Reform Paths of Rural Land Property Rights System in the Context of Agricultural Modernization

The reform of rural land property rights system can promote large-scale and intensive agricultural production,improve the quality of laborers,improve agricultural production efficiency,increase farmers'income,and effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.In the context of the reform of the"separation of three powers",the rural land property rights system still has problems in terms of ownership,use rights,disposal rights,and income rights,which affect the healthy development of agricultural modernization.In this situation,it is necessary to further clarify the subject of rural land ownership,thoroughly improve the right to use rural land,vigorously improve the right to dispose of rural land,effectively protect the right to benefit from rural land,and deeply promote the reform of the rural land property rights system in order to effectively promote the development of agricultural modernization.

Research on Chinese rural land management model of scale and development prospects

In the early years of reform and opening up, with the household contract management as the core, the land reform has been adapted to the prevailing agricultural productivity development and management level, achieved to mobilize the peasants＇ production enthusiasm and creativity, to improve production efficiency, basically solved the food and clothing problem; but it has formed small-scale decentralized business model. With the rapid development of the rural economy, along with urbanization and industrialization, it has been further increased the degree of market-oriented agriculture. The contradiction between big market and small-scale production is more prominent; such small -scale decentralized form of management has begun not to meet agricultural development request and the market economy development. It needs changes to moderate scale. Eleventh Five-Year Plan and construction of new socialist village require clearly various forms of appropriate scale.

Methods and Paths for Rural Collectively Owned Profit-oriented Construction Land Entering into Trading Market

On the basis of analyzing cases of existing rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,this paper put forward several thoughts,introduced methods and paths for rural collectively owned profit-oriented construction land entering into trading market,including reforming rural collective land property right system,cultivating new rural collective economy organizations,helping them to become market entities; improving various legal systems,making clear range of construction land entering into trading market; formulating scientific benefit allocation mechanism; establishing fair and transparent decision making mechanism.

Study on Implementation of Urban-Rural Land Linking Policy from Perspective of Urbanization

China launched the policy of linking the increase in urban development land with the decrease in rural development land① in 2003. The paper focuses on two typical paths for implementation of the policy, i.e., exchanging homestead for urban housing, and "double exchanges." Based on a study on urbanization development, the paper analyzes the institutional innovation in the case of exchanging homestead for house in Huaming Town, as well as the jeopardization of "double exchanges," before summarizing the applicability of the "urban-rural land linking" policy. At the end, the paper emphasizes that in order to address the problems emerging during various kinds of urbanization, the linking policy should be carried out in accordance with local conditions and circumstances.

Examining the pathway and mechanism of comprehensive land consolidation through the lens of rural neo-endogenous development

Land consolidation(LC) stands as a globally recognized strategy for rural development. In China, it has evolved towards comprehensive land consolidation(CLC) to support the rural revitalization initiative. However, there are ongoing challenges in understanding CLC's specific pathway and mechanism, particularly its role in stimulating rural endogenous development. This study aims to investigate the localization process of international experiences, examine the pathway of CLC, and scrutinize its mechanism in rural development from a novel perspective of neo-endogenous development. Field research and semi-structured interviews were conducted in Nanzhanglou village, renowned for its early adoption of CLC practices inspired by German experiences since 1988. Overall, key findings underscore the advantages of CLC in spatial restructuring, industrial development, and human capital enhancement in rural areas. Additionally, international experiences emerge as crucial exogenous forces, primarily by knowledge embedding, which catalyzes rural neo-endogenous development via the “resource-engagement-identity-endogenous” mechanism. Collectively, by introducing a neo-endogenous theoretical framework, this study offers valuable insights into the CLC implementation in China and beyond, and emphasizes the positive impact of knowledge embedding as an exogenous force in promoting rural neo-endogenous development to address existing research gaps. Recommendations for sustainable rural development involve enhancing rural planning practicality, governance capacity, and local leadership, while prioritizing agricultural modernization and increasing investments in education and vocational training to ensure that villagers benefit from industrial development.

Practice Mode and Value Research of Reform of Rural Collective Economy Property Right System in Beijing Rural-urban Continuum

In the research, reform of rural collective economy property right system in Beijing rural-urban continuum was explored in terms of background, cause, pro- cess and practice modes by surveying and interviewing, and the value of system reform on urbanization in rural areas was illustrated from the perspective of farmers who lose lands. The results showed that since reform and opening-up, disadvan- tages of collective economy property are always the fundamental cause of reform; rural-urban contradiction produced from rapid urbanization makes the reform much more urgent; shareholding co-operative system is the essence of reform of collective economy property right system. Rural collective economy property right system in Beijing includes stock-assets quantification shareholding co-operative system, share- capitalization of contractual land management right, farmers as shareholders by investment, and resource and capital mode, with advantages and disadvantages respectively. The common character should be noticed is that all modes have share on contractual right of land, indicating the core of the reform of property system lies in asset quantification and stock quota. In improving urban-rural integration and modern market system, as well as endowing more rights to farmers, reform of rural collective economy property right system is of great significance, which provides a transition space and buffer mechanism for urbanization in rural areas.

城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策与城乡收入差距

在空间均衡视角下,建立理论模型分析城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策对城乡收入差距的影响,并通过实证分析进行政策评估的结果表明:增减挂钩政策能够提高城乡居民人均收入,但是对城市居民人均收入提高幅度更多,从而加大城乡收入差距。如果配套实施农村生产率提升的增减挂钩政策,在提高城乡居民人均收入的同时,这种综合性改革能够促使农村人均收入提高幅度更大,进而缩小城乡收入差距。随后,基于2000—2016年省级面板数据,采用逐期双重差分法与合成控制法分别评估城乡建设用地增减挂钩政策与配套实施农村生产率提升的增减挂钩政策对城乡收入差距影响的实证结果发现:自2006年实施增减挂钩政策后,增减挂钩试点省份的城乡收入差距均值提升0.125,达到2.820;自2008年实施配套农村生产率提升的增减挂钩政策后,重庆市的城乡收入差距均值下降0.261,达到3.043。基于此,在城乡融合背景下,我们应建立健全城乡统一建设用地市场制度。

土地出让收入支持乡村振兴动力来源及机理分析

为更好支持乡村振兴战略实施,从马克思地租理论出发阐释土地出让收入的双重属性和本质内涵,描述激励约束机制下土地出让收入用于农业农村发展的情况。结合《乡村振兴战略规划(2018—2022)》和《关于调整完善土地出让收入使用范围优先支持乡村振兴的意见》说明土地出让收入支持乡村振兴的应然领域。采用规范分析法,选取2010—2019年国有土地出让面积、土地出让收入和用于农业农村的支出的相关数据,分析土地出让收入对乡村发展的影响。土地出让收入用于农业农村发展的支出在总额上逐年增加,但相较于城市支出比例偏低,且存在收益分配不均的问题。通过对土地出让收入的制度属性的分析,发现分税财政体制、政绩考核制度和低土地财政依赖度三方面是土地出让收入支持乡村振兴的外生动力,为可持续内生动力的产生创造外部环境;土地出让收入的合理分配格局、精准投入、政策引导人才流向乡村三方面是内生动力。厘清土地出让收入支持乡村振兴内在和外生动力来源及其机理,有助于形成土地出让收入合理分配格局,减少对土地财政的依赖度,缩小城乡发展差异。

The coupling characteristics and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China

Land use transition refers to the changes in land use morphology （both dominant morphology and recessive morphology） of a certain region over a certain period of time driven by socio-economic change and innovation, and it usually corresponds to the transition of socio-economic development phase. In China, farmland and rural housing land are the two major sources of land use transition. This paper analyzes the spatio-temporal coupling characteristics of farmland and rural housing land transition in China, using high-resolution Landsat TM （Thematic Mapper） data in 2000 and 2008, and the data from the Ministry of Land and Resources of China. The outcomes indicated that： （1） during 2000-2008, the correlation coefficient of farmland vs. rural housing land change is -0.921, and it shows that the change pattern of farmland and rural housing land is uncoordinated; （2） the result of Spearman rank correlation analysis shows that rural housing land change has played a major role in the mutual transformation of farmland and rural housing land; and （3） it shows a high-degree spatial coupling between farmland and rural housing land change in southeast China during 2000-2008. In general, farmland and rural housing land transition in China is driven by socio-economic, bio-physical and managerial three-dimensional driving factors through the interactions among rural population, farmland and rural housing land. However, the spatio-temporal coupling phenomenon and mechanism of farmland and rural housing land transition in China are largely due to the ＂dual-track＂ structure of rural-urban development.

全域土地综合整治支撑乡村振兴用地要素保障:机理与策略

土地是乡村振兴最根本的基础性要素保障,全域土地综合整治把区域国土空间视为一个有机整体,着眼于“山水林田湖草村”等全要素的整体保护、系统修复和综合治理,对于改变“零散无序”的农村土地利用、支撑乡村振兴用地要素保障具有积极的现实意义。本文深入剖析了全域土地综合整治保障乡村振兴用地要素的内在机理,具体表现为:以“山水林田湖草村”的统筹策应乡村振兴目标的系统性、以工程建设和制度创新的融合保障用地供给的有效性、以破解现实难题提升用地保障的针对性。并提出了相应的策略建议:一是坚持系统思维,实现空间重构;二是坚持政府主导,确保统筹力度;三是坚持村民主体,激发内生动力;四是坚持因地制宜,突出整治实效。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市研究的热点、演进与展望——基于CiteSpace的知识图谱分析

使用文献计量法和内容分析法对来自知网、万方、维普3大数据库的农村集体经营性建设用地入市的404篇研究文献作者、机构及热点进行分析,基于研究现状展望重点方向及前沿趋势。研究发现:研究人员和机构合作意识较弱,受学缘、地缘等因素影响未能形成较为明显的研究群体;“三块地”改革试点期呈现出百花齐放的研究态势,相关研究文献数量急剧上升,2019年至今为巩固改革成果期;现有研究聚焦于集体经营性建设用地入市的制度设计、与土地征收及宅基地制度改革的关系、地方实践、收益分配等主题。利益均衡视角下集体经营性建设用地入市收益分配机制的探索与优化、城乡融合发展视域下同地同权同价的实现条件及路径、农村三项土地制度改革的法理平衡及制度设计、集体经营性建设用地入市助推乡村振兴的地方模式及发展经验等方面仍需继续深化研究,也是未来的主要研究方向。

全域土地综合整治促进城乡融合的机理与路径

全域土地综合整治促进城乡融合的机理体现为:全域土地综合整治的直接作用对象是土地,土地利用结构的改变会引发城乡产业、人口、基础设施和公共服务、生态资源等的空间分布的调整,进而影响城乡关系,而城乡关系调整的过程也是土地利用形态和结构发生变化的过程。全域土地综合整治首先应以土地为切入点,通过调整城乡空间结构,响应城乡社会、经济、生态环境融合发展的用地需求,然后通过土地要素流动引发城乡产业、人口、资本、技术等要素双向流动,为城乡融合发展提供动力。文章从空间融合、经济融合、社会融合、环境融合四个维度探索土地综合整治促进城乡融合发展的实现路径。

获得农业信用担保贷款促进了农户从事农业创业?

基于2022年陕西、山西和江苏三省的微观调研数据,实证分析获得农业信用担保贷款对农户农业创业决策的影响及作用机制,在此基础上分析农村金融环境的调节效应,进而探讨个人特质、创业规模和产业水平对农户从事农业创业影响的异质性。研究发现:(1)获得农业信用担保贷款会显著提升农户从事农业创业的概率;(2)农户获得农业信用担保贷款后,主要通过土地流入、扩大经营面积,增加农机投资、提高农用机械化水平从事农业创业;(3)农村金融环境及其金融深化特征维度在这一过程中发挥着正向的调节作用;(4)相比老年组和低学历水平农户,年轻组和中高学历水平农户获得农业信用担保贷款后会更加积极地从事农业创业,同时对中小规模及村内有特色产业的农业创业促进效应更强。

乡村数字化转型对耕地绿色利用效率的影响机制及门槛效应研究

研究目的:科学探究乡村数字化转型对耕地绿色利用效率的影响机制,为推进乡村数字化转型赋能耕地绿色生产提供理论依据。研究方法:非期望产出SBM模型,Tobit回归模型和面板门槛回归模型。研究结果:(1)中国耕地绿色利用率均值由2011年0.628上升至2021年0.845,年均增幅2.17%,空间上呈现“东部、西部、中部”和“粮食主销区、产销平衡区、粮食主产区”依次递减格局;(2)乡村数字化转型水平均值由2011年0.127增长至2021年0.259,年均增幅10.49%,空间上呈现“东部、中部、西部”和“粮食主销区、粮食主产区、产销平衡区”依次递减非均衡格局;(3)中国乡村数字化转型对耕地绿色利用效率具有显著促进作用且存在区域异质性,东、中部地区乡村数字化转型的促进作用较西部地区更为显著,粮食主产区和产销平衡区较粮食主销区更为显著;(4)乡村数字化转型水平越过门槛值0.261时,对耕地绿色利用效率促进作用呈现边际效应递减的单门槛非线性特征。研究结论:区域间应联通数字赋能耕地绿色利用的合作共享网络、扩大数字技术对耕地利用环境污染的缓释效应和衔接耕地利用主体数字化耕种需求,是实现耕地绿色利用的长效驱动路径。

乡村产业发展用地问题研判、政策创新与保障机制

2023年中央一号文件提出要编制乡村振兴用地政策指南回应乡村产业发展用地难题,此前,全国各地聚焦乡村产业用地,正在研究或已经出台保障文件。加大对乡村产业发展用地的保障支持已经成为社会共识。本文采用系统分析和面上评估相结合的研究方法,通过开展详实的基础调查和一手资料分析,发现实践中存在“规划难”“审批难”“指标难”“供地难”“实施难”等问题,特别是以往对土地要素保障偏重于城区,乡村地区尚未完全建立完整的土地制度和用地保障体系,乡村振兴战略的深入实施使得产业项目用地需求巨大,配套的公共服务和基础设施用地也难以保障,而产业用地的种类多样化、功能复合化和旅游专业化特征使得现行政策不匹配发展需求,部分用地无法明确指标来源,项目报批缺乏实操路径,供地渠道也受到限制。为此,笔者认为应从政策创新和保障机制构建两方面着手解决。政策创新方面:一是以明确重点项目报批审批政策响应重点关注诉求,二是以完善规划配套政策重点保障产业融合项目和文旅项目,三是以创新全链条贯通政策供给策应投资主体需求;保障机制构建方面:一是探索建立项目用地准入机制,二是探索建立差别化供应管理机制,三是探索多部门联动实施保障机制。

我国农村集体经营性建设用地入市的路径和收益分配优化

农村集体经营性建设用地入市能有效解决城市土地资源紧缺的问题和城市扩张与农村集体占有土地之间的矛盾,从土地供给侧推进房地产市场平稳发展,对于助力乡村振兴战略、促进城乡融合发展、建设高标准市场经济体系意义重大。文章探索了以城乡统一建设用地市场为目标的农村集体经营性建设用地的入市路径,对于近郊农村鼓励通过就地入市的途径,采取出让或者租赁的形式入市,远郊农村通过异地调整的途径,将复垦后结余建设用地指标调整到符合规划的产业集中区入市。在此基础上进一步厘清了三大分配主体、两大分配内容之间层层递进的分配关系。政府直接参与的情况下可以通过参与初次分配或再分配获取收益,间接参与的情况下可以通过征收土地调节金获取收益,当前比较合理的土地调节金征收比例是10%~30%。集体在扣除政府的相应收益后,留存30%~40%用于村集体的经济发展和设施完善或者是股份分红,剩余部分在农民个体之间公平平均分配。最后,文章提出完善集体经营性建设用地的产权制度设计,制定指导入市的全国性实施办法,建立公平合理的土地增值收益分配制度和统筹联动推进宅基地制度改革等相关建议。

论农村集体经济组织抵押经营性建设用地的法律构造

研究目的:探讨农村集体经济组织抵押未入市之集体经营性建设用地使用权的法律构造,助力纾解农村集体经济组织融资难题,增强乡村产业发展的驱动力。研究方法:文献分析、规范分析和价值分析。研究结果:(1)农村集体经济组织抵押未入市的集体经营性建设用地使用权虽并无直接法律依据,但从农村集体经济组织的经营管理权与担保资格、抵押行为与入市规范间的兼容性等角度分析,其具有合法性。(2)基于该类型抵押与入市之间的关联,应当依托入市程序构建抵押权设定的统合机制。(3)现有抵押权实现方式规定存在漏洞,应当在遵守入市要求和保障抵押权人利益间取得平衡,完善权利实现的制度安排。研究结论:(1)将抵押权的设定融入入市程序的集体决议、行政审查、权利登记等环节中。(2)实现抵押权时应当先采取公开竞价方式,如以规定入市最低价为标底或底价不能达成交易,则允许对最低价标准进行一定比例下调;下调后仍无法达成交易的,可以采取非公开竞价方式。

农村集体经营性建设用地入市的内在逻辑和实施路径

基于“内在逻辑-实践探索-现实挑战”的研究路径,对集体经营性建设用地入市改革进行深入研究。研究认为:(1)实现城乡土地“同地同权同价”改革目标的基础在于强化集体土地产权;(2)构建公平有序的市场配置体系是实现城乡统一建设用地市场的关键;(3)探索统筹兼顾的利益分配机制是农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革的重点;(4)通过盘活闲置土地资源是提升乡村经济发展、实现乡村振兴的必由路径。今后仍需在明晰产权主体、扩大入市范围与强化用途管制、完善收益共享机制、健全政策配套措施等方面,进一步推动农村集体经营性建设用地入市改革。

粮食主产区发展新型农村集体经济的路径研究——以德州市“三类地”改革为例

党的二十大报告提出要发展新型农村集体经济,发展新型农村集体经济离不开对农村土地资源的有效利用。而面对当前农村因人少地多造成的耕地利用不足、闲置地逐渐增多的土地资源浪费困境,山东省德州市以“三类地”改革为基础,通过农用地规模化经营、“飞地”抱团发展以及闲散地盘活利用,提高了农村土地利用效率,促进了德州农村集体经济的发展。

破解农业转移人口市民化困境新思路——与就业人口挂钩的“兑地法”探索

加快农业转移人口市民化,是推进新型城镇化战略、促进区域协调发展的重要举措。研究发现,农地私有化或同地同权仅对大城市近郊农民有利,无助于解决广大农村问题,资本下乡则未能提高农业生产效率,反而出现利用城乡建设用地增减挂钩套利、挤占农民补贴、基层组织异化、农民失地的困境。基于此,可考虑以就业人口为主的兑地法破解农业转移人口市民化困境新思路:一个城市的发展如果能够吸纳较多的就业人口,那么该人口在农村相应的农地、宅基地等,即挂钩到就业城市指标中,就业城市以此指标按比例获得工商业、住宅等建设用地指标。由于就业城市能够获得较多的土地出让收入,从中抽取少许资金即可安置相应的就业人口,安置完成后,该就业人口对应的农村农地、宅基地等实物可在原户籍地流转给留在当地居住且有集体身份的专业农户,发展50亩以下的小型家庭农场。该方法可以优化劳动力和土地的资源配置,提升生产效率和增加消费,且在社会过渡上也会较为平稳,相比农地私有化或同地同权与资本下乡,更切合国家需要。