Determining Optimal Strategies to Reduce Maternal and Child Mortality in Rural Areas in Western China: an Assessment Using the Lives Saved Tool

China, as a whole, is about to meet the Millennium Development Goals for reducing the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) and infant mortality rate (IMR), but the disparities between rural area and urban area still exists. This study estimated the potential effectiveness of expanding coverage with high impact interventions using the Lives Saved Tool (LiST). It was found that gestational hypertension, antepartum and postpartum hemorrhage, preterm birth, neonatal asphyxia, and neonatal childhood pneumonia and diarrhea are still the major killers of mothers and children in rural area in China. It was estimated that 30% of deaths among 0-59 month old children and 25% of maternal deaths in 2008 could be prevented in 2015 if primary health care intervention coverage expanded to a feasible level. The LiST death cause framework, compared to data from the Maternal and Child Mortality Surveillance System, represents 60%-80% of neonatal deaths, 40%-50% of deaths in 1-59 month old children and 40%-60% of maternal deaths in rural areas of western China.

Analysis of Externality of Rural Labor Force Flow in Central and Western Regions of China and Benefit Compensation

According to the theories of institutional economics and development economics,the positive and negative externality of rural labor force flowing from central and western regions and into eastern regions of China were analyzed,and then it was proposed that it is necessary to positive externality,rather than take"household register"measures to solve the problem simply.

The Compulsory Education in the Underdevelopment Western Rural Region of China

Education plays a dominant role in contemporary society and is debated and contested all over the world.It is also the gateway to the wider world,but educational opportunities are frequently constrained by geographical locality.The rural infrastructure of China,for example,presents major challenges to educators seeking to open this door for the children of rural China.The objective of this research is to identify and analyse educational problems existing in western rural regions in China.

Analysis on the Changes of Temperature and Heat Resources in Rural Area of Chaoyang in Western Liaoning

[Objective] The aim was to study the change characteristics of temperature and heat resources in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning. [Method] Based on the data from rural meteorological station in Chaoyang in western Liaoning from 1966 to 2010, the change characteristics of temperature and heat resources in rural area in Chaoyang were analyzed by means of serial correlation and climate tendency method, so as to master its climate situation. [Result] The annual average value of daily average temperature, daily maximum temperature and daily minimum temperature in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning from 1966 to 2010 showed fluctuation variation, and the annual average value of daily maximum temperature increased most obviously with the climatic tendency of 0.328 ℃/10 a and highest significant level, so it played an important role in temperature increase, next came daily average temperature (0.151 ℃/10 a), while there was no obvious decrease in daily minimum temperature. The average of daily maximum temperature in winter half year increased more obviously than that in summer half year, with the climatic tendency of 0.417 and 0.250 ℃/10 a, respectively; the trend of daily average temperature reached low significant level, and there was no obvious variation in daily minimum temperature. In addition, ≥10 ℃ accumulated temperature in rural area of Chaoyang in western Liaoning went up obviously, with the climatic tendency of 42.59 ℃·d/10 a, namely it increased by 192 ℃·d in recent 45 years. [Conclusion] The study could provide climatic reference for the adjustment of agriculture structure and varieties distribution.

中国式现代化背景下西部农村学前教育高质量发展的困境与纾解

西部农村学前教育高质量发展对建设教育强国、推进中国式现代化具有重要意义。理论上,中国式现代化从普惠性教育、整体性思维、内涵式发展、共生型主张、前瞻性布局五个维度为农村学前教育高质量发展指明了方向。实践上,通过对我国西部70所农村幼儿园的大规模调研发现,在中国式现代化进程中,我国学前教育整体取得了跨越式发展,但西部农村学前教育仍面临规模与质量协同的“困顿”、教育资源供给与需求的“错配”、园本课程特色与底色的“迷失”、教师专业发展能动与被动的“纠葛”、教育督导与评估机制的“乏力”等困境。为此,有必要建立“量质并举”的教育质量观,顺应人口变动,合理调控教育资源,坚持乡土特色与课程底色并重,构建以教师为核心的“1+3+N”育人新格局,加强数字化教育质量评估体系建设。

Countermeasures on Elevating Self-development Ability of Western Rural Areas on the Basis of Visual Threshold of Human Capital

The thesis underscores the significant role of human capital in elevating rural self-development ability.The investment of human capital is making great contribution to western rural economic growth,and it plays an irreplaceable role in promoting the socio-economic development prominently.The characteristics of human resources development in western rural areas for the moment are analyzed as follows:the employment structure is simple;the structure of human resources is irrational;the shortage of human resources aggregate is accompanied by the critical phenomenon of idling;the human resources drain badly;there is low input and low output of talents.The thesis also propounds the fundamental approaches in order to elevating self-development ability of western rural areas:we should practise and implement National Medium and Long-term Planning of Talents Development and lay down as soon as possible the detailed matching policies and measures based on the reality of western rural areas;we should develop the education in western rural areas vigorously,and formulate the developmental strategies of bridging "knowledge gap";we should establish sound rural human resources development system,and reinforce the degree of training returning-home migrant workers;we should adjust the structure of human investment timely as needed,and strengthen the degree of human capital investment conspicuously.

