Study on the Control Model of Rural Non-point Source Pollution——Taking Ninghe County in Tianjin as an Example

[Objective] The aim was to study the control model of rural non-point source pollution.[Method] Taking Ninghe County(a typical agricultural county in Tianjin) as an example,the current development of local economy and society and characteristics of rural non-point source pollution were studied firstly,then the control model of rural non-point source pollution suitable for Ninghe County was constructed,and its environmental and economic benefits were analyzed finally.[Result] According to the sources of non-point source pollution,the control model of rural non-point source pollution in Ninghe County was divided into three modules from the aspects of planting industry,livestock raising industry and rural living.The main content of non-point source pollution control module of planting industry was composed of rational utilization of chemicals,water-saving irrigation,diversified utilization of straw etc.Non-point source pollution control module of livestock raising industry focused on the site selection of farm or raising zones,choice of raising mode,comprehensive utilization of livestock waste etc.In the non-point source pollution control module of rural living,villages were divided into two types(small town and ecological village) based on various geographical positions.In a word,these three modules were interrelated and targeted for non-point source pollution control in villages under different development situations.[Conclusion] The study could provide references for the rural non-point source pollution control in Hai River basin and other regions of Northern China.

The impacts of agricultural and rural economic policy system on agricultural non-point source pollution in China

Agricultural and rural economic policy system is one main driving force for the evolvement of agricultural Non-Point Source （NPS） pollution. In this paper, the main policies that influence agricultural NPS pollution are chosen, and a method to evaluate the impacts of agricultural and rural economic policy system on agricultural NPS pollution is brought forward. According to this, the questions about how and to what degree the policy system influence on agricultural NPS pollution are discussed.

Construction of the Control Mechanism of Rural Non-point Source Pollution in Nantong City

In view of the problems found in the in-depth interviews of the current situation of rural non-point source pollution control mechanism in Nantong City and their reasons,the following six countermeasures and suggestions are put forward,including giving full play to the role of fighting bastion of the Party branch and building a mechanism for Party building to lead the control of non-point source pollution in rural areas,giving prominence to the dominant role of farmers and establishing farmers’endogenous motivation excitation mechanism for rural non-point source pollution control,improving the interest coordination mechanism among multiple governance subjects and building a modern control system for rural non-point source pollution,combining regulations,administrative,economic,technical and other means of rural non-point source pollution control and strengthening the synergistic integration mechanism of multiple means of control,reconstructing the information disclosure mechanism of rural non-point source pollution control and building a comprehensive trust mechanism of multiple control subjects,and improving the mechanism for coordinating the supply of policy tools and ensure that basic mechanisms play their due role.

Investigation on Farmers'Willingness to Participate in Rural Non-point Source Pollution Control in Nantong and Analysis of Its Influencing Factors

Based on the questionnaire survey of 337 farmers in 8 villages in Rugao City,Jiangsu Province,the gender,age and educational level of the main able-bodied people of farm households,the characteristics of farmers’production and living behaviors,farmers’cognition of rural non-point source pollution,and farmers’willingness to pay for rural non-point source pollution control and its influencing factors were studied.The results show that to protect the rural ecological environment,most farmers are willing to participate in rural non-point source pollution control,but the annual cost of rural non-point source pollution control is low,and the number of volunteer days is small.Rural grass-roots party organizations should stimulate farmers’willingness to participate in rural non-point source pollution control,give full play to the role of the branch as a fighting fortress,and build a mechanism for Party building to lead rural non-point source pollution control.

Water Pollution Situation and Impacts in Rural China

With the development of national economics, water pollution is becoming a critical problem in rural China. This research presented a brief view of water pollution situation in rural areas of China in terms of water shortage, water-pollutant sources, eutrophication of water bodies and pollution development in temporal scale. Analysis was conducted on the negative effects of water pollution on human health, agricultural plantation and animal husbandry. Subsequently, some suggestions were proposed for wastewater treatment in rural areas.

