Rural Development Transformation and Social Governance from the Perspective of Specialization:A Case Study of Ruiling Village in Guangzhou City,China

The reorganization of the global production network and the increased mobility of urban-rural elements have accelerated the differentiation of rural spaces,resulting in a trend towards specialization in rural areas.This paper focuses on the concept of specialization,and takes a renowned bonsai specialized village in Guangzhou City,China as a typical case to explore its transformation and development process,action logic and coupling mechanism with the social governance.The results show that:1)the development of rural specialization in Ruiling Village is shaped by several key actors,such as local governments,grassroots organizations,villagers,social organizations,policies,markets and infrastructure.The transfer of these key actors and the reconstruction of actor-networks in different stages have an important influence on the transformation and realization of rural development goals.2)Through subjects-driven,organization management and resource connection,social governance supports the specialization of rural industrial organization,operation,technology and mode.The governance structure shifts from decentralization to networking,refinement and integration.A coupling community of social governance and specialization is created by the social governance system of‘local government-grassroots organizationseconomic cooperatives-villagers’,which links industries,industrial chains and cooperatives.3)Social governance integrates into the value chain extension process of rural specialized development with a central,multi-level organizational structure.It promotes the construction of the whole value chain through organizational planning,resource integration and image shaping,thus realizing the value,branding and organization of the industry,as well as the integration of rural sustainable development and governance mechanism.Social governance has a profound impact on the development of rural specialization in terms of subject,structure and mode,and participates in the construction of the whole value chain of rural areas.This paper provides a new perspective for understanding the coupling effect of social governance in the rural development transformation,and promotes the rural sustainable development and governance.

The Fulfillment of Government Responsibilities in the Collaborative Governance of Rural Water Pollution

Rural environmental pollution is becoming more and more serious, which has become an important problem to be solved urgently in our country under the background of the new era. Protecting the ecological environment is one of the important functions of the government, and protecting the rural water environment is the unshirkable responsibility of the local governments. As the main body of rural water pollution control, how to define and fulfill the local governments’ responsibilities is of great significance to the advancement of the overall governance work. This paper starts from the local governments, which are the important main body of rural environmental governance. By comparing the similarities and differences between the performance of government responsibilities under the traditional governance model and the collaborative governance model, clarifies the governance responsibilities of the local governments. And further explores the effective measures for the government to play the main role, fulfill the main responsibilities, and participate in the collaborative governance of rural water pollution.

Optimization of Rural Governance Structure under the Development of New Agricultural Management Entities

The positive impact of the development of new agricultural business entities and their institutional systems on the optimization of rural governance structures can be examined from various perspectives,including the state,market,rural society,urban-rural relations,and grassroots governance structure in rural communities.The development of these new agricultural business entities has not only redefined but also restructured the power distribution and governance patterns in rural developing countries,markets,and villages.The rural social order has evolved into a ternary mutual structure governance pattern,often referred to as the“state market rural”model.This transformation has prompted adjustments in the national economic and social policy structure and management systems at both macro and micro levels.It has led to the reshaping of power dynamics,benefit distribution,and governance structures in both urban and rural areas,resulting in significant changes to the economic and social fabric of rural regions.Furthermore,the grassroots governance structure in rural society,characterized by“township governance and village governance,”is undergoing continuous development and improvement.This transition is marked by a shift towards a collaborative governance structure that encourages diverse participation.Building upon the aforementioned optimizations,the rural governance structure now exhibits new characteristics.These include a more extensive and diverse range of rural governance mechanisms,increased openness in governance processes,and a heightened synergy among various governance mechanisms.This dynamic evolution reflects a richer,more diverse,and more open approach to rural governance,fostering a stronger collaborative effort in the pursuit of effective governance.

Transformation of Rural Grassroots Governance under the New Normal

目前, 中国农村治理进入新常态,主要表现为城乡人口双向流动、农村财产权市场化、农村成员权二元化和农村党建工作重要性日益突显,农村开始从“静” 向“动” 转变.农村政经社“三位一体” 的传统治理模式建立于“静” 的基础之上,呈现出政经社高度一体, 治理方式行政化、决策方式集权化、管理内容综合化的特点; 而新型“协商民主” 治理模式则建立于“动” 的基础之上,其特点概括为：党支部统一领导、政经社相对分离、群众组织积极参与.在“协商民主” 治理模式下,各类组织宏观一体、微观独立,保持“形散而神不散”.

