Analyzing Influencing Factors of Rural Poverty in Typical Poverty Areas of Hainan Province: A Case Study of Lingao County

Rural poverty and poverty reduction are not only the focal issues that have attracted worldwide attention, but also the vital issues on people's livelihood that has attached great importance and aimed to be solved by the central and local governments of China. Based on the survey data of 354 farming households, this paper, taking the national poverty county of Lingao County, Hainan Province for an example, examined the characteristics of rural poverty of the county. Moreover, this paper established the spatial lag model(SLM) from five dimensions, namely, status of the household head, household structure, health status, income composition and traffic accessibility, to analyze the main influencing factors of rural poverty according to the values of Moran's I and the diagnosis of spatial dependence of the OLS model. It is found that the poor farming households gathered mainly in five towns in the north and southwest of the county, and the rural poverty have the characteristics of low educational level of the heads, more minor children, high population of farming peasants, high incidence of disease and low proportion of household wage-equivalent income. The results also showed that the variables such as the number of minor children, the number of migrant worker, the number of farming peasants and the proportion of wage-equivalent income have significant effectiveness on rural poverty, while the status of the household head, health status and traffic accessibility have little influence. It is an important way to realize the goal of poverty alleviation by controlling the number of farmers' fertility, strengthening the vocational skills training of farmers, vigorously developing specialization and large-scale agriculture and increasing the employment opportunities of farmers.

The effects of social security expenditure on reducing income inequality and rural poverty in China

Social security has,as one of its primary aims,the provision of financial support to those deemed to be poor or facing the threat of poverty.Based on China's national statistical data covering social insurance,social assistance,and social welfare between the period 1978–2018,this paper evaluates the effect of social security expenditure in reducing income inequality and rural poverty with cointegration analysis.It was found that there is a positive correlation between social security expenditure and the income gap of urban and rural residents in the long run,but the effect is very limited;nearly 99%of the changes of the urban–rural income gap come from its own contributions.Further research also shows that the elasticity of rural poverty incidence to social security expenditure is–0.2255,which indicates social security expenditure helps reduce rural absolute poverty.Based on these findings,the policy implications can be that much social security expenditure and a more equitable social security system should be encouraged.It will become one of the major anti-poverty strategies after 2020 in China when we win the battle against absolute poverty.

China＇s Experience in Rural Poverty Reduction.Jobs from Industrialization and Urbanization to Increase Rural Household Income

This paper makes an appraisal of the successful experience of China, a country with the largest agricultural population in the world, in the reduction of rural poverty. We conclude that it is an indispensible strategy to give priority to the development of urban sectors to promote economic growth and reduce rural poverty, and that the development of low value-added agriculture yields few, if any, benefits in decreasing rural poverty. By first adopting urban-biased policies and promoting industrialization, China has created new sources of economic growth and urban employment opportunities to absorb the surplus rural workforce. Entering labor-intensive industrial sectors for higher incomes has thus become a critical avenue for the rural poor to benefit from economic growth and escape poverty.

Developing strategy for rural transformation to alleviate poverty in Pakistan:Stylized facts from panel analysis

Sustainable income growth and poverty reduction remain critical challenges at the forefront of research in Pakistan,particularly in rural areas.To overcome these challenges,the role of rural transformation(RT)has emerged and gained importance in recent years.The present study is based on district-level data and covers the period from 1981 to 2019.The study attempts to quantify the role of rural transformation in boosting rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty in the country.The study also aims to explore the impact of stages of rural transformation on rural per capita income and rural poverty alleviation.The empirical findings reveal that rural transformation(RT_(1)and RT_(2))is essential in enhancing rural per capita income and alleviating rural poverty.The role of the share of high-value crops(RT_(1))is more pronounced than the share of non-farm employment(RT_(2))in boosting rural per capita income and poverty alleviation.The trend of larger contribution of RT_(1)to enhance rural per capita income also continued at 2nd stage of rural transformation.In the case of poverty reduction,at 3rd stage of rural transformation,the role of RT_(2)is dominant.Our results indicate that districts at higher stages of rural transformation(both RT_(1)and RT_(2))tend to correlate positively with increased rural per capita income and reduced poverty rates,suggesting that progress in rural transformation is associated with improved economic conditions.However,it is important to note that this correlation does not necessarily imply a direct causal relationship between rural transformation and these economic outcomes;other factors may have influenced this relationship.In addition,the welfare impacts are more noticeable among the districts where a simultaneous shift from grain crops to cash crops and from farm employment to non-farm employment is observed.The study provides baseline information to learn experiences from fast-growing districts and to replicate the strategies in other districts,which boosts the RT process that may increase rural per capita income and enhance poverty reduction efforts.

