Secular Changes of Stature in Rural Children and Adolescents in China, 1985-2010

Objective To analyze and assess secular change in stature in rural children and adolescents in China from 1985 to 2010. Methods Data were obtained from the 6 rounds of the Chinese National Survey on Student＇s Constitution and Health. The subjects enrolled in the study were children and adolescents aged 7-18 years in rural areas of provincial capitals. Results An overall positive secular trend in stature occurred in rural areas of provincial capitals in China from 1985 to 2010. The overall average increase rates were 3.1 and 2.4 cm/decade for boys and girls, respectively. The total body height increases for grown up boys and girls were 3.6 and 2.3 cm and the increase rates were 1.4 and 0.9 cm/decade, respectively. There were differences in body height increase among eastern, central and western regions. The average body height of the children or adolescents in eastern region was highest, followed by central region and western region. The overall increase rates in central region were highest among the three regions. The difference between eastern/central region and western region was obvious. 〈br〉 Conclusion Positive secular trend in stature of children or adolescents has occurred in rural area of China, and rural boys and girls showed a great potential for continuous growth. More attention should be paid to the differences in children＇s body height between western region and eastern/central region.

The Relationship between Myopia and Ocular Alignment among Rural Adolescents

Purpose: The prevalence of myopia in school-age children and rural area in Taiwan has increased dramatically. The aim of this study was to explore the associated factors of myopia in rural ado-lescents. Methods: A cross sectional design with a rural junior high student was invited to partici-pate in this study. The relationship between refraction error (RE), spectacle fitting condition, and ocular alignment was determined by stereoacuity. The RE was determined using autorefractor. The ocular alignment was evaluated by cover-uncover test. Stereoacuity was measured by Titmus test. The examination about spectacle fitting included the lens power, lens transparency, pupil distance, frame size, and distortion of the frame. Multiple linear regression was used to determine the effect of the spectacle suitability and ocular alignment on the RE and stereoacuity. Results: The prevalence of myopia was 78% in a total of 338 adolescents, and the incidence of high myopia (≤-6 Diopter, D) accounted for 10.2%. Participant worn poor-fitting spectacles were found with more myopia (-3.95D vs -3.42D, p = 0.02). The exophoria or exotropia significantly increased RE (p < 0.01). The eye position was significantly associated with decreased steroacuity function (p = 0.03). Head position demonstrated to have a significant relationship with stereoacuity (p = 0.03). Conclusions: Good-fitting spectacles provided a good visual function and were associated with less RE condition. Exotrope showed a significant correlation with myopia and stereoacuity. The health care providers should be aware of the ocular alignment in myopic suffers.

Prevention and Control of Adolescents' Deviant Behavior in Rural Community

Firstly,an analysis is made from the point of view of sociology on traditional modeling logic of prevention and control of adolescents' deviant behavior in rural community,and maintenance and reproduction of this model.The traditional prevention and control model of adolescents' deviant behavior in rural community is diversity-orderly pattern prevention and control system.This system is based on natural economy,especially on agricultural economy."Supervision by public opinion and moral imitation" is the basic operation logic of this system.It contains a compensation mechanism of "bringing up children for the purpose of being looked after in old age" and "favor returning".Then,deconstruction of traditional prevention and control model for adolescents' deviant behavior in rural community is analyzed.Along with advance in rural modern democratic management and legal construction and growing of rural market economy,function of traditional diversity-orderly pattern of prevention and control of adolescents' deviate behavior in rural community is weak and weak in prevention and control of modern rural adolescents' deviant behavior.Finally,modeling ideas of new(coordinative) prevention and control of rural adolescents' deviant behavior are put forward from four aspects,namely,democracy and legal system,community,family and various rural adolescent admittance organizations.

The Research on Left-Behind Adolescents’Time Management Disposition

Objective:To explore the time management tendency of left-behind adolescents,compare the differences of time management of left-behind.Methods:The questionnaire studies the adolescents students of major labor.Results:Left-behind adolescents are tend to form bad time management tendency(t<2.55,p<0.01)and among these left-behind adolescents there are great individual differences(F>4.24,p>0.05);16-year-old time is a critical period of forming social value of time management(F>4.24,p>0.05),the grade(F_((2,331))=3.74,p=0.03),and whether the only child(t=2.26,p=0.03)has priority to the impact of time management;the children’s age when their parents left.The left period of their parents,the parents who go out,and the visit interval all these factors affect the adolescents’time management tendency(R^(2)>0.21,p<0.001).