Use of rural energy resources and eco-environmental degradation in Tibet

Cattle dung, firewood, and crop straw have being used as survival necessities by farmers and herdsmen for thousands of years in Tibet. Until recently such biotic energy source still constitutes more than 92 per cent of total rural energy consumption due to lack of petroleum, coal and new alternative energy sources. As a result, environmental degradation such as land desertification, soil erosion, grassland degradation and soil fertility reduction is increasingly aggravated, the area of desertified land has increased 1467.5 km2 from 1991 to 1997. Degraded area of grassland has reached 2.60×107hm2, increased by 116.1% from 1987 to 1996. To prevent further deterioration of eco-environment in Tibet great efforts should be made to make full use of ample solar energy, wind energy and other biotic energy of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The solar cooking stoves and solar hothouse, expand forest area and replace existing abiotic energy sources with firewood forest should be popularized. This is an urgent task to protect the eco-environment of Tibet today.

Restoration and Regeneration of Traditional Villages' Culture under Rural Governance:A Case Study of Zhentou Village in Ji'an County

As the building of a socialist countryside in China is at a critical stage,village rules and regulations,as an important means of rural governance,is also in the orderly construction and operation. However,there still exist obvious shortcomings in the contemporary rural governance,which hinders the active inheritance of the traditional villages' culture. Through the in-depth analysis of the relevant theories of rural governance and the historical culture of Ancient Zhentou Village,this study is expected to exploit the concept of the ancient village's culture in the heart of its dwellers so as to help them to better collect their existing cultural heritage.

Difficulties and Countermeasures of Rural Human Settlement Environment Governance in Tianjin

The course of rural human settlement environment governance in Tianjin could be roughly divided into four stages:germination,initiation,promotion and deepening.After the development for nearly 20 years,rural human settlement environment governance of Tianjin is faced with many difficulties,such as imperfect village construction planning,poor use effect of sewage facilities,low participation of farmers,and insufficient financial investment.Therefore,some countermeasures and suggestions are put forward,such as scientific planning and overall consideration,innovating financing mechanism,encouraging diversified investment of funds,and strengthening the publicity of rural human settlement environment governance.

The Constitution of Authority:the Past and Present of the Governance Order in Rural Areas

How should the rural governance order be reconstructed centered on the new authority elements after the collapse of traditional rural governance order with the core of family authority, gentry authority and regime? This is a major problem in the construction of new rural areas of contemporary China. This paper attempts to present a historical picture of the inversely proportional relationship between elements like regime, family authority, gentry authority, financial power, political power, civil rights, and so on, based on review of the change path of rural area governance order tracing back to traditional period, the period of the Republic of China, years before the founding of new China as well as period after reform and opening up. It is believed that"innovations"and"heritages"of traditions must be investigated in the transformation process for the rebuilding of a set of stable and reasonable governance order for rural areas, instead of cutting facts by a certain theory or design. In addition, the actual weight of every authority element in social structure and order in people’s mind should be faced up with, which should be integrated with"regulation"and"virtue".

New Agricultural Business Entity and Rural Governance Body against the Backdrop of Rural Revitalization

The new agricultural business entity is the representative of the "new" productive forces in the countryside. Based on the analysis of the connotation of the new agricultural business entity, this paper further explains the new characteristics of the new agricultural business entity, such as internationalization, informatization, greening, ecologization, and organizational integration. The new type of agricultural business entity is the innovation of socialist agricultural management system with Chinese characteristics, which has brought new institutional performance to agricultural and rural modernization, and caused changes in the rural governance body and its structure in terms of production relations. The traditional basic subject "villager" has changed to "professional farmer", "homogenization" to "heterogeneity" and "diversification", and governance pattern to "unitary leading and pluralistic participation". These developments and changes reflect the dialectical relationship movement between rural productive forces and production relations, economic base and superstructure. New agricultural business entity, rural governance body and their structural system have become an important basis for rural revitalization.