Impact of climate-smart agricultural technology on multidimensional poverty in rural Ethiopia

A large body of empirical literature showed that the adoption of agricultural technologies reduces poverty. However, dominants of those studies so far used one-dimensional income or expenditure-based measures of poverty which may not reflect other types of deprivations. Therefore, the major objective of this study is to examine the impact of adopting climate-smart agricultural technology, which refers to a joint application of row planting methods and the use of chemical fertilizers, on the multidimensional poverty status of rural households in Ethiopia. To estimate the impact of the stated technologies, this study employs propensity score matching and endogenous switching regression methods. To measure the multidimensional poverty index, the study also uses the Alkire and Foster counting approach. Using the Ethiopian Socioeconomic Survey(ESS), collected in 2015-Wave 3, the results of the study show that the adoption of these technologies reduces deprivation score and one of its component, the standard of living part. Regionally, a high reduction in deprivation is observed in Amhara and Oromiya regions. The results also show that the impact is significantly higher in severely deprived households. It is also observed that the reduction in multidimensional poverty due to the technology is through an increase in income/consumption via improvement in production gain. The impact channels more through the non-food expenditure pathway. Finally, this study also sheds light on the effects that technology adoption has on multidimensional poverty reduction.

Rural Poverty Patterns and Influencing Factors in Yunnan Province,China:Based on County Level Dataset

The identification of poverty at the county level is the precondition for poverty alleviation by formulating accurate strategies that are targeted for a certain area.Yunnan Province has the largest number of poverty counties in China.The vast number of people living under the poverty-line,and the deep degree of poverty across a wide distribution range,pose major challenges.Based on the rural poverty incidence data,this paper describes the rural poverty patterns in Yunnan Province in 2010 and 2015,and then it explores the main factors which influence the incidence and changes in rural poverty at the county level in Yunnan Province using a stepwise regression analysis method.This study found that the rural poverty in counties of Yunnan Province was deeply affected by natural conditions and the geographical environment.In 2010 and 2015,the rural poverty situation in the middle region of Yunnan Province was relatively light,while it was more serious in the northwest,northeast and south regions.The pattern of county poverty is in good agreement with the topography and landforms of Yunnan Province and the poverty-stricken areas.There are strong correlations between the incidence of rural poverty in Yunnan Province with both the annual per capita net income of rural residents and the degree of agricultural mechanization.These factors are related to the living standards and agricultural production necessary for the peasantry to sustain their livelihood.The change in the incidence of rural poverty at the county level in Yunnan Province from 2010 to 2015 is significantly correlated with changes in the value-added of the primary industries and the degree of agricultural mechanization.These correlations indicate that the development of primary industry plays a key role in the process of lifting rural residents in Yunnan Province out of poverty so they can achieve prosperity.Therefore,improving the annual per capita net income of rural residents and the degree of agricultural mechanization for rural areas in Yunnan Province are still the main points for focused efforts.In the current phase of poverty alleviation,Yunnan Province should emphasize increasing rural residents'income and agricultural production and management in order to formulate effective policies and measures for poverty alleviation.

Spatial Coupling Relationship and Driving Mechanism of Population and Economy in Rural Areas in Qinling-Daba Mountains,China

Addressing the issue of the healthy and coordinated development of the population and economic factors in rural areas will not only help consolidate and expand the achievements of poverty alleviation,but will also lay a foundation for comprehensive rural revitalization.In this paper,the spatial coupling relationship between the population and economic factors in rural areas in the QinlingDaba Mountains,China,is explored to provide a reference for rural revitalization and regional sustainable development in poverty areas.Sixty-eight county units in rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains,as well as the population and economic factors in rural areas,are used to study the spatial coupling relationship between population and economy,as well as the driving mechanism,in rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains from 2010 to 2020.The results show that a population contraction phenomenon occurred in the rural areas in the Qinling-Daba Mountains,and the spatial agglomeration trends of the population and economic factors were consistent.The agglomeration was mainly located in the suburban areas of the municipal area,and the agglomeration degree was significantly higher in these areas than in other areas.In terms of the spatial distribution,the economic development level of the rural areas in the northeastern part of the Qinling-Daba Mountains was generally higher than that in the central and western parts,and the unbalanced trends of the population and economic spatial differentiation in the eastern and western regions were significant.The spatial coupling relationship between the population and economy changed from coordinated development to economic advancement.This was mainly due to the mutual restriction and joint actions of the industrial structure,capital situation,natural environment,policies,and institutional regulations,among which the industrial structure and capital status had significant effects.

