Factors Associated with Unmet Need for Family Planning among Couples Living in Urban and Rural Areas of Guinea in 2019

Introduction: Unmet need for family planning (UNFP) is defined as women with unmet needs who want to stop or delay childbearing but are not using any method of contraception. The objective of this study was to analyze the factors associated with unmet needs for family planning among couples living in rural and urban areas of Guinea in 2019. Methodology: This was a prospective, analytical cross-sectional, multicenter study of a six-month period from August 1, 2018 to January 31, 2019, focusing on couples with unmet needs for family planning. Result: Among 189 couples interviewed, 567 had UNFP (33.3%), the reasons for not using modern contraceptive methods were desire for pregnancy (AOR = 2.74, 95% CI: 1.74, 4.31), husband’s refusal (AOR = 0.23, 95% CI: 0.06, 0.81), spousal attitude (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.130, 30), birth spacing (AOR = 2.10% to 95%: 1.16, 3.82), difficulty with a new pregnancy (AOR = 0.17, 95% CI: 0.04, 0.74), and spousal attitude (AOR = 0.20, 95% CI: 0.14, 0.30). Conclusion: The involvement of spouses, especially in rural communities, would help achieve family planning objectives and reduce unmet needs for family planning.

A Preliminary Analysis of Single-parent Families in China

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Urban-rural Unification of Standard of Special Subsidy for Families Practicing Family Planning

According to news from the website of National Health and Family Planning Commission（NHFPC）on April 17,Ministry of Finance and NHFPC recently issued Opinions on Further Improving the Input Mechanism in Family Planning,

The Impact of Urban and Rural Education Gap on Student Achievement Differences

With our country’s social development,the gap between urban and rural education has become increasingly obvious,especially the difference in student achievement.This study aims to explore the impact of the urban-rural education gap on student achievement.The study adopts a quantitative analysis method to collect and analyze the academic performance,learning resources,and social resources of urban and rural students.The results show that the unbalanced distribution of educational resources in urban and rural areas is the key factor leading to the gap in students’achievement.For example,urban education resources are abundant while rural education resources are relatively scarce.At the same time,the difference in social environment and family economic status also have a significant impact on student achievement.The differences between urban and rural areas,particularly in terms of family economic conditions and their ability to invest in education,further widen the gap between urban and rural education.The results of this study can provide a reference for reducing the gap between urban and rural education and improving the academic performance of rural students.A fair education policy is essential to narrow the gap between urban and rural education resources distribution,so as to improve the equality of education in society.

Human Capital of Family and Social Mobility in Rural Areas-Evidence from China

This research focuses on the impact of family＇s human capital on social mobility in China＇s rural community.Empirical research is conducted based on data from surveying a typical rural community in the past 20 yr.The study indicates that social mobility in rural area is active in the past 20 yr,and the human capital of family,represented by primary labor＇s education level,has played an essential role in mobility of low social class.Meanwhile,socio-economic development and the change of supply and demand in labor market dims the signaling role of degree education,but the impact of occupational training is increasingly remarkable.Therefore,the change from sole degree education to multi-leveled education including occupational education and training is a main way for China＇s rural families in low class to realize social mobility.

Research on the Development of Rural Family Farm: A Case Study of Shandong Province in China

In recent years, the rural family farms in Shandong Province of China have been developing very fast. They have achieved remarkable economic effects on improving the technical and equipment level of agricultural production, farmers’ professional quality, the efficiency of land production and farmers’ income-increase, etc. However, there also exist the problems of non-smooth land transfer, unclear farm recognition-standard, more difficult loan-financing, imperfect social service and so on. This paper suggests that measures should be taken to deepen the reform of the rural land system, perfect the land transfer mechanism, clarify the family farms confirmed standards, improve the family farms and financing system, perfect the socialized service system, and thus create a relaxed environment and conditions for the development of family farms in order to promote its healthy development.

Analysis of the Changes in Rural Chinese Family Structure since Reform and Opening Up

This article uses data from censuses since 1982 to reveal changes in the family structure of rural China since the launch of reform and opening up and against the backdrop of institutional relocation,social transformation and an aging population.Since the advent of reform and opening up,rural family structure and its changes can be divided into two phases.Before the 1990 s,the household contract responsibility system was implemented,labor in rural villages was still mainly engaged in farming,and the number of nuclear families remained stable with a steady rise.After the 1990 s,as reform progress deepened,substantial numbers of young and middle-aged laborers in rural villages began to relocate into non-farming sectors and aging in rural villages rose.As those born in the early days of the family planning policy gradually matured,family structure was directly affected and changed in new ways and forms not seen before.Vocational divisions of labor among the parents of young families and married offspring emerged and the significance of cooperation for family economy and daily life between parents and offspring rose in importance.Also,the prevalence of immediate families with three generations climbed while the standard nuclear families declined,the ratio of middle-aged couples with young children that worked outside the home increased,the function of middle-aged and senior parents in the upbringing of infants and children enhanced,and the commonness of incomplete family types such as only grandparents with grandchildren increased.During this phase,the number of seniors living alone surged to the point of becoming a matter worthy of attention.