Role of rural solid waste management in non-point source pollution control of Dianchi Lake catchments, China

In recent years,with control of the main muni-cipal and industrial point pollution sources and imple-mentation of cleaning for some inner pollution sources in the water body,the discharge of point source pollution decreased gradually,while non-point source pollution has become increasingly distressing in Dianchi Lake catch-ments.As one of the major targets in non-point source pollution control,an integrated solid waste controlling strategy combined with a technological solution and man-agement system was proposed and implemented based on the waste disposal situation and characteristics of rural solid waste in the demonstration area.As the key techno-logy in rural solid waste treatment,both centralized plant-scale composting and a dispersed farmer-operated waste treating system showed promise in rendering timely ben-efits in efficiency,large handling capacity,high quality of the end product,as well as good economic return.Problems encountered during multi-substrates co-com-posting such as pathogens,high moisture content,asyn-chronism in the decomposition of different substrates,and low quality of the end product can all be tackled.92.5% of solid waste was collected in the demonstration area,while the treating and recycling ratio reached 87.9%,which pre-vented 32.2 t nitrogen and 3.9 t phosphorus per year from entering the water body of Dianchi Lake after imple-mentation of the project.

基于输出系数法的农业面源氮磷排放特征分析

为研究东江源头区农业面源氮磷负荷情况,利用改进的输出系数模型(ECM)对2020年东江源头区农业面源氮磷排放特征进行了探讨.结果表明:(1)东江源头区农业面源污染物总氮(TN)和总磷(TP)负荷量分别是4884.23t/a和591.85t/a, TN污染负荷是TP污染负荷的8.25倍,其中高于源头区TN平均负荷量的乡镇依次为留车镇、文峰乡、晨光镇、南桥镇、吉潭镇、丹溪乡和澄江镇,高于源头区TP平均负荷量的乡镇依次为晨光镇、留车镇、南桥镇、文峰乡、丹溪乡、菖蒲乡和吉潭镇.(2)氮磷污染负荷强度与负荷量不同,且表现出一定的空间差异性.污染负荷量较高分别为留车镇和晨光镇,但负荷强度最高分别为南桥镇和菖蒲乡.TN负荷强度较高的依次为南桥镇、菖蒲乡、晨光镇、留车镇和项山乡,均高于源头区TN平均负荷强度2.88t/(km^(2)?a);TP负荷强度较高的依次为菖蒲乡、南桥镇、晨光镇、丹溪乡、留车镇和罗珊乡,均高于源头区TP平均负荷强度0.36t/(km^(2)·a).(3)不同污染源类型对氮磷排放的贡献率不一致,TN污染表现为土地利用>农村生活>畜禽养殖,TP污染表现为畜禽养殖>土地利用>农村生活.其中氮源中土地利用污染占比为37.67%~80.29%,主要分布在长宁镇、桂竹帽镇、三标乡、水源乡、文峰乡等;磷源中畜禽养殖污染占比44.75%~70.71%,主要分布在菖蒲乡、晨光镇、罗珊乡、南桥镇、丹溪乡、龙廷乡和留车镇.东江源头区各乡镇氮磷面源污染特征不同,其治理手段和目标也不尽相同,对于菖蒲乡、晨光镇、南桥镇等需切实解决畜禽养殖规划性不强,部分养殖户选址不合理,粪污治理设施普及率和资源化利用水平低等问题;对于留车镇、澄江镇、吉潭镇等应大力推进小型农村污水处理设施建设,完善生活污水处理措施;对于文峰乡、三标乡、水源乡等乡镇需制定合理的施肥方案,避免化肥过量施用及利用率低的问题.

湖北省农村生活面源污染现状及时空特征

本文采用系数法对湖北省农村生活面源污染产生和排放现状及时空特征进行了研究。结果表明,湖北省2007、2010和2012年农村生活源生活污水、垃圾、有机垃圾、COD、总氮、总磷、氨氮的年平均产生量分别为44 514.55万t、407.31万t、212.26万t、456 279.68 t、35 412.59 t、5 456.51 t、12 604.63 t,年均排放量分别为36 996.53万t、237.55万t、63.58万t、364 910.13 t、28 202.75t、3 866.51 t、11 818.72 t,各污染物的产生和排放量呈增加趋势,年增幅约0.15%;不管氮素还是磷素,农村生活污水都是其产生和排放的主要贡献者。此外,从污染物的空间分布来看,江汉平原和鄂东沿江平原是各污染物的主要产生和排放区域。

重庆市典型村镇生活垃圾污染源特点及收运体系对比研究

针对重庆市村镇严峻的生态环境,为有效地处理生活垃圾,减少环境污染,选取3类典型的村镇,通过走访调查、实地采样、实验室检测等方法,对重庆市3类典型村镇生活垃圾特点、成分因素进行了分析,对不同村镇类型的收运体系进行了探讨。通过调查研究,结果发现,3类村镇生活垃圾在产量、成分上差异较大。传统村镇以灰土竹木垃圾为主,占40.22%,其次是人畜粪便,占12.07%,可回收及有害垃圾含量较少;城乡统筹村镇以砖瓦、灰土为主,两者占到了39.11%,其次是厨余类和橡塑类分别占15.90%和12.05%;旅游型村镇以厨余类为主,占28.60%,其次是塑料类和砖瓦类分别占14.95%和14.90%。在此基础上,提出针对3类村镇垃圾源头分类的方法和收运模式,希望能为重庆村镇生活垃圾的规范处理提供支持。

四川省农村生活非点源污染负荷估算及评价研究

研究旨在明确现阶段四川省农村生活非点源污染状况,及对农村生活非点源污染控制提供依据。笔者依托输出系数模型,考虑农村生活垃圾、生活废水和人体粪尿污染物三方面,从污染物产生、输出到入河三阶段建立了农村生活非点源污染负荷估算模型。在模型支撑下,估算了2012年四川省各地级市(州)农村生活非点源污染物中TN(总氮)、TP(总磷)和COD(化学需氧量)的负荷量,并对TN、TP和COD的负荷总量、来源比例进行分析,同时结合地表水三级水质标准(GB 3838—2002),计算了农村生活非点源污染中TN、TP和COD的入河贡献率。结果显示四川省农村生活非点源产生负荷TN 421070 t,TP 91122 t,COD 2023186 t;输出负荷TN 120675 t,TP 26298 t,COD 419969 t;入河负荷TN 44499 t,TP 5780 t,COD 142049 t。各地市州中,南充、达州和成都产生、输出负荷最大;宜宾、南充和达州入河量最大。全省农村生活非点源污染TN、TP和COD的入河贡献率总体不大,仅遂宁、内江入河TN负荷对水体污染的贡献率超过地表水三级水质标准100%。随经济发展,四川省农村生活非点源污染部分区域较为严重,对其控制不容忽视。研究采用的方法可为其它区域的农村生活非点源污染负荷估算提供参考和借鉴。

村镇生活垃圾重金属含量及其来源分析

对全国12个省份72个典型村镇的生活垃圾进行采样调查,系统分析我国村镇生活垃圾中重金属污染特征及其可能来源.结果表明,我国北方典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别为(7.51±8.89)、(0.64±0.42)、(21.91±12.29)、(4.82±8.37)、(86.36±59.99)、(36.43±15.98)、(62.19±36.61)和(46.07±25.22)mg·kg-1,南方典型村镇生活垃圾中重金属As、Hg、Pb、Cd、Cr、Cu、Zn和Ni的含量分别为(7.43±8.82)、(0.83±0.74)、(21.62±13.76)、(1.84±4.55)、(131.06±74.96)、(37.20±16.80)、(98.04±63.71)和(46.75±25.75)mg·kg-1.与《城镇垃圾农用控制标准》(GB 8172-87)和《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618-1995)二级标准相比,重金属Cd和Hg超标较严重.通过聚类分析、Pearson相关分析和主成分分析解析垃圾中重金属污染物的来源,结果表明我国典型村镇生活垃圾中Pb和Cd主要来源于厨余、灰土、橡塑类和纸质等印刷品,Hg主要来源于厨余和灰土,Zn和Cr主要来源于灰土,Cu主要来源于电子、电池类废弃物和尘土、橡塑、纸质等印刷品,Ni主要来源于废弃的电子、电池类产品,As主要来源于杀虫剂等农药和肥料.