我国西部农村地区固体燃料燃烧污染物排放因子测定及分布特征

排放因子是估算污染物排放量的重要参数,为获取可靠的、有区域特征的固体燃料排放因子,2018年在我国西部9个省/自治区利用稀释采样系统入户收集了226个固体燃料燃烧样本,获得了薪柴、秸秆和煤在不同类型炉具中燃烧排放CO_(2)、CO、OC、EC、PM_(2.5)的排放因子。结果表明:秸秆类较易燃烧的燃料有较高的OC、EC、PM2.5排放因子,煤有较高的CO_(2)、CO排放因子。炉灶类型对薪柴的OC、PM2.5的排放因子影响稍大,薪柴在炕中燃烧的OC、PM_(2.5)排放因子比在砖灶和铁炉高约2-3.1倍,但秸秆在不同炉具中的排放因子差异较小。受不同区域燃料和炉灶类型以及操作习惯差异的共同影响,排放因子呈现明显的区域性差异,高CO_(2)排放因子分布在以煤为主要燃料的区域,高OC、EC、PM_(2.5)排放因子分布在以生物质为主要燃料的区域,并且CO、OC和PM_(2.5)排放因子的区域分布呈现一定的相关性。

“双碳”目标下西部农村生活能源消费特征及碳排放分析

运用能源环境理论、多元线性回归分析和主成分分析方法探究西部地区10个省区(市)农户主要生活能源消费特征及碳排放。结果表明:①西部农村生活能源存在明显区域异质性,四川和甘肃生活能源分布特征极明显,贵州、广西和云南生活能源分布特征明显,陕西、青海、重庆、宁夏和新疆生活能源分布特征不明显。②西部农村主要生活能源平均占比排序依次为:太阳能0.29%、沼气0.79%、液化石油气19.95%、煤40.47%、柴草49.16%、电53.24%,使用绿色能源农户占比仅有18.1%,通过发展绿色能源促进“双碳”目标实现任务艰巨。③若西部农村1789万煤用户、4225万柴草用户和1770万煤气、天然气、液化石油气用户转型升级使用绿色能源,每年能节约标准煤约3700万t,减少CO_(2)排放约1亿t。由此可见,生活能源蕴含着巨大碳减排潜力,是不可忽视的“双碳”载体,应进一步加大居民生活能源消费转型升级以此促进“双碳”目标的实现。

乡村振兴背景下农村集体经济的类型界定与治理效应

治理有效是中国乡村振兴战略实施的核心,以中部地区农村集体经济发展为研究对象,分析集体经济的发展特征、路径与治理效应,建立“集体经济-有效治理”的分析框架。在实施乡村振兴战略的各项举措支持下,中国中部农村集体经济经历了快速发展,形成了具有小规模却相对稳定的兜底型集体经济,这也是一种新型集体经济。兜底型集体经济适应中西部乡村发展的现实,具有促进村庄有效治理的积极效应,具体表现为促进了村级组织稳定运转、维持小微公共品有序供给、为留守农民提供基本公共服务等。提出中国应立足于中西部集体经济发展现实,避免集体经济发展实践中盲目“经营村庄”的实践误区,分类推进集体经济发展,加强村社集体统筹能力建设,以实现村庄有效治理。

在乡村发现科学革命:民国北碚“科学”与“地方”的互构

近代中国经历了一场科学革命的洗礼,它发端于清末民初,勃兴于二三十年代,抗战以后日渐普及,极大地改变了中国社会的基本面貌。以往对科学革命的认知,受西方科学史的影响,多聚焦大科学家和城市,关注正式的科学组织和成建制的学科,对科学下乡并如何改变乡村关注不多,对科学的流动性、本土化、在地化研究不足。本文以中国第一所民办科学院“中国西部科学院”为主要研究对象,讨论它如何将科学观念本土化、制度化,用现代科学的观念和文化推动乡村的转型,创造性地重塑地方社会的经济、文化基本面貌。重点讨论体系庞杂的近代科学体系,以什么样的个性化样态进入地方社会,地方社会如何根据自身需求、本地资源、既有基础,设计、运行、调整当地科学的体系结构和基本建制。在中国西部科学院自己设计的组织结构图中,其下属的理化研究所、生物研究所、农业研究所、博物馆、乡村学校、乡土报纸等核心机构,分别对应科学研究、科学教育、科学普及等不同方面,发挥着不同的社会功能,将现代科学的基本意涵落实到地方矿业开发、西部动植物发现与分类、山区经济开发、科学知识和观念的普及等各个领域和方面。在这一进程中,传统的乡村逐步转变为现代的地方,抽象的科学得以落实和丰富。从这个意义上说,科学在改变地方的同时,地方也重构了科学,使之呈现出地方的样态。乡村科学革命不是千篇一律的,具有很强的地方性和时代性,具有注重实用、注重普及、注重联络和资源导向的结构性特点,值得进一步深入研究。

