A Research on the Threshold Effect of Credit Rationingupon the Urban-rural Income Gap in Rural Areas

在剖析了信贷配给与城乡收入差距之间作用机制的基础上,论文构建了信贷配给与城乡收入差距的面板门槛模型,选取3 1 个省市1987年- 201 3年的省级面板数据,运用面板门槛模型估计方法,实证分析信贷配给对城乡收入差距的影响,并且从区域层面进行了比较分析.结果显示：降低信贷配给程度有助于缓解城乡收入差距,而从东部、中部、西部三大区域的实证结果来看,各地区的信贷配给程度的提升对城乡收入差距的扩大有不同程度的影响.最后根据研究结果,提出降低各地区农业信贷配给程度的措施,从而达到缩小城乡收入差距的目的.

Impacts of formal credit on rural household income:Evidence from deprived areas in western China

Financial support is a crucial part of China's poverty alleviation effort.Thus,it is vital to understand how formal credit impacts income growth in rural households.In 2012,2015,and 2018,a survey was conducted to obtain a panel dataset of 592 rural households from 6 poverty-stricken counties in western China,including counties in Guizhou,Yunnan,and Shaanxi provinces.We use the data to examine the effect of formal credit on rural household income and the mechanism that underlies this effect.We find that formal credit can significantly increase rural households'income in deprived areas in western China.Furthermore,formal credit promotes the reallocation of household labor from the agricultural sector to the non-agricultural sector and changes rural households'decisions about investment-consumption behavior.These are the drivers of changes in the amount and structure of household income.Further analyses show that formal credit may widen income inequality among rural households in western China's deprived areas.The individual characteristics of rural households,such as different levels of material capital,human capital,and social capital,bring about differences in the effects of formal credit on income growth.This study emphasizes that the implementation of formal credit is an essential strategy for poverty alleviation in underdeveloped areas,but policymakers should not excessively interfere with the financial market.

Research on the Model of Household Credit Risk Evaluation of Rural Microfinance

Since rural microfinance is a credit which grants loans without collateral and guarantees to farmers,it is considerably important to evaluate and control the household credit risk.Through establishing the evaluation index system and then using catastrophe progression theory,three common types of catastrophe system and the normalization formula,we get the comprehensive evaluation.Finally,we take the empirical test and the result shows that this method is simpler and more objective which can be used by the credit cooperatives to decide whether to authorize the loans.

Do credit constraints affect households'economic vulnerability?Empirical evidence from rural China

Poverty alleviation is still one of the major challenges in developing countries,especially in transitional economy like China.From the perspective of anti-poverty,this paper examines the impact of formal credit constraints(FCCs)and informal credit constraints(IFCCs)on economic vulnerability(EV)using the data from the China Household Income Project(CHIP)survey for 2013(CHIPs 2013)of rural households.The potential endogeneity problem of credit constraints(CCs)is addressed by applying the control function approach within an ordered probit model.The results show that both FCCs and IFCCs have a robust positive and significant impact on the EV of rural households and that the impact of FCCs is greater than that of IFCCs.To identify the potential mechanisms through which CCs affect EV,the seemingly unrelated regressions are used and the potential intercorrelation among these mechanisms is examined.We find that the impact of CCs on EV is partly mediated by health,trust,per capita financial assets and per capita income,whereby health and per capita income contribute to most of the total indirect effect.Thus,policies focus on supply-side and demand-side to improve credit accessibility could reduce rural households'EV,especially through its positive effect on health and per capita income.

Credit risk constraint mechanisms in rural financial reform

To research the operating mechanisms of rural financial reform, through setting up a contract model, the constraint roles of reputation and legal intervention on the default risk arising in the operating of the credit union funds are inspected. Analysis indicates that the increase in reputation cost can reduce the probability of union member default behavior and the probability of turning to the law for the credit union funds. Meanwhile, the amount of loans and the interest rates can increase the probability of turning to the law for the credit union funds. Below the marginal values, the penalty mechanisms can reduce the balancing probabilities of member default behavior and turning to the law for the credit union funds, namely, the penalty has some "substitution effect" for turning to the law for the credit union funds.