The Transformation of Rural Household Reproduction Model and Its Impact on Family Relations

Under the pressure of marketization and urbanization,rural family reproduction mode has transformed from simple reproduction to expanded family reproduction,thus changing the family structure and family relationship.Under the mode of expanded family reproduction,family relationship is a highly rational and deeply mobilized interaction pattern.And the family element configuration profoundly reflects the practical form of family relationship.Under the mode of expanded family reproduction,the changes in rural family relations are mainly reflected in three aspects:the decline of the paternal authority and the increasing family status of the offspring;the increasing status of women along with a decisive role in family decision-making;the more independent,equal,competitive and rational relationship among brothers.These changes bring forward new requirements on rural governance system,which requires improvements on social security and public culture.

Rural Women Transfer from the Perspective of Family Migration

At first,this article gives an overview of previous researches on family migration,the pulling force and drag force of the rural residents' behavior of going out. On the basis of questionnaire survey of rural woman's behavior of going out in Anhui Province,conducted in early 2011,this article studies the pulling force and drag force of rural woman's behavior of going out,their will to settle in the city,and the obstacles to settlement. Finally,I derive three pulling forces of rural woman's behavior of going out,and three major factors influencing settlement in city.

Children Education Investment of Rural Families in Hechuan District of Chongqing Municipality

Taking 20 relative poor families in Hechuan District of Chongqing Municipality as survey samples,taking 275 households of rural families selected by stratified sampling method as research objects,and taking family education investment behavior of this rural area as research content,this paper studied current situations of rural family education investment behavior in Hechuan District,difference in investment behavior and related influence factors. It is intended to provide references for family education investment of rural areas in Hechuan District and even Chongqing Municipality,and promote development of rural education undertaking in China.

Cross-sectional population based study examining the impact of children with asthma on US rural families

Introduction: Approximately 7.1 million US children have asthma. The burden of asthma is disproportionate with ruralUSpopulations experiencing a higher prevalence of the disease. Rural populations experience additional disparities regarding health care access, job availability, and daily living resources. Hence, the family impact of having a child with asthma may be influenced by geographic locale. This impact could be a result of health insurance tied to employment, out of pocket costs, and health care provider availability. Few studies have assessed the impact a child’s asthma has on a family. This study sought to answer the question: What is the impact of children with asthma on US rural families? Methods: Multivariate techniques were performed to examine a single year of data from two connected population-based datasets, the 2007-2008 National Survey of Children’s Health and the 2009-2010 Children with Special Health Care Needs Survey. Children with current asthma defined the study population for both datasets. A logistic regression model was performed for each database. The dependent variable for the first model was child in family currently has asthma, for the second it was rural children with current asthma. Results: The first logistic regression model confirmed that rural children were more likely to have asthma than non-rural children. The second logistic regression model yielded that rural families with a child diagnosed with asthma had greater odds of: not having health insurance, having a parent who stopped working, avoided a job change, or experienced financial problems because of the child’s health. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that rural families experience a disproportionate financial hardship as a result of their child’s asthma. Pharmacist intervention in asthma care in rural areas has the potential to decrease the financial burden for a family while also improving a child’s health.

Program (Trial) for Rewarding and Assisting Selected Rural Households That Have Practiced Family Planning

To promote coordinated population and socioeconomic development in rural areas and alleviate special difficulties confronting rural households that practice family planning, and have only one child or two female children, we have formulated this plan in line with the Opinions of the National Population and Family Planning Commission and the Ministry of Finance on Piloting Work for Rewarding and Assisting Selected Rural Households That Practice Family Planning, as forwarded by the State Council General Office.

The Pilot Project on Rewarding and Supporting Rural Households Practicing Family Planning:Interagency Division of Responsibilities and Cooperation

In order to solve the practical difficulties of rural households practicing family planning, further implement the population and family planning program and promote the establishment of coordinated and harmonious communities in rural areas,the central government launched a pilot project to reward and support rural families practicing family planning in five western provinces and ten cities in 2004. In 2005, the pilot sites were expanded to 23 more provinces and parts of Shandong and Tibet.

Investment risk of rural family education: From the persepective of educational cost and income

With the implementation of the policy of popularization of education, rural families make the choice of interests and behavior decisions through the calculation of their own benefits and costs, and gradually become the main body of rural education investment decisions. The relationship between educational cost and income plays a major role in the rural family education investment. Based on the current situation of rural education in our country, this paper focuses on the risk of rural education investment and rural education costs and benefits, and then puts forward scientific, operational measures and suggestions.

A Study on the Problem of Providing for the Aged in Rural Areas under the Background of Weakening the Family Support Function

However, with the development of economy and the aging of the population, this kind of old-age model is facing many problems, and the family pension function is weakened gradually. Therefore, based on this, the old-age pension system is still in the family. The situation of China＇s rural old-age security research has important practical significance.