发现“东西中国”:市场化与当代乡村变迁

改革开放以来出现的全国统一的劳动力市场、全国性的农产品市场和全国性的婚姻“市场”,让乡村走向了自由开放。市场化改变社会连接方式,打破乡村的地方性,让乡村中的人财物变成了自由流动的要素,市场区位决定了乡村人财物流动的方向。在三大市场的共同作用下,农村人财物总体呈现东进西出的特点,乡村秩序和乡村发展因而出现了显著的东中西地区差异。东部与中西部地区农村不仅在城乡关系、村庄形态等方面存在不同,而且还存在发展路径上的差异。“东西中国”是从农民与市场的关系的角度,呈现出改革开放后乡村变迁逻辑和分布形态。下一步,在定位乡村发展、实施乡村振兴、选择基层治理手段和推动重大涉农政策改革的过程中,要立足于“东西中国”这个现实前提。

中西部乡村地区家校社协同育人的现实困境与纾解路径——基于37位乡村校长访谈数据的质性分析

随着教育改革的纵深发展,家校社协同育人成为促进我国基础教育高质量发展的应有之义。通过对37位中西部地区乡村校长访谈数据的质性分析发现,中西部乡村地区家校社协同育人的现实困境主要表现在认知困境、师资困境、沟通困境和管理困境四个方面。促进乡村地区家校社协同育人,需要增强家长心理资本,以获得感为取向促进农村家长对家校共育的认同;加强队伍建设,以主题培训为抓手提高乡村教师的家庭教育指导专业素养;优化资源供给,以社区资源整合为手段丰富家庭教育指导内容;强化制度保障,以机制建设为驱动促进家校社三方高效联动。

西部乡土小说中乡土语言的翻译策略研究——以雪漠小说为例

乡土小说是中国文学中非常重要的一种文学形式,蕴含丰富文化内涵和浓郁地域特色的乡土语言则是其不可或缺的载体。甘肃作家雪漠创作的《大漠祭》和《猎原》两部小说,以甘肃农村为地域背景,用充满生活气息和地方特色的语言为读者展现了一幅西北农村的“风俗画面”。文章以这两部小说的英译本为例,探讨和分析译者在翻译小说中乡土语言时运用的翻译策略及经验得失。研究发现,在翻译乡土语言时,译者灵活采用了多种翻译策略,既注重中国本土文化观念与表达方式的准确传递,使原文异域特色得以保留;也关照了译入语读者的认知惯习,对一些地域特色明显的乡土语言表达淡化处理,确保了译文的可读性与接受性。

西部地区新型农村集体经济发展的主要类型、现实困境与优化路径——以广西S县为例

新型农村集体经济不仅是推动乡村振兴战略目标实现的关键引擎,也是实现共同富裕的重要发展路径。文章以广西S县的实践案例,总结出资源开发型、产业创收型、入股分红型、抱团发展型、党建引领型五种新型农村集体经济发展的主要类型,针对西部地区新型农村集体经济发展中存在农民认知偏差和集体意识较淡薄、内部管理缺乏规范和外部引才能力弱、经济发展模式单一和发展非均衡性突出、融资渠道不畅通和可供支配资源不足的困境,提出发展优化路径:一是坚持党建引领发展,培育集体主义观念;二是完善内部管理制度,强化人才智力支持;三是鼓励多元发展模式,提高资源利用效率;四是加大政策扶持力度,破解发展主要瓶颈。

西部地区农业保险扶贫机制模式创新及与乡村振兴有效衔接的路径研究

农业保险具有风险分散、经济损失补偿、担保增信功能,与农村扶贫需求天然契合。通过系统梳理分析农业保险在我国西部农村脱贫攻坚中的体制机制创新、典型模式及案例,用西部12省(区、市)的面板数据,测度贫困指数,评价分析脱贫效果、影响因素及存在问题,提出农业保险在巩固拓展脱贫攻坚成果、保驾护航乡村振兴战略高质量实施中进一步发挥作用的路径与对策建议。

西部农村小学生对信息化学习感知与理解的绘画分析研究

学生是教育信息化的“终端用户”,其对信息化学习的感知与理解直接反映了教育信息化建设与实施的成效。研究以西部农村学校3~6年级小学生为研究对象,采用绘画方法获取其对信息化学习概念的现实理解与未来期待,依据学习发生地点、学习活动参与者、学习内容、数字化技术类型、学习活动类型、情绪和态度6个类目、37个子类目的框架对学生绘画作品进行编码,定量计算各类目占比并探究不同因素对学生信息化学习概念理解的差异影响。研究发现,数字化技术类型是学生提及频率最高的类目,学生对现实与未来的信息化学习概念在所有类目的某些子类目中存在显著差异,学生对信息化学习概念的理解与家庭ICT资本、信息化学习经验及信息化自我效能感有关。基于上述结论,研究认为,要切实提升农村教育信息化应用水平,需着力解决学生个性化学习需求、农村教师信息化教学能力、农村家庭ICT基础资源建设等核心问题。

西部地区农商文旅融合“破题出圈”的对策建议

“产业兴旺”是乡村振兴的首要任务。农商文旅融合发展作为实现乡村振兴的有效途径,增强了农业的现代多元价值,有利于实现乡村产业的跨界融合,已成为解决西部地区农业短板弱项的重要突破口。在新的国际语境和国家战略部署下,西部地区农商文旅融合发展有着得天独厚的巨大优势,同时也面临着时代挑战。针对融合发展的难点与重点,需要对创新要素认知体系进行更新与拓展,善用“破圈化”思维对传统人、财、物和机制组合的体系建设加以外延和丰富。要从主体维度集智协作联合攻关、资源维度深耕历史底蕴创新文化传承、市场维度创新营销思路打造“农业网红”、制度维度补齐相关短板,大力激活农商文旅融合发展要素。

中西部脱贫地区乡村文化产业赋能乡村振兴研究

发展乡村文化产业对于中西部脱贫地区优化乡村产业结构、积聚乡土文化人才、传承优秀乡土文化、践行绿色发展理念、完善基层组织体系具有重要意义和价值,是推进乡村振兴的必然选择。然而,受政府产业政策支撑乏力、管理体制受限,市场生产要素供给欠缺、产业发展落后,社会总体参与程度不高、参与渠道不畅以及农民对文化产业认识不足、职业素养缺乏等因素的影响,乡村文化产业发展陷入困境。纾解中西部脱贫地区乡村文化产业发展困境,要从构建有为政府、打造有效市场、引导有爱社会、培育有志农民着手,以体制机制创新驱动、完善文化市场释能、倡导多元参与促进和激发内生动力实现乡村文化产业持续健康发展。

The road not taken:sexuality education and its associations with sexual knowledge and attitudes among senior high school students in rural areas of Western China

The poor performance and limited availability of sexuality education programs in rural areas of western China increase the danger of younger cohorts being exposed to sexually transmitted diseases(STDs)and engaging in risky sexual behaviors.A traditionally conservative culture,low levels of economic development and the relative lack of faculty resources all contribute to the weakness of sexuality education efforts.This study uses a sample of 164 boys and 195 girls who were senior high school students aged 15-19 in rural western China in 2017.The study aims to explore sexuality education,and sexual and reproductive behaviors,and to identify associations between sexuality education and sexual knowledge and attitudes among adolescents in rural western China.The results reveal a positive association between courses about reproductive health and lectures about STDs,and sexual knowledge;and a positive association between lectures about STDs and sexual attitudes.Our study also found that access to consulting services provided by governmental organization in the field of family planning and reproductive health helped rural adolescents enhance their sexual knowledge.Making such services available appears to offer a feasible method to develop a comprehensive sexuality education system in western China.The study concludes that an improved school-based sexuality education program strictly implemented as a part of the standard school curriculum is an effective way to increase sexual knowledge and promote de-stigmatized sexual attitudes among adolescents in rural western China.

西部地区乡村韧性的时空演变及驱动因子探测

以西部地区12个省份为研究对象,从人口韧性、经济韧性、社会韧性、资源韧性和环境韧性5个维度出发构建乡村韧性评价指标体系,综合运用熵值法、核密度估计、全局空间自相关指数和地理探测器探究2000—2020年西部地区乡村韧性的时空演变特征及其驱动因子。结果表明:(1)2000—2020年西部地区乡村韧性呈波动提升态势,但整体水平仍较低。(2)乡村韧性空间差异显著,且空间集聚效应不断增强,其中西藏和青海一直为低度韧性,新疆、贵州和内蒙古等省份主要为中度韧性和较高韧性,2020年广西和重庆为高度韧性。(3)乡村韧性发展受到经济驱动力、政府调控驱动力、信息驱动力和人口驱动力等多因子相互作用、共同驱动。