Imbalance and Correction of the Rural Credit Cooperatives and Rural Economic Relations

This article expounds the manifestations of imbalance between the rural credit cooperatives and rural economic relations: the rural credit cooperatives fail to effectively promote economic development in rural areas; the rural economy is also incapable of effectively promoting the development of the rural credit cooperatives. It analyses the reasons for imbalance between the rural credit cooperatives and rural economic relations,including the direct reason (loss of function of the rural credit cooperatives) ,the fundamental reason (restricted economic development of agriculture and countryside and relative pauperization of farmers) ,and the deep-seated reason (sluggish rural economic development) . Corresponding countermeasures and proposals are put forward for promoting balanced development of the rural credit cooperatives and rural economy as follows: first, deepen reform of the rural credit cooperatives,strengthen the function of the rural credit cooperatives in serving the needs of agriculture; second, speed up economic development in rural areas,eliminate the economic constraints for the development of the rural credit cooperatives; third,transform the development pattern and the development strategies,foster the macro-institutional environment for balanced development of rural credit cooperatives and rural economy.

Empirical Study on the Influencing Factors of Rural Households' Credit and Loan Demand——Investigation Based on Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province

By using the relevant data from 273 valid questionnaires of rural households in Jianhu County, Jiangsu Province, this study emphasizes on the factors of rural households' credit and loan demand by Probit model. The results show that the factors that influencing the credit demand of rural households include the features of the rural households, the economic activities of rural households and so on. Among the factors, the operation expenditure of rural households, the education degree of the household head and the understanding degree of the rural credit policies have great impact on the rural households' credit and loan demand. In the end, the suggestions on the basis of the research are put forward: developing diversified economy; improving rural households' income; increasing the reserve of rural labor resources and enhancing farmers' quality; strengthening the promotion of rural credit cooperative and perfecting the service quality of rural credit cooperative.

Plight and Countermeasures of Petty Credit Loan in Rural Financial Institutions in the Context of Rural Revitalization Strategy

The implementation of China's rural revitalization strategy will surely release a huge financial demand in rural areas.How to use the petty credit loan in rural financial institutions to develop rural economy is an effective way to implement the rural revitalization strategy.This paper first analyzes the significance of petty credit loan in rural financial institutions for rural revitalization strategy,then introduces the remarkable contribution of petty credit loan in China's rural financial institutions to actively solving the problems of farmers about difficult financing and expensive financing and elaborates on the main problems of petty credit loan business in rural financial institutions that still exist in the process of supporting rural revitalization,and finally gives several suggestions on solving the problems about the financing of farmers and the development of petty credit loan business in rural financial institutions.

Remote County Solves Rural Credit Conundrum

It has long been assumed that no solution exists. For decades, Chinese and foreign experts in Beijing have wrestled over evermore elaborate micro-creditschemes with the sole aim of raising the Chinese peasant out of poverty, yet the peasants are too poor to present any collateral to get the loan.

数字普惠金融对农村相对贫困的影响

基于2011—2022年北京大学数字普惠金融指数等经验数据实证检验了数字普惠金融对农村相对贫困的影响效果、机制与异质性。研究结果表明,数字普惠金融显著缓解了农村相对贫困;进一步通过变更系统GMM估计方法、替换变量处理以及样本期间波动性问题处理等方式进行检验,研究结论依然稳健;机制分析表明,数字普惠金融通过显著增加信贷规模、改善信贷结构和提高信贷质量等信贷供给机制缓解农村相对贫困,还通过显著促进创新创业缓解农村相对贫困;异质性分析表明,在非农经济比重较高、经营性收入占比较高和受教育程度较高的省份,且在数字普惠金融覆盖率、使用深度和数字化程度较高的组别,数字普惠金融的农村相对贫困缓解效应更为显著。