Relationship between Poor Family Environment and Early Childhood Development in Rural Areas and Recommendations

In order to provide a policy basis for improving the early development of poor rural children,this paper uses quantitative data and quantitative research methods to study the early development of children in poor rural areas and the impact of family environmental quality on such development. The results show that the early development of poor rural children,especially the ability of social emotion is not perfect,and the quality of family environment has a significant impact on the early development of poor rural children. Therefore,in order to improve the early development of rural children,it is necessary to attach importance to the improvement of family environment and increase the interaction with children. The government needs to establish and improve the mechanism of providing early development services,increase investment and find more efficient service model.

年龄视角下家庭结构转变对农村老人代际支持的影响

本文采用“安徽省农村老年人生活福利状况”2001-2018年7期专项追踪调查数据,聚焦年龄效应构建个体增长模型,深入探究年龄视角下家庭结构转变对农村老人代际支持的动态影响。结果表明,代际支持策略随家庭结构而异,同时该策略会因老人年龄调节而有所调整。其中,随年龄调节,“变为独居”老人会为子女提供更多经济支持;“一直二代及以上同住”老人与其子女间情感亲密越差;“变为二代及以上同住”老人逐渐获得更多日常照料;“一直隔代同住”与“变为隔代同住”老人会得到子女更高水平经济支持,并减少照料支持提供。结果揭示了在老龄化与城市化并行推进的背景下,家庭养老在农村的主体地位仍牢固,巩固家庭养老的主体地位对缓解农村社会养老压力意义深远;揭示了社会应重视不同家庭结构老人的群体异质性,提倡老人接受符合其养老期待的差异化社会养老服务;揭示了孝道观念深刻根植于子女内心并不断驱使其改进代际支持策略,通过两代人的不同支持行为,利用各自优势实现需求互补,这对促进家庭代际和谐至关重要。

农村扩中群体的家庭财务报表识别机制研究:基于浙江共同富裕先行示范区的实践探索

基于家庭财务报表构建扩中群体识别机制对提高财政支持政策的精准性、加快实现共同富裕具有重要意义。在厘清浙江省现有扩中群体识别机制构建取得的进展与存在的不足的基础上,梳理农业经营主体家庭财务报表的编制探索、应用进展及对扩中群体识别的启示,进而提出基于家庭财务报表改进扩中群体识别指标的思路和完善识别机制的建议。分析表明,现有实践从财产、社保、职业、收入等维度构建相对富裕群体的识别指标体系并运用排除法锁定扩中群体有其合理性和推广价值,但还面临标准设置权威性与精准性欠佳、指标选取不足、缺乏动态修正机制等挑战。浙江省农业融资担保有限公司探索编制了农业经营主体家庭财务报表,对完善扩中群体识别机制产生有益启发。基于家庭财务报表识别扩中群体存在关键收入与支出数据缺乏、资产价值评估标准难统一、线下数据采集质量不高、数据动态更新与共享机制滞后等不足。鉴于此,从排除法指标调整、修正类指标补充和直接类指标拣选3个方面提出改进扩中群体识别的可能思路,并从完善农村家庭财务报表设计、改进家庭结构画像和经济画像规则、强化数字化支撑、完善配套支撑机制等方面提出政策建议。

农村社会养老保险对农户多维相对贫困的影响研究

农村社会养老保险对于提升家庭内生发展能力,缓解农户多维相对贫困具有重要意义。基于可行能力理论构建多维相对贫困指数,利用2014—2018年三期中国家庭追踪调查数据库,探究农村社会养老保险对农户多维相对贫困的政策效果及作用机制。结果表明,农村社会养老保险能够通过促进老年人操持家务、隔代照顾和促进青年劳动力外出就业缓解家庭多维相对贫困状况。按照农村社会养老保险的边际效果特征,农户群体可被划分为有效型、抑制型与无效型三种,且在样本期间内抑制型农户减少,无效型农户增多。另外,农村社会养老保险仅对于多维相对贫困程度较高的农户有显著的作用效果,且农村社会养老保险能够阻断返贫以及抑制长期性贫困。因此,为有效缓解农户多维贫困,应推动农村产业发展并加强对农村劳动力的技能培训,完善农村社会养老保险制度的运作模式和提升养老金待遇水平,以及构建多元化农村社会保障制度。

乡村振兴背景下农村家庭教育指导服务需求、困境与实现路径研究——基于甘肃省农村家庭教育指导服务的实证调研

研究基于甘肃省农村家庭教育指导服务的实证调查,深入分析了乡村振兴背景下农村家庭教育指导服务的现实需求、发展困境与实现路径。调查结果显示,新时代农村家庭重视并需要家庭教育指导服务,希望获得内容全面且多元、形式灵活能满足个性化需要的家庭教育指导服务。当前农村家庭教育指导服务面临指导内容不全、指导形式单一、指导者能力不足、管理机制不健全,难以满足农村家庭教育指导服务需求的发展困境。研究进一步提出了乡村振兴背景下农村家庭教育指导服务的实现路径,从而提升农村家庭教育质量,助力乡村振兴战略发展。