A community-based friendly health clinic:An initiative adolescent reproductive health project in the rural and urban areas of Indonesia

Objective:This study aims to examine the effects of a community-based friendly health clinic(CFHC)program that adopts manual participatory learning(MPL)intervention on the adolescents living in the rural and urban areas of Indonesia to gain further insights into their knowledge,attitudes,and skills related to adolescent reproductive health(ARH).Methods:A quasi-experimental design was used to obtain information on the ARH knowledge,attitudes,and skills of adolescents.Two intervention studies that used similar protocols and measures were conducted.A total of 192 adolescents(96 adolescents from urban and rural areas)participated in the project,and the participants from each area were divided into eight groups.A questionairre was adopted to measure the ARH knowledge,attitudes,and skills of these participants.A content analysis of the logbook entries of these respondents was conducted to identify their ARH-related problems.The questionnairre and self-reported ARH data were collected before and after the eight-week program.Results:The CFHC program significantly increased the ARH attitudes(p=0.045)and skills(p=0.009)of adolescents in the rural area,but only improved the ARH knowledge(p<0.001)of adolescents in both rural and urban areas.Fourteen themes were identified in three dominant categories,namely,schools,families,and communities.Conclusions:The CFHC with MPL intervention can improve the ARH knowledge,attitudes,and skills of adolescents in the rural area,but can only improve the ARH knowledge of adolescents in the urban area.The ARH program must be designed based on the characterictics of these adolescents to improve their life skills during puberty.

Emotional and Behavioral Problems of Left-Behind Children in Impoverished Rural China:A Comparative Cross-Sectional Study of First Grade Junior High School

Objective:To investigate the prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems and related factors of left-behind children in impoverished rural China(mainly in thefirst grade of junior high school).Methods:A cross-sectional survey of rural households in 27 poverty-stricken counties in 12 provinces across China was conducted using the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire(SDQ).Results:The prevalence of emotional and behavioral problems in left-behind children was 11.7%,and that of non-left-behind children was 8.9%.There was statistical difference between the two groups(P<0.01).There are no differences between the two groups in terms of the various factors of SDQ.The incidence of insomnia in the left-behind group was 58.3%,which was higher than that in the non-left-behind group 50.9%(P<0.01);loneliness(62.1%vs.51.8%,P<0.01);running away from home(23.1%vs.18.8%,P<0.01),and self-injury behavior(16.8%vs.12.2%,P<0.01).Left-behind children are more likely to have negative psychological feelings including insomnia,loneliness,self-injury,and run away from home.They also experienced more bullying including maliciously teased by peers,intentionally excluded or isolated,physically threatened or intimidated.All of these factors are associated with their abnormal emotional and behavioural development.Conclusion:The incidence of emotional and behavioral problems of left-behind children in rural areas in poverty-stricken areas is significantly higher than that of non-left-behind children;Logistic regression analysis showed that bullying behavior and abnormal psychological characteristics are significantly associated with left-behind adolescents abnormal emotional and behavioral development.

Parental Migration’s Effects on the Academic and Non-Academic Performance of Left-Behind Children in Rural China

This study investigates the impact of parental labor migration on the academic achievements and non-academic growth of left-behind children in fourth and seventh grades. Employing survey data collected from rural China in 2014, 2015, and 2016, we examine the effect of parental absence on children's academic achievement using Propensity Score Matching(PSM) and Difference in Difference(DID) methods. The results demonstrate that left-behind children whose parents have migrated for one year have statistically significantly lower academic scores. Academic scores drop lower for fourthgrade students and students from higher-income families. There are also adverse effects on left-behind children's confidence, teacher-student relationships, subjective well-being, and educational expectations if parents migrate for one year. Surprisingly, if parental migration lasts longer(totaling two years), these adverse effects disappear, and student's educational expectations even improve. These results may be because, over time, the adverse effects that occur immediately after parental migration are offset by the positive effects of migration(i.e. higher income). These conclusions can inform migrant parents on ways to utilize their resources to improve the academic performance of their left-behind children.