绿色信贷促进农业农村绿色产业发展路径探析

农业农村绿色产业是新时代乡村产业振兴的重要内容,绿色信贷是推动农业农村绿色产业发展的重要金融工具。当前农业农村绿色产业发展面临“经营风险大、投资回报率低、绿色信贷制度不完善、相关配套政策不足、绿色信贷不良率高、信贷周期长”等问题,制约了绿色信贷投放和绿色产业发展。为此,在农业农村绿色产业发展中,应完善绿色信贷政策扶持体系,健全绿色信贷市场机制,发展绿色信贷中介机构,提高金融机构的绿色信贷动力,发挥绿色信贷对农业农村绿色产业的金融服务功能。

数字金融参与对农村居民创业决策的影响——基于CHFS2019数据的实证分析

农民创业为推进乡村振兴赋予了新动能,而数字金融为农民创业提供了契机。文章基于2019年中国家庭金融调查数据,采用Probit模型从微观视角分析了数字金融参与对农村居民创业决策的影响,并从信贷约束和信息约束两方面探究了数字金融参与影响农村居民创业决策的中间机制。研究结果显示,创业农村居民参与数字金融水平远远大于非创业农村居民;机制检验表明,数字金融参与通过缓解农村居民的信贷约束和增加信息可得性正向促进农村居民的创业决策;异质性结果表明,数字金融参与对东部地区、较高学历、身体状况健康的农村居民创业决策影响效果更大。鉴于此,提出通过普及农村居民的金融知识提升农村居民金融素养,加大中西部农村地区互联网基础设施建设,提高农村居民教育程度,为农村居民创业提供更加便捷可行的渠道。

数字普惠金融与农村居民共同富裕:影响效应与作用机制

实现共同富裕,最艰巨最繁重的任务仍然在农村,数字普惠金融服务是助力共同富裕奋斗目标的时代要求。因此,采用2016年与2018年中国家庭追踪微观调查数据建构面板固定效应模型,从物质富裕与精神富足两个维度建构共同富裕指标体系,检验数字普惠金融对农村居民共同富裕的影响效应,并试图分析数字普惠金融的作用机制。研究发现:第一,数字普惠金融有利于农村居民实现共同富裕;第二,数字普惠金融产生的积极效应存在异质性,农村居民金融素养与金融市场参与度越高,数字普惠金融对共同富裕产生的积极效应愈明显;第三,作用机制检验发现,数字普惠金融不仅能够促进农村居民信贷水平,而且提高了农村居民家庭创业的概率与收益,从而促进农村居民共同富裕。

社会资本缓解新型农业经营主体融资约束了吗——以农业信用担保融资为例

本文基于陕西、山西和江苏三省的实地调研数据,以农业信用担保融资为切入点,采用Heckman两阶段模型分析社会资本缓解新型农业经营主体融资约束的影响。结果表明:包含政府关系资本、银行关系资本和村级关系资本在内的社会资本均能显著缓解新型农业经营主体需求型融资约束,而仅银行关系资本更有助于缓解新型农业经营主体供给型融资约束,这一结论在缓解内生性问题和稳健性检验后仍然成立。异质性分析结果表明,各类社会资本对陕西和山西、专业大户和家庭农场的新型农业经营主体融资约束的缓解作用更强,并且,新型农业经营主体在信用村镇建设方面呈现出不同类型社会资本依赖的差异性。农村金融环境在政府关系资本和村级关系资本缓解新型农业经营主体供给型融资约束的过程中具有正向调节效应,而在银行关系资本缓解新型农业经营主体供给型融资约束的过程中发挥负向调节效应。

农地经营权抵押贷款信用风险影响因素及其衡量研究——基于CreditRisk+模型的估计

基于1 173个贷款样本数据,运用Logistic回归分析农地经营权抵押贷款信用风险影响因素并预测违约概率,依据CreditRisk+模型,对农地经营权抵押贷款信用风险衡量进行研究,并进行了压力测试。研究表明,农地经营权抵押贷款信用风险主要受到抵押土地因素、保险与政策因素的影响;影响因素的风险程度具有次序性;贷款期限和农业生产周期不匹配是农地经营权抵押贷款面临的突出矛盾;土地经营权来源不同的贷款风险程度存在明显差异;农地经营权抵押贷款预期损失和非预期损失占VaR比例结构合理,极端情景出现时预期损失会有明显波动。提出应瞄准贷款对象、精确贷款条款和强化风险处置,促进农地经营权抵押贷款顺利开展。