Construction of Rural Community Governance Path:Based on the Empirical Analysis of Chaoyang Community in Dazhou,Sichuan

Promoting community governance and service innovation is the theme of the times for comprehensively deepening reforms in the field of community construction.The stability and development of the most basic rural community is another important task of community governance.The current rural social governance work is extremely weak,seriously affecting the process of the entire social governance work.Constructing the path of rural community governance has become an important task for the majority of theoretical workers and grassroots practitioners.Taking Chaoyang Community,Tongchuan District,Dazhou,Sichuan Province as an example,with the goal of creating a community with the rule of law,peace,harmony,beauty and livability,a new model and new path to build community governance is proposed in this article.

Rebuilding and Integration of Rural Governance System Based on the Combination of Self-governance,Rule of Law and Rule of Virtue

The proposal that"the rural governance system based on the combination of self-governance,rule of law and rule of virtue should be completed"was put forward in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China.There are many challenges for the development and difficulties for the governance of rural social transformation in the new era,so"the combination of self-governance,rule of law and rule of virtue"is realistically essential,having the objective inevitability and practical possibility.The fundamental and central role of the villagers'self-governance should be brought into full play to construct"the rural governance system based on the combination of self-govermance,rule of law and rule of virtue"under the guidance of the spirit of the 19th National Congress ofthe Communist Party of China,by taking the rule of law as the legal assurance and rule of virtue as the social affection support,managing to complete and optimize the rural governance system,realize the good and right governance in the rural society,boost the modernization construction process of the national governance ability,and realize the great objective of comprehensive rural vitalization of the"stability of the rural areas,development of the agriculture and happiness of the farmers".

The Path Choice and Method of Chinese Rural Governance Ethics Research

The 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China put forward the strategy of Rural Revitalization.Effective governance is the key to rural revitalization.Effective rural governance needs to properly deal with the ethical relationship in the process of governance.The study of rural governance ethics in China includes three kinds of path choices.They are paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up,organic integration of special and general,and interweaving between tradition and modernity.The paradigm shift from top-down to bottom-up needs to be done by methods,such as the use of the relationship between theory and practice,the change from abstract research to applied research,and the implementation of fieldwork surveys.Special and general organic integration depends on methods,such as the law of contradiction specificity and universality,the cooperation of induction and deduction,the operation of case studies,etc.The interweaving of tradition and modernity requires methods to be realized,such as the negation of negation,moral narrative,and non-intrusive research.

Plight and Path of Rural Collaborative Governance from the Subjective Perspective of Epistemology

It has become a trend for rural areas to develop from unified governance to multi-body governance.The goal of rural governance modernization further aggravates the non-applicability of the current system of"township administration and villager's self-government".And the problems such as the inaccurate positioning among the bodies of rural governance,the mismatching of power and responsibility,and the imperfectness of collaborative governance mechanism are becoming more and more obvious,which seriously restricts the development of rural economy and society.Presently,the root of the rural collaborative governance plight lies in the inadequate understanding on the of governance bodies.The key to get out of the plight is the implementation of rural revitalization strategy,cultivation of new farmers,and collaboration governance.Therefore,rural governance should not be limited to the administrative village area,but be collectively governed by village,inter-village,urban and rural areas.The paper reunderstands the rural governance bodies,explores the plight and the root of rural collaborative governance,and puts forward an effective path for rural collaborative governance,all from the subjective perspective of epistemology.

Problems of Grassroots Multiple Governance in Rural Areas and Recommendations

Grassroots multiple interactive governance has become a development trend in rural grass-roots social governance.In rural grassroots governance,the government should take the lead,party organizations and leaders jointly participate,social organizations provide a platform,villagers give play to their awareness of being the master,and village committees coordinate the organization and participation,take meeting public interests and achieving good governance as the goals and public affairs multi-party participation and democratic consultation as the starting points,to promote the overall harmonious development of rural society.