Dietary Behaviors and Influencing Factors among Rural Left-behind Children Aged below 7 Years in China

Left-behind children comprise a special population inChinese rural areas. According to the 2007 China Census,the number ofleft-behind children aged≤14 years was estimated at 58 million which suggested that these childrencon stituted a

Ever Use of Modern Contraceptive among Adolescents in Uganda: A Cross-Sectional Survey of Sociodemographic Factors

Background: Six in ten sexually active adolescent women in Uganda have an unmet need for contraception yet there is limited data on what is driving its use. This study aimed to determine the associations between sociodemographic factors and modern contraceptive ever-use among adolescents in Uganda. Methods: A crossectional study was conducted among 337 adolescents aged 13 - 19 years who had ever had sex in Wakiso (urban) and Kamuli (rural) districts in Uganda. The outcome of interest was the ever-use of modern contraceptives. Generalized linear models with a Poisson link were used to examine the associations between sociodemographic factors and contraceptive ever use. Results: The weighted prevalence of ever-use of modern contraceptives was 30.9%. Contraceptive ever use was more likely among the older adolescents (adjusted Odds Ratio) aOR 1.31 (95% CI = 1.06 - 1.55), married aOR 1.67 (95% CI = 1.09 - 2.58) and the less educated were aOR 1.79 (95% CI = 1.14 - 2.83) compared to their counterparts. Adolescents living in the urban district (Wakiso) aOR 0.67 (95% CI = 0.49 - 0.92) were less likely to use modern contraceptives. In stratified analysis, the urban poor were more likely to use modern contraceptives (moderate aPR 0.35 95%CI (0.17 - 0.68) ** or high socioeconomic status aPR 0.62, 95%CI (0.28 - 1.37). Conclusions: The study shows low contraceptive ever-use among adolescents. Adolescents with low education and those from rural settings were more likely to ever-use modern contraceptives. Having good knowledge of contraception and discussing sex with parents promoted contraceptives ever-use. We recommend further studies assessing barriers to contraceptive use among adolescents in Uganda.

Preliminary Study on Crime Prevention of Left-behind Children in Rural China

In the process of social and economic development in China,there appears the inevitable problem of crime of left-behind children.Extensive researches and disputes prove that it is,to a greater extent,a social phenomenon resulted from social factors. It is recommended to improve the treatment of migrant workers and solve the problem of school admission for their children,provide effective legal education for those left-behind children whose problem can not be solved in a short term,and supplement the guardianship role to control the crime rate of leftbehind children. Another more effective method is to resume effective control of people's social life through the rural cultural tradition,to fundamentally prevent crime of left-behind children.

Psychological Capital Status of Left-Behind Rural Children in China and Its Relationship with Mental Health

Background:The mental health of left-behind rural children of China has become a prominent social problem.At the same time,psychological capital has become a positive psychological resource to promote personal growth.However,the relationship between psychological capital and mental health of left-behind rural children has not been explored.Method:A total of 332 left-behind rural children were investigated using a questionnaire of psychological capital and mental health scale.The psychological capital status of left-behind rural children and its impact on mental health were analyzed.Results:(1)Left-behind rural children were found to have a psychological capital score of was 3.16±0.56;Gender,age,grade,and school style had no significant effect on psychological capital.(2)Left-behind rural children obtained a mental health score of 2.21±0.5 G and gender,age,grade,and school style had no significant effect on mental health.(3)A significant negative correlation is found between psychological capital and mental health scores of left-behind rural children.Regression analysis shows that psychological capital is negatively correlated with mental health scores.Conclusion:The psychological capital of left-behind rural children can positively predict their mental health,and thus developing the former can promote the latter.

A Survey on English Reading Status of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas of Northern China

Taking Suining County in Xuzhou city of Jiangsu province as the survey subject,this paper is to study the current English reading situation of the left-behind children based on a questionnaire survey of 472 respondents from 4 primary and middle schools in rural areas.The result indicated that there are serious problems in the current situation of English reading among left-behind children in rural areas,which are as follows:insufficient reading time and books,few access to having books,increased digital reading,many reading disabilities,poor reading environment,etc.This paper analyzes the reasons and gives corresponding countermeasures for society,school and family,to improve the English reading condition of rural left-behind children and to better promote their reading ability and habits.It also provides the reference for narrowing the disparity gap of reading resources services between urban and rural China.

Research on The Social Assistance of Left-behind Children in Rural Areas under The Policy of Precise Poverty Alleviation

With the development of economy, a large number of surplus labor force in rural areas has been transferred to cities, resulting in the increasing number of left-behind children in rural areas. Left-behind children are in a critical period of ideological enlightenment, accepting obligation education, outlook on life and world outlook, and the absence of parental care and education has a negative impact on their growth. It is an important problem to solve this problem in every aspect of society.

A Life-skills-based HIV/AIDS Prevention Education for Rural Students of Primary Schools in China:What Changed? What Have We Learned?

Objective To evaluate a four-hour life-skills-based HIV/AIDS prevention curriculum among 5th grade students in rural primary schools of Hainan province.Methods The study included two stages.Stage one （September 2006-May 2007） was a pre-post-quasi experimental design;a total of 2 413 students aged 9 to 14 years from fifth grade classes of nine primary schools completed a baseline survey （1 720 students were in the intervention group,693 in the control group）,and over 98% of them took part in a short survey.The experimental curriculum was provided to the intervention group.At stage two （September 2008）,a cross-sectional questionnaire was administered to 6 923 students in 7th grade classes of eight middle schools in the same study sites.There were 1 437 students in the intervention group when the curriculum was conducted.Results Students tended to score higher in areas of HIV/AIDS related knowledge and attitudes,if they were younger than average,lived in the county seat,had access to the internet,and their parents had completed higher levels of education.Path analysis showed that,after controlling for characteristics such as family and community factors,the total effects of curriculum on knowledge in the short-term model increased remarkably compared with the baseline,and maintained major contributions to knowledge in the mid-term model.The positive effect of knowledge on attitudes was significantly improved in the short-term model as well.Conclusion A life-skills based curriculum can improve HIV/AIDS related knowledge and self-perceived level of life-skills among primary school students in rural areas in a short time,and these positive effects can still be observed at least 2 years post participation in the curriculum.

过去20年城乡高中生的教育效用与教育志向:基于三个出生队列的历史比较研究

本研究采用时间滞后设计,考察过去20年我国高中生教育效用和教育志向水平的年代和城乡差异,以及二者与个体学业成绩、父母学历之间关系的年代和城乡差异。分别在1999年、2010年、2018年对来自相同的三个地区(包括城市和农村)、相同学校的高中生进行问卷调查,使用协方差分析和回归分析进行数据分析。结果发现:(1)自1999年至2018年,城乡高中生的教育效用都遵循先下降、后回升的变化趋势;在教育志向上,城市高中生无明显变化,而农村高中生教育志向上升并超越城市高中生;(2)高中生教育效用、教育志向受父母学历和学业成绩等微观因素影响,且受年代和城乡宏观社会历史因素调节。相比于其他年份,2010年时成绩较差学生的教育效用更低、2018年时成绩较差学生的教育志向更高;自1999年至2018年,低父母学历对农村高中生教育志向的影响方式由“枷锁效应”转变为“鞭策效应”。我国过去20年的社会变迁使城乡高中生对教育的价值认同发生系统性变化,且宏观社会历史因素的演变改变了教育的价值认同形成的微观机制。

随迁与留守对农村青少年非认知能力的影响——基于倾向得分匹配法的实证分析

基于中国教育追踪调查数据和“大五人格”法构建中国农村青少年非认知能力框架,运用OLS回归以及倾向性得分匹配模型,将随迁与留守儿童两类群体纳入同一研究框架,分析随迁与留守两种方式对其非认知能力的影响。结果发现:(1)随迁对农村青少年的非认知能力发展存在正向影响,随迁儿童年在严谨性、开放性、顺同性等五个维度非认知能力均比留守儿童高。(2)随迁对农村儿童的顺同性(0.172)和外向性(0.176)的影响更加明显。(3)与非独生子女相比,随迁独生子女的开放性、情绪稳定性和顺同性较高,而留守独生子女的严谨性、情绪稳定性、顺同性和外向性均比较低。城市的学校应扩容增位接纳随迁儿童,此外要给予留守儿童更多的情感支持。