Economic Growth and Anti-Poverty ii Rural China

Based on CHIP （Chinese household income project） survey data, this paper estimated the changes of absolute poverty and income disparity for the period of 1988-2002, as well as the impact of income growth and changes in income distribution on poverty reduction in rural China. The results show that absolute rural poverty fell sharply during this period, regardless of where the poverty line is set. Both the decomposition of poverty and the panel data analysis demonstrate that income growth causes a fall in poverty.

Reexamining the Viewpoint of the World Bank： Does Agricultural Growth Play a More Important Role in Reducing Poverty in Rural China？

The Worm Bank maintains that, compared to the growth of other industries, agricultural growth plays a more important role in reducing China＇s rural poverty. This stance, however, is contrary to the findings in this paper. This paper asserts that China＇s experience in reducing rural poverty should be attributed to： （1） its earlier, unbalanced economic development strategies, which gave priority to heavy industries and industrialization and led to the economic boom,＂ and （2） the expansion of non-agricultural sectors, which enabled poor rural households to engage in non-agricultural production. Thus, the key impetus to reducing poverty in rural China is industrialization. Due to its large population but limited farmlands, it may not be a good strategy for China to make agricultural development a priority because its relatively low value added and net profits are inept to promote economic development and reduce rural poverty.

Realize Facilitated Targeted Poverty Elimination with Targeted Poverty——Alleviation: A New Anti-Poverty Approach for Rural China

Since the Reform and Opening-up, remarkable achievements in poverty alleviation have been made in China. China's success in mass poverty reduction can be attributed to its rapid economic growth, large-scale regional poverty alleviation and development, sound social security policies, widereaching farmer-benefiting policies and the equal land allotment system. However, with income inequality on the rise, poverty reduction effect made by the economic growth is declining: More targeted poverty alleviation policies are needed by China. Targeted poverty alleviation aims to improve the effect and efficiency of poverty alleviation through precise identification of poverty-stricken populations and comprehensive supportive measures. To tackle a variety of challenges such as the poor cultivation among povertystricken populations, the complex causes for poverty, and inflexible capital management, China should improve its poverty alleviation mechanism by innovating poverty identification methods, support approaches, capital management and performance assessment.

Advances in Studies about Rural Financial Poverty Alleviation from the Perspective of Targeted Poverty Alleviation

With the objective of building a well-off society in an all-round way reaching the decisive stage,poverty alleviation enters the final stage,and rural financial poverty alleviation is increasingly becoming a hot topic of various circles of society. In order to accelerate the poverty alleviation and provide references and recommendations for further development of theory and practice of financial poverty alleviation,this paper made an overview of the organization system,operation mechanism and service products of rural financial poverty alleviation,elaborated the development path of financial poverty alleviation,and came up with recommendations for financial poverty alleviation.

Rocky Land Desertification and its Driving Forces in the Karst Areas of Rural Guangxi,Southwest China

With a subtropical climate,Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region has a typical karst landscape.Rocky desertification has become a serious environmental issue due to its high vulnerability caused by the joint effect of natural settings and human activities,because of which its eco-environment has been deteriorated in recent years,and farmland has been disappearing sharply at the same time.This,in turn,has exacerbated the poverty level in the rural areas of the region.In this study,we monitored the spatial distribution of rocky land desertification and its temporal evolution using Landsat TM/ETM images of 1985,1995,2000 and 2005.We also analyzed the driving forces of the desertification and its expansion.Through constructing regression models by using all the relevant variables and considering the lagged effects as well as fixed effects,we quantified the exact role of different factors causing rocky land desertification in the study area with some new findings.The new findings in this study are greatly helpful for preserving,restoring and reconstructing the degraded mountain environment in Guangxi and other karst areas in Southwest China,and also for alleviating poverty in the rural areas in the future.

Satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors based on farmers' perspective:Questionnaire survey and research on 1720 farmers in Shaanxi Province of China

Based on the first-hand data of the household survey of targeted poverty alleviation policies,five dimensions were analyzed from the residential regions,the individual characteristics,the household income characteristics,the poverty status and the farmers' relevancy to poverty alleviation policies.Through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis,the satisfaction of targeted poverty alleviation policies and its influencing factors have been inspected.It is found that the farmers,on the whole,are satisfied with the targeted poverty alleviation policies.Their satisfaction for the implementation of local poverty alleviation policies is in a moderate high level,however at the same time they expect the policies to be improved.The impoverished farmers in southern Shaanxi have higher satisfaction towards the poverty alleviation policies.Those farmers' awareness,participation,and benefit are positively related to the level of satisfaction towards policies.The implementation of the poverty alleviation from the government is not only favorable for its people,but also the country.It can greatly enhance the recognition of the government's legitimacy and local government's credibility.To formulate and implement the targeted alleviation policies,the relationship between farmers,especially impoverished farmers,and such policies should be taken into consideration.The starting point and judging criteria of poverty alleviation job should be based on questions whether the farmers know,need,and have the willing to participate in and satisfy with the policies.Those farmers' right to know,participate,benefit and judge should be protected,and it will continuously promote the efficiency of implementing poverty alleviation.