Study on Rural Ecological Environment Governance in China from the Perspective of Social Capital

At present,the ecological environment in the countryside of China is deteriorating with industrial pollution spreading to the countryside,agricultural pollution on the increase and environment in the residential areas deteriorating. The traditional approach to the ecological problem,which heavily relies on the government or the market,fails to fundamentally address the problem. Instead,as the social capital in the countryside,the relationship network,norms and trust can effectively resolve rural ecological environmental crisis by highlighting the method of"social governance"in ecological environment in the countryside. It is thus suggested that in the governance of rural ecological environment,which is based on the social capital,the management space between the government and the community should be appropriately divided,so that the institutional capital can promote and regulate the social capital,enhance the construction of rural cooperative organizations and increase the input of rural human capital,and promote the coupling between administrative boundary and ecological boundary.

Building Innovative Public -Private Partnerships for Rural Environment Governance in China

One of the major current environmental prevention and control challenges in China is the pollution risks in rural areas. Along with the economic development and urbanization,countryside has become the main battlefield of pollution control and prevention in China. In recent years,Public-Private Partnership(PPP) route has become one of the commonly accepted procurement strategies in developed and developing countries in the field of infrastructure projects. Hence,it is suggested that the PPP route could be adopted in rural environmental governance as an innovative governance strategy. The most valuable contribution of the PPP has been filling the gap of lack of implementation by governments. However,due to the peculiarity and complexity of rural environmental governance,it is argued that current approaches to deliberative rural environmental governance concerning public-private partnerships need to acknowledge insights from both the economic theory and open source theory concerning the communication of environmental and political norms so that they can be successfully transferred to rural environmental governance.

Main Problems and Government Action in Rural Land Circulation of China

On the basis of introducing and defining the concept of rural land circulation,this paper discussed the inevitability of rural land circulation in China and analyzed the main problems in the rural land circulation. Finally,it came up with some pertinent recommendations for the government in the rural land circulation in China,including formulating the relevant administrative rules and regulations,improving the rural land circulation policy system,improving the rural social security system and relieving the worry of farmers in land circulation,energetically promoting institutional construction,and actively cultivating rural land circulation market.

Governments′ Path Selection of Promoting Rural Information Development——From the Perspective of Social Capital Theory

In introduction of the connoted meaning of rural information and its important role in the development of modern agriculture in our country and the development of urban and rural areas, the paper analyzes the difficulties in information construction: the first is the inadequate attendance of farmers, the low efficiency of information platform use; the second is the backward construction of information sources, which cannot meet the practical needs of information by farmers; the third is the bad situation of information exchanging. From perspective of social capital, it discusses the roles social capital factors playing in the rural information construction, among which, the information relations between farmers and information are the basis; net attendance is the necessary condition of sustainable development of rural information construction; customs afford management resources in rural information construction. Based on the above materials, the paper puts forward that it is the government who must accelerate the construction of rural information: the first is planting technic net in rural credit systems, accelerating the admission and supporting of farmers to information construction; the second is to strengthen the exchanging abilities among information platforms, upgrading the attendance degrees of farmers in rural information construction; the third is to introduce and make use of the management power of rural customs to complete an information management norm.

On the Government's Responsibility in China's Rural Land Transfer

There is an urgent need for China's rural land transfer in order to develop modern agriculture,ensure food security,transfer rural population,and accelerate industrialization and urbanization.At present,there is still disordered transfer of rural land in China,making the interests of the transferors and transferees difficult to be effectively guaranteed;there is inefficient transfer,leading to decline in actual agricultural production level after transfer;there is jobless transfer,leading to difficult placement for rural surplus labor after transfer,seriously restricting rural land transfer.Therefore,the Chinese government's legal responsibility,economic responsibility and social responsibility in rural land transfer should be further strengthened.

Corruption of Village Cadres and Construction of Clean Government in Rural Land Management in China

This paper analyzed the types and causes of corruption of village cadres in rural land management in China. On the basis of current corruption situation,it came up with recommendations including improving the financial system at the village level,establishing land information network,and reforming functions of village committees in the land management,in order to prevent corruption of village cadres in the land management and establish and improve the clean government mechanism for village cadres.