Characterization of novel wheat-Thinopyrum ponticum introgression lines derived from partial amphiploid AUS6770 for resistance to stripe rust

The wild decaploid species Thinopyrum ponticum(Podp.)Barkworth&D.R.Dewey is an important source of genes against biotic and abiotic stresses affecting wheat.The wheat–Th.ponticum partial amphiploid AUS6770 shows resistance to multiple diseases,including stripe rust,stem rust,and powdery mildew.Mitotic chromosomes of AUS6770 were characterized by non-denaturing-fluorescence in situ hybridization(ND-FISH),and the individual Th.ponticum chromosomes 1Ae to 7Ae were karyotypically distinguished by Oligo-FISH painting using bulked oligo pools based on wheat-barley collinear regions.A novel stripe rust resistant line A155,derived from AUS6770,was found to have 44 chromosomes,including a pair of 2Ae chromosomes and a pair of 6B-6Ae translocations.To detect plants with transfer of resistance genes from A155 to wheat chromosomes,1770 plants were developed from F2–F5 progenies of A155 crossed with the susceptible wheat cultivar MY11 and characterized with ND-FISH using multiple probes.A high frequency of transmission of chromosome 2Ae was observed,and 31 types of 2Ae chromosomal aberrations were identified using ND-FISH.Ten chromosomal bins on the 2Ae chromosome were determined from the deletion and translocation lines based on genome-based PCR markers.In combination with the evaluation of disease resistance,the gene(s)for stripe rust resistance was located on the FL0.79–1.00 of 2AeS and covers the corresponding region of 0–58.26 Mb in the reference genome of Th.elongatum.The newly identified wheat-Th.ponticum 2Ae translocation lines can be exploited as potential germplasm in wheat breeding for stripe rust resistance.

Coffee Leaf Rust(Hemileia vastatrix)Disease in Coffee Plants and Perspectives by the Disease Control

Coffee Leaf Rust(CLR)is caused by Hemileia vastatrix in Coffea spp.It is one of the most dangerous phytopathogens for coffee plantations in terms of coffee productivity and coffee cup quality.In this review,we resume the problem of CLR in Mexico and the pathogenesis of H.vastatrix.The review abord plant-pathogen interactions which lead a compatible or incompatible interactions and result in CLR disease or resistance,respectively.The review abord Coffea spp.defense response pathways involved in H.vastatrix pathogenicity.Additionally,current measures to control H.vastatrix proliferation and germination were aborded focused on phytosanitary actions,and biological and chemical control.Finally,new trendlines to reduce the impact of CLR as nanoparticