Seasonal Variations of Several Main Water Masses in the Southern Yellow Sea and East China Sea in 2011

The seasonal variations of several main water masses in the southern Yellow Sea (SYS) and East China Sea (ECS) in 2011 were analyzed using the in-situ data collected on four cruises.There was something special in the observations for the Yellow Sea Warm Current (YSWC) ,the Yellow Sea Cold Water Mass (YSCWM) and the Changjiang Diluted Water (CDW) during that year.The YSWC was confirmed to be a seasonal current and its source was closely associated with the Kuroshio onshore intrusion and the northerly wind.It was also found that the YSCWM in the summer of 2011 occupied a more extensive area in comparison with the climatologically-mean case due to the abnormally powerful wind prevailing in the winter of 2010 and decaying gradually thereafter.Resulting from the reduced Changjiang River discharge,the CDW spreading toward the Cheju Island in the summer of 2011 was weaker than the long-term mean and was confined to flow southward in the other seasons.The other water masses seemed normal without noticeable anomalies in 2011.The Yellow Sea Coastal Current (YSCC) water,driven by the northerly wind,flowed southeastward as a whole except for its northeastward surface layer in summer.The Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) was the strongest in summer and the weakest in winter in its northward movement.The Kuroshio water with an enhanced onshore intrusion in autumn was stable in hydrographic features apart from the seasonal variation of its surface layer.

Current Situation and Countermeasures of Water Body Pollution in Rural Areas of China

At present, people＇s environmental awareness gradually enhances, and the environmental requirements on production and living continuously improve. Urban sewage discharge management and sewage treatment intensity are increasing in whole country, and urban water environment has certain improvement. But in rural areas, due to relatively weak environmental awareness of residents, not high economic development degree and not perfect infrastructure construction, the issue has not been handled properly. It seriously restricts further development of rural economy, and contradiction between water pollution worsening and farmers eager to raise the level of living environment increasingly aggravating has become key problem restricting China＇s new rural construction. According to status quo of rural water pollution in China, causes and hazards of rural water pollu- tion are analyzed in detail, and several treatment suggestions are put forward.

Function of Soils in Regulating Rainwater in Southern China: Impacts of Land Uses and Soils

One of the most important functions of soils is to regulate rainwater and mitigate flooding and associated damages; this function can be estimated by the rainwater regulation ratio (η), i.e., percent of regulated rainwater. Fifteen experimental plots were set up on the hills in Yingtan of Jiangxi Province, southern China. These plots were under three land use patterns, cultivated cropland, noncultivated land, and orchard interplanted with cash crops. With aid of an artificial rainfall simulator and Guelph method, rainfall, runoff, soil infiltration, and so on were measured in situ. Results showed that the orchard interplanted with cash crops was more effective in regulating rainwater than the other two land use patterns. When the maximum infiltration intensity was three times higher than the observed mean, η was higher than 70% for all plots. η was related to land use, slope gradient, and soil properties such as soil infiltration, organic carbon, bulk density, and texture. There is still more room to improve capacity of rainwater drainage (underground percolation) than that of rainwater storage in soils. Therefore, enhancing soil permeability is vital to improve the rainwater regulation effciency in soils.

ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PRECIPITATION ANOMALIES IN THE FIRST RAINING SEASON (APRIL-JUNE) IN SOUTHERN CHINA AND SST OVER OFFSHORE WATERS IN CHINA

Precipitation anomalies in the first raining season of southern China were analyzed,with the suggestion that there are obvious interannual variation of peak values.In the raining season,the general tendency of precipitation is not obvious and the anomalous oscillation is multi-scale.Corresponding to years of more or less precipitation in the raining season,there are sharply opposite distribution across the nation in the simultaneous periods.In addition,by studying the distribution of correlation between anomalous precipitation in southern China in the first raining season and SSTA over offshore waters of China in the preceding period (June ～August of the previous year),a sensitive zone of waters has been found that has steady effect on the precipitation of southern China in the season.Discussions are also made of the sensitive period,its simultaneous SSTA and subsequent anomalous circulation field in relation to precipitation anomalies and simultaneous circulation field in the first raining season of southern China.In the last part of the work,relationship between the SSTA in the sensitive zone and global SSTA is analyzed.A possible mechanism by which SSTA in offshore Chinese waters affects the precipitation anomalies in the first raining season of southern China is put forward.

Exploring thermocline and water masses variability in southern South China Sea from the World Ocean Database(WOD)

Study about water characteristics(temperature and salinity) from the World Ocean Database(WOD) was conducted in the area of southern South China Sea(SSCS), covering the area of 0°–10°N, 100°–117°E. From interannual analysis, upper layer(10 m) and deep water temperature(50 m) increased from 1951 until 2014. Monthly averaged show that May recorded the highest upper layer temperature while January recorded the lowest. It was different for the deep water which recorded the highest value in September and lowest in February. Contour plot for upper layer temperature in the study area shows presence of thermal front of cold water at southern part of Vietnam tip especially during peak northeast season(December–January). The appearances of warm water were obviously seen during generating southwest monsoon(May–June). Thermocline study revealed the deepest isothermal layer depth(ILD) during peak northeast and southwest monsoon. Temperature threshold at shallow area reach more than 0.8°C during the transitional period. Water mass study described T-S profile based on particular region. Water mass during the southwest monsoon is typically well mixed compared to other seasons while strong separation according to location is very clear. During transitional period between northeast monsoon to southwest monsoon, the increasing of water temperature can be seen at Continental Shelf Water(CSW) which tend to be higher than 29°C and vice versa condition during transitional period between southwest monsoon to northeast monsoon. Dispersion of T-S profile can be seen during southwest monsoon inside Tropical Surface Water(TSW) where the salinity and temperature become higher than during northeast monsoon.

Characteristics of Water Type Distribution and Seasonal Variations in the Southern East China Sea

By using the data of Summer and Winter 1987, Spring and Autumn 1988 obtained by the R/V " Shijian" during the China-Japan Joint Research Program on Kuroshio, the paper makes an analysis and research on the water type distribution and its variations in the studied sea area. Trie results of which are mainly as follows: (1) The Class IV mixing water whose property is similar to that of the continental coastal water is located in the northeast sea area, along the coast of the continent in autumn and winter while extending to the open sea in spring and summer. (2) The boundary between the Kuroshio water and the shelf mixing water (called the left boundary of the Kroshio water) is approximately located in between the 100m and 200m isobaths in various seasons and various layers, and mostly near the 200m isobath. In the sea area northeast of Taiwan, the Kuroshio water is to the west most in spring and then in winter. In summer, it is to the east most while, in autumn, it is in between its positions in summer

Integrated water resources management for sustainable development of in western rural China

Management in water resources development of Jinghe watershed of western rural China is examined with Participatory Rural Appraisal method--a rare applied method in China and questionnaire survey of stakeholders. Combination of these two survey methods derives good results as it could avoid personal bias in identifying and ranking the issues on a concrete basis in following up households' survey. Statistic Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) was used for data analysis. Results indicate that since the early 1980s, issues of water scarcity, river pollution, soil erosion, insufficient participation of stakeholders in water resources use and management, as well as centralized water planning and management system have created difficulties for sustainable development of the watershed. The stakeholders and local governments are fully aware of the challenges and are committed to achieving a solution through integrated water resource management (IWRD). The concept and the application of IWRD for rural China are reviewed and analyzed, and a framework for implementation of IWRD in China is developed. It is concluded that the keys to successful implementation of the approach will depend on optimal arrangement of institutions, policy reforms, community involvement and capacity building in water sector, which need to fully integrate various management functions within the watershed.

The circulation in the southern Huanghai Sea and northern East China Sea in June 1999

On the basis of hydrographic data and current measurement (the mooring system, vessel-mounted ADCP and toward ADCP) data obtained in June 1999, the circulations in the southern Huanghai Sea (HS) and northern East China Sea (ECS) are computed by using the modified inverse method. The Kuroshio flows northeastward through eastern part of the investigated region and has the main core at Section PN, a northward flow at the easternmost part of Section PN, a weaker anti-cyclonic eddy between these two northward flows, and a weak cyclonic eddy at the western part of Section PN. The above current structure is one type of the current structures at Section PN in ECS. The net northward volume transport (VT) of the Kuroshio and the offshore branch of Taiwan Warm Current (TWCOB) through Section PN is about 26.2 x 10(6) m(3)/s in June 1999. The VT of the inshore branch of Taiwan Warm Current (TWCIB) through the investigated region is about 0.4 x 10(6) m(3)/s. The Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) has much effect on the currents over the continental shelf. The Huanghai Sea Coastal Current (HSCC) flows southeastward and enters into the northwestern part of investigated region, and flows to turn cyclonically, and then it flows northeastward, due to the influences of the Taiwan Warm Current and topography. There is a cyclonic eddy south of Cheju Island where the Huanghai Sea Coastal Current flows to turn cyclonically. It has the feature of high dense and cold water. The uniform and cold water is occurred in the layer from about 30 m level to the bottom between Stations C306 and C311 at the northernmost Section C3. It is a southern part of the Huanghai Sea Cold Water Mass (HSCWM).

Design of Water Disinfection Scheme for Rural Drinking Water Safety Project

As further promotion of the rural drinking water safety project in whole country, small villages in vast countryside have been or will be equipped with safety drinking water project. We analyzed necessity of the rural drinking water disinfection, discussed disinfection method suitable for rural drinking water characteristics, and put forward disinfection schemes for different water supply sources.

Predicament and Countermeasures for the Management and Maintenance of Rural Water Conservancy Facilities

The major problem of rural water conservancy facilities during its management and maintenance is in the "been used, under no control" state. And the main reasons of this state are the public belonging property, investment by a single subject, and lack of effective supervision and management mechanism. Since rural water conservancy facilities is used in small scale and has the features of rural "acquaintances community", a balanced long-term interest mechanism for the management and maintenance of rural water conservancy facilities is established for interest-related parties. On short-term view, the most effective measure is to bring the operational status of rural water conservancy facilities into the evaluation indicators of the local government.

Contrasting Impacts of Three Types of ENSO Event on Boreal Autumn Rainfall over Southwest China

The autumn precipitation over southwest China is one of the main causes of meteorological disasters. Using observed monthly station rainfall data and HadISST and NCEP/NCAR analysis data, the impacts of three types of El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events on the boreal autumn rainfall over southwest China were determined. Over southwest China, autumn rainfall constitutes > 20% of the total annual rainfall and a marked decline in autumn rainfall commenced around 1990. During La Niña events, there is surplus (deficit) over the middle (northwest and southeast) of southwest China. In cnetral Pacific (CP) El Niño events, the autumn rainfall anomaly shows a deficiency over China. The large-scale atmospheric circulation anomalies in the three ENSO categories also exhibit distinct characteristics. During CP El Niño autumns, the pressure anomaly over the North Pacific Ocean displays a “” structure, with a high-pressure anomaly over the Asian continent. An anomalous cyclone appears over the western North Pacific (WNP). In EP El Niño autumns, the pressure anomaly over the North Pacific Ocean has a “” structure, with a low-pressure anomaly over the Asian continent. An anomalous anticyclone appears over the WNP and the 500-hPa anomalies are opposite to those of CP El Niño events. During La Niña autumns, the characteristics of circulation present the opposite structure to those of CP El Niño events. This work is of certain significance for an in-depth understanding of the impacts of ENSO on the autumn precipitation over southwest China.

南方崩岗调查内容与方法探讨

崩岗是我国南方水土流失的一种特殊类型,广泛分布于南方红壤区,是该区域严重的生态问题之一。第一次崩岗调查距今已近20年,相关情况已发生巨大变化。崩岗现状不清直接影响了行政管理部门对崩岗防治相关工作的规划和决策,因此急需开展新一轮崩岗调查。新时代水土保持高质量发展为崩岗调查提供了机遇,差别化分类防治和分步实施对崩岗调查提出了更高要求,现代信息技术为崩岗调查提供了新方法,以服务崩岗风险评估和防治规划为导向,在充分利用第一次崩岗调查成果基础上,补充崩岗发育的小山体调查,将典型调查改为全面普查,系统探讨崩岗调查对象与范围、调查内容、调查程序与方法,以期为行政管理部门和技术单位启动新一轮崩岗调查工作提供参考。

南方典型红壤区不同枯死率芒萁的水土流失阻控效应

[目的]探究芒萁植丛不同枯死率(100%,50%和0%)下坡面的产流产沙规律,揭示不同生长状态下芒萁的水土流失阻控效果。[方法]采用人工模拟降雨试验,对不同芒萁枯死率下坡面产流产沙过程随雨强的变化特性进行了定量分析。[结果](1)不同降雨强度和芒萁枯死率下径流速率随降雨历时呈前期缓慢或快速增长,后期趋于稳定。较小雨强下,侵蚀速率除裸坡外随降雨历时呈前期缓慢增加、后期趋于稳定状态;较大雨强下,侵蚀速率随降雨历时变化呈前期快速增加,中后期逐渐下降趋于稳定。(2)除2 mm/min雨强下的累积产流量外,其余处理条件下累积产流产沙量差异明显,且产沙量随芒萁枯死率的增加而增加。(3)两种雨强不同处理下坡面累积产流量和累积产沙量关系符合幂函数模型(R2>0.99)。[结论]两种雨强芒萁植丛不同枯死率下径流速率和侵蚀速率随降雨历时变化前期迅速增加、后期逐渐波动稳定,各处理下累积径流量与累积产沙量的函数关系拟合回归效果良好,证实了枯死芒萁亦可在中国南方红壤侵蚀区起到良好的水土流失阻控效果。

基于MLP神经网络的中国南方地区多因子PWV预测模型

针对利用全球导航卫星系统(global navigation satellite system,GNSS)反演高精度大气可降水量(precipitable water vapor,PWV)时需要获取大气加权平均温度(Tm)从而影响结果精度的问题,在充分探究PWV与对流层天顶湿延迟(zenith wet delay,ZWD)等诸多因子相关性的基础上,利用中国南方地区40个探空站在2015—2017年的探空数据,基于多层感知器(multi layer perceptron,MLP)神经网络及多元回归拟合算法分别建立预测PWV的MLP模型、线性回归(linear regression,LR)模型与非线性回归(non-linear regression,NLR)模型。为充分探究2种建模方法对PWV精度的影响,利用2018年探空数据为参考值进行模型精度检验,并与传统PWV预测模型(PWV-SC2模型)进行精度对比分析。结果表明:MLP模型的年均均方根误差(RMSE)、偏差(bias)和相对误差(RE)分别为0.66 mm、0.06 mm和2.18%,相比LR模型和NLR模型年均RMSE分别降低了0.11 mm(14.6%)和0.17 mm(20.5%),年均bias分别降低了0.04 mm(43.7%)和0.28 mm(82.3%),年均RE分别降低了50.7%和57.3%;相比PWV-SC2模型,年均RMSE和bias分别降低了0.17 mm(20.5%)和0.15 mm(71.4%),年均RE降低了47.7%。因此,MLP模型在中国南方地区有较好的精度及适应性,可应用于中国南方地区高精度PWV预测。

喀斯特地下水开发利用与保护研究

我国南方喀斯特地区具有特殊的“地上、地下”二元地质结构,受喀斯特水文地质作用的影响,喀斯特地区的水资源的开发、利用以及保护都是相辅相成的。为此,总结了我国南方喀斯特地区地下水资源开发与利用途径(如制定专业打井找水技术、暗河及溶洞提水技术、植被保护技术、地表水-地下水输疏通协管)以及喀斯特地下水保护措施(如加强地表河和落水洞污水排放监管、严格岩溶水动态监测、加强打井建设管理、科学规划喀斯特地下水监测站),同时建议有关部门要及时编制岩溶地下水保护和利用规划,以期从长远角度实现喀斯特水资源的高效可持续开发利用以及科学合理的保护。

Human-animal interactions and bat coronavirus spillover potential among rural residents in Southern China

Human interaction with animals has been implicated as a primary risk factor for several high impact zoonoses,including many bat-origin viral diseases.However the animal-to-human spillover events that lead to emerging diseases are rarely observed or clinically examined,and the link between specific interactions and spillover risk is poorly understood.To investigate this phenomenon,we conducted biological-behavioral surveillance among rural residents in Yunnan,Guangxi,and Guangdong districts of Southern China,where we have identified a number of SARS-related coronaviruses in bats.Serum samples were tested for four bat-borne coronaviruses using newly developed enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays(ELISA).Survey data were used to characterize associations between human-animal contact and bat coronavirus spillover risk.A total of 1,596 residents were enrolled in the study from 2015 to 2017.Nine participants(0.6%)tested positive for bat coronaviruses.265(17%)participants reported severe acute respiratory infections(SARI)and/or influenza-like illness(ILI)symptoms in the past year,which were associated with poultry,carnivore,rodent/shrew,or bat contact,with variability by family income and district of residence.This study provides serological evidence of bat coronavirus spillover in rural communities in Southern China.The low seroprevalence observed in this study suggests that bat coronavirus spillover is a rare event.Nonetheless,this study highlights associations between human-animal interaction and zoonotic spillover risk.These findings can be used to support targeted biological behavioral surveillance in high-risk geographic areas in order to reduce the risk of zoonotic disease emergence.

Rural Income Poverty in Western China Is Water Poverty

Although China has reduced its poor population from 250 million in 1978 to 30 million in 2003, an overall reduction in world poverty still depends on progress being made in China because of its huge population. The concentration of poor in western rural regions makes China＇s task of poverty alleviation complex. Clearer and more transparent analyses on the reasons for poverty are essential prerequisites of any development policy that puts poverty reduction at its heart. The purpose of this paper is to identify causes for being poor in western rural China. It argues that the essence of rural income poverty in the western region is water poverty. Low efficiency of agricultural productivity resulting from poor land quality and uneven distribution of water resources has led to heavy dependence on irrigated agriculture. Irrigated agriculture has played and will play a critical role in creating employment opportunities and alleviating poverty. Existing water shortages and competition for different water utilization make it imperative to enhance the efficiency of water resource management.

甘肃某县窖水水质分析及健康风险评价

本文以甘肃某县为代表,对区域内冬、夏两季窖水的常规指标、17种全氟化合物和15种邻苯二甲酸酯类进行了检测,对污染来源进行了探讨,并评估了两类新污染物的健康风险.结果表明:该县窖水pH普遍偏高,夏季雨期窖水浊度显著高于冬季.新污染的检测中,共检出13种邻苯二甲酸酯类(PAEs)和14种全氟化合物(PFCs).冬季窖水中PAEs总浓度范围为2.65-3.71μg·L^(−1),总浓度平均值3.12μg·L^(−1).夏季窖水中PAEs总浓度范围为1.85-9.26μg·L^(−1),总浓度平均值为4.56μg·L^(−1).两季窖水中,邻苯二甲酸二丁酯和邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯是含量最高的成分,两种物质分别占窖水PAEs总浓度的47.8%和48.5%,窖水中PAEs没有致癌和非致癌风险.冬季窖水中PFCs的总浓度为143.93-246.47 ng·L^(−1),夏季为275.90-405.51 ng·L^(−1).检测出的PFCs包括全氟羧酸(PFCAs)和全氟磺酸(PFSAs)两大类,PFCAs占窖水PFCs总量的80%以上,是窖水中PFCs的主体.两季窖水中全氟辛酸、全氟辛烷磺酸、全氟壬酸和全氟己烷磺酸的健康风险评价结果显示,除个别窖水样品,4种PFCs的浓度一般较低不构成健康风险.

考虑河道内生态需水与径流情势的水库群优化调度

针对目前水库生态调度研究重点考虑河道内生态需水量保障单一目标,忽略河道天然径流情势恢复的问题,将水文改变指标(IHA)分为两类,分别量化河道内生态需水与径流情势,定义河道内生态缺水量最小和河道天然径流情势贴合度最大双生态目标,结合河道外社会经济供水目标,构建水库群多目标优化调度模型,对我国南方某水库群开展实例研究。结果表明:基于双生态目标调度模型优选的均衡调度方案可在保障河道外主要用水对象供水保证率不低于95%的同时,使河道内目标生态需水保证率达到91.67%;构建的模型能有效兼顾社会经济和河流生态环境效益,提升河道天然径流情势贴合度,与只考虑河道内生态需水的水库群调度模型相比,更有利于河流生态保护。