坡面径流小区产流量、产沙量大小依次为坡耕地>自然坡面>水平阶整地>反坡台整地,表明反坡台和水平阶造林整地以及植被良好的自然坡面对地表径流的拦蓄和对泥沙的削减都起到较好效果;(2)大暴雨对集水区尺度产流产沙贡献值大,产流降雨量在4.8～27.6mm区间,农地集水区径流深小于林地集水区,大于27.6mm时,农地集水区径流深反超林地集水区,而产沙量不受降雨量影响,为林地集水区低于农地集水区;(3)径流小区尺度与集水区尺度雨季水土流失起止时间一致,集水区径流系数小于径流小区,集水区产沙量大于径流小区。

祁连山林区季节性冻土冻融规律及其水文功能研究

本文通过对祁连山区冻土特征及其对流域径流的影响的研究表明 ,祁连山土壤每年的1 0月 2 0日左右开始冻结 ,较低海拔的到第二年的 8月 2 0日左右消融结束 ,海拔、坡向、植被、下垫面状况、温度是影响冻土深度、早晚的制约因素 ,冻土厚度与流域径流量成反比关系。

新疆和田河流域河川径流时序特征分析

根据新疆和田河流域3个测站的多年实测径流资料,从径流的年内分配和年际变化2个方面分析了和田河流域河川径流的变化特征。计算结果表明,在年内分配方面,由于径流补给来源的作用,流域径流绝大部分集中在夏季,这就使得径流年内分配不均匀系数和集中度普遍较高,而计算所得的集中期也与实测最大月径流出现的情况相吻合。在径流的年际变化方面,尽管和田河流域的年降雨量存在递增的趋势,但是由于源区高山的雪线高程上升、冰川退缩,再加上人类活动的影响越来越显著,从而导致流域的河川径流呈现微弱的下降趋势。经过周期图法分析得到,和田河流域的年径流量不存在明显的周期成分。

利用大型径流场研究太湖地区稻田磷素径流排放

2001~2002年利用大型径流场在太湖地区乌栅土上研究常规施肥条件下稻田径流磷排放情况。结果表明:稻季径流磷主要为颗粒磷,比例为50.1%~98.8%,溶解磷比例较低;磷素径流排放主要发生在水稻生育前期,稻季后期排放量较少;2001、2002年稻季径流输出总磷量分别为0.97、0.24 kg.hm-2,均低于同期降雨和灌溉输入总量,用磷浓度较高的水体灌溉稻田可能是减少周围水体磷总量的有效方法。研究该地区水体富营养化时不可忽视降雨输入磷。