China’s Poverty Alleviation

Since the founding of the People’s Republic of China,China’s rural poverty alleviation has achieved periodical progress,creating a great miracle in the history of poverty alleviation,and becoming the first country to complete the Millennium Developing Goals of poverty alleviation in the United Nations.At present,we are in a critical period of winning the battle against poverty and decisively developing a moderately prosperous society in all respects.By precisely figuring out the hard course of poverty alleviation in China in recent decades,concluding the experience of poverty alleviation and defining the key points for advancing the poverty alleviation work in the future,we are sure to get rid of poverty in the countryside and carry out the strategy of rural revitalization better.

Eliminating poverty through development:The dynamic evolution of multidimensional poverty in rural China

This paper measures intertemporal multidimensional poverty in rural China from 1988 to 2018 based on the China Household Income Project(CHIP)data and for that time period has the following findings.First,multidimensional poverty in rural China declines steadily when measured through the income poverty approach.Second,multidimensional poverty in rural areas presents demographic and regional heterogeneity,among which elderly poverty,child poverty,and poverty in the western Chinese region are the most prominent ones.Third,income poverty and multidimensional poverty have a low overlap ratio and show intertemporal synchronisation over time.Although increases in income can alleviate multidimensional poverty,this effect is very limited.This paper suggests that a suitable multidimensional poverty identification framework should be developed in the era of poverty alleviation after 2020 and that in the new poverty alleviation governance system of China,targeted development strategies should be formulated with an increased focus on the poverty of special groups such as children and the elderly.

Decomposition Analysis of Poverty Reduction in Rural China:2007-2018

Using the last three waves of the rural household surveys conducted by the Chinese Household Income Project in 2007,2013,and 2018,this paper focuses on changes in poverty in rural China.The paper decomposes poverty change into the growth effect and the inequality effect,and also decomposes the contributions of income components,concentrating particularly on income from public transfers.Economic growth had a very significant poverty reduction effect for both absolute and relative poverty,but the inequality effect mostly offset it;in total,absolute poverty reduced significantly,and relative poverty increased from 2007 to 2018.Local wage income became the main contributor to both absolute and relative poverty reduction,replacing household agricultural operational income,and the contribution of wage income from migration declined.Public transfers effectively reduced absolute poverty but not relative poverty.

Impact Assessment of LEEMP （Local Empowerment and Environmental Management Project） in Adamawa State of Nigeria

This paper provided a reviewed case of implementation of rural development project in relation to poverty alleviation in Adamawa State of Nigeria. Inco-prorating the community based management project in rural development strategies seems to be the best approach to implement rural development project. The study used both qualitative and quantitative research techniques to obtain data on the implementation of LEEMP （local empowerment and environmental management project）. The result shows that the project has impacted positively to rural development of some rural communities in the state. However, there were challenges discovered, which include non-inclusion of some stake holders because of social class or due to political affiliations, while projects are not evenly distributed among communities of serious needs. This paper implies that effective incorporation of rural communities in the managements of rural development projects requires full community participation in the development process. This requires collective action, which ties the community on values, sustainable maintenance of infrastructures, and improvements, in cultures, of environmental conservation and economics benefits into rural development, with balancing the aim of sustaining social infrastructures, environmental management and poverty alleviation.

Public Service Provision and Poverty Reduction in Rural Tibet

During the recent two decades, reduced accessibility to basic public goods has become acommon problem in most of the inland provinces, and it is particularly the case in the less-developed regions. In response to this situation, the local government in Tibet has securedthe normal operation of the agricultural support system, strengthened investment in primaryeducation and basic health care, and has guaranteed social assistance to the key vulnerablegroups. There are two main reasons for this. Firstly, it is considered that substantialregional aid enables the local government to perform its public function with adequate fiscalresources. Secondly, external supervision has driven the local government to maintainsufficient political will to provide low-income groups with the basic public services at lowprices or free of charge. This is essentially a type of investment-oriented income redistribution.In both the short and long term, it will contribute to reducing the economic inequality that themarket mechanism has brought about. In other words, it will help to narrow the regional,sectoral and individual economic gaps.

Rural Women Climb Poverty

WITHIN the past 15 year economic development in China has experienced an unprecedented leap forward. However, much like the widely varied geography of China, great economic differences exist across this vast country. In 1984 the State Council designated 14 areas as poor areas in China. Most of these areas are distributed throughout th remote, western mountainous region, an in some densely populated communities of ethnic groups. A number of peasants in these areas still go without adequate food or clothing.