脱贫家庭青少年社会流动信念与亲社会行为的纵向发展关系:城乡差异的调节作用

激发脱贫人口的内生动力对于巩固脱贫攻坚成果和促进共同富裕至关重要。为了考察脱贫家庭青少年社会流动信念这一内生动力与亲社会行为的纵向发展关系,以及城乡差异的调节作用,本研究对847名脱贫家庭青少年(平均年龄11.38±2.30岁,女生57%)进行了为期2年共3次的追踪调查。结果显示:(1)脱贫家庭青少年社会流动信念呈上升趋势,而亲社会行为则呈下降趋势。(2)社会流动信念的初始水平能显著正向预测亲社会行为初始水平,并负向预测其下降速度,而社会流动信念的上升趋势能显著减缓亲社会行为的下降速度。(3)城乡差异调节了社会流动信念与亲社会行为的纵向发展关系。与城市脱贫家庭青少年相比,农村脱贫家庭青少年的社会流动信念初始水平越高,其亲社会行为初始水平也越高,下降速度越慢;此外,农村脱贫家庭青少年社会流动信念的增长速度越快,其亲社会行为的下降速度减缓越明显。结果提示,我国的脱贫政策不仅增强了脱贫家庭青少年对社会流动的主观预期和信心,而且还有效遏制了农村脱贫家庭青少年亲社会行为的降低。

父母物质惩罚与农村青少年主观幸福感:链式中介效应

目的:探究父母物质惩罚与农村青少年主观幸福感的关系及物质主义和控制感的中介作用。方法:采用父母物质惩罚量表、控制感量表、物质主义价值观量表和幸福感指数量表对河南省某农村地区1081名青少年施测。结果:父母物质惩罚与物质主义显著正相关(r=0.11,P<0.01),与控制感和主观幸福感均显著负相关(r=-0.20,-0.11;P<0.01)。物质主义与控制感和主观幸福感均显著负相关(r=-0.19,-0.10;P<0.01)。控制感与主观幸福感显著正相关(r=0.42,P<0.01)。Bootstrap中介效应检验表明控制感在父母物质惩罚与主观幸福感之间的中介效应显著,效应值为-0.06;物质主义和控制感在父母物质惩罚与主观幸福感之间的链式中介效应也显著,效应值为-0.01。结论:父母物质惩罚既可以负向影响农村青少年主观幸福感,还可以通过控制感的单独中介作用和物质主义与控制感的链式中介作用影响农村青少年主观幸福感。

青少年“近视人格”及其城乡差异——来自中国教育追踪调查的经验证据

现阶段,注重青少年非认知能力提升已成为国际共识,而我国城乡青少年非认知能力发展差距长期存在。本研究聚焦青少年群体高发的视力健康问题,基于大五人格框架,运用2013-2014、2014-2015学年中国教育追踪调查(CEPS)数据,通过双重差分法、倾向值匹配双重差分法,评估两期调查间近视对青少年人格特质的作用效应,并探讨其间的城乡差异。研究发现,整体而言,近视对个体的外倾性、宜人性有显著负向影响,对神经质有显著正向影响,对开放性、尽责性无显著影响。“近视人格”在城市学生中突出表现为外倾性、宜人性的显著下降,在农村学生中显著表现为神经质的显著上升。本研究进一步推断相关现象的可能成因,提出及时监测学生视力健康状况、着重关注城市近视学生在校活动参与情况、有效关怀农村近视学生内在情绪体验等对策建议。

土地流转对农村青少年人力资本积累的影响效应及机理研究

人力资本积累是扎实推进乡村人才振兴的必然要求。本研究运用CFPS2018数据库,按照“土地流转→家庭教育认知→代际人力资本投资→青少年人力资本积累”的逻辑检验框架,采用PSM模型和中介效应模型探究土地流转政策对农村青少年人力资本积累的影响效应和作用机制,并基于家庭决策者性别视角探究影响效应的差异性。结果表明:(1)相较于未参与土地流转的农村家庭,参与土地流转的农村家庭青少年的人力资本积累水平更高,其子女学业成绩更靠前;(2)参与土地流转的农村家庭教育认知更高,进而会提高青少年子女的物质和非物质性人力资本投资,最终促进青少年人力资本投资的积累;(3)参与土地流转的农村家庭中女性家庭决策者更重视教育投资。鉴于此,相关的政策设计应该聚焦如何推进农村土地流转、补齐农村地区人力资本积累短板、开展女性扶贫项目,进一步实现教育资源的优化配置和城乡教育发展差距的有效缩小。