乡村振兴视域下绿色金融发展的内在逻辑与路径研究

在碳达峰、碳中和的发展要求下,需要构建绿色金融支持乡村振兴发展的新路径,推动乡村绿色发展。绿色发展引领乡村振兴对农村的生态环境改善、生产方式调整、产业绿色升级提出明确要求,绿色金融将发挥重要作用。目前,乡村振兴的绿色供给市场前景广阔、绿色风险补偿方式迭出、绿色金融外溢价值突显,但同时也存在农村经济金融配置能力受限、金融配套支持不足、乡村振兴项目市场定价机制不成熟等问题,应从政策引领导向、资产配置功能、风险管理功能、市场定价功能四个方面发力,充分发挥绿色金融积极作用,为绿色金融支持乡村振兴提供有效参考。

数字普惠金融与我国农村居民消费研究——基于信贷供给的中介效应分析

基于2011-2021年省级面板数据,构建双向固定效应模型和中介效应模型,以此探究数字普惠金融对我国农村居民消费规模、消费结构的影响,并对农村地区的土地制度、农业生产、农户创业、产业结构进行分析。研究结果表明:(1)数字普惠金融显著提高了我国农村居民的消费规模,但这种作用存在明显区域异质性,检验表明其作用在东部地区更加显著;(2)数字普惠金融能够改善农村居民消费结构;(3)数字普惠金融的发展,能够通过缓解信贷约束这一途径促进农村居民消费。最后提出了加强数字普惠金融发展助力农村消费的建议,包括制定农村数字普惠金融发展战略,强化数字普惠金融助农理念,加强数字化基础设施建设,建立多元化数字推进机制等。

获得农业信用担保贷款促进了农户从事农业创业?

基于2022年陕西、山西和江苏三省的微观调研数据,实证分析获得农业信用担保贷款对农户农业创业决策的影响及作用机制,在此基础上分析农村金融环境的调节效应,进而探讨个人特质、创业规模和产业水平对农户从事农业创业影响的异质性。研究发现:(1)获得农业信用担保贷款会显著提升农户从事农业创业的概率;(2)农户获得农业信用担保贷款后,主要通过土地流入、扩大经营面积,增加农机投资、提高农用机械化水平从事农业创业;(3)农村金融环境及其金融深化特征维度在这一过程中发挥着正向的调节作用;(4)相比老年组和低学历水平农户,年轻组和中高学历水平农户获得农业信用担保贷款后会更加积极地从事农业创业,同时对中小规模及村内有特色产业的农业创业促进效应更强。

钱越多越好吗?农村信贷与农村产业升级的时空关系——基于SAR模型与SEM模型的实证分析

农村信贷为农村经济发展提供资金支撑,是农村产业升级的重要保障。本文利用1978—2019年30省份面板数据,在构建农村信贷对农村产业升级影响的理论框架基础上,建立空间自回归模型(SAR)和空间误差模型(SEM),实证分析农村信贷与农村产业升级的时空关系。研究结果表明:农村产业升级在地理位置上呈现空间集聚性;农村信贷规模扩大到一定程度会对农村产业升级产生抑制作用,呈“倒U型”非线性关系;其中,受农业资源差异影响,整体上东部区和中部区存在“倒U型”关系,西部区并不存在“倒U型”关系;进一步分析发现,粮食主产区“倒U型”关系最显著,三大粮食产区中黄淮海地区和长江流域地区呈明显“倒U型”关系,东北地区则不存在“倒U型”关系。最后,本文提出发挥农村产业升级空间集聚作用、农村信贷坚持因地制宜原则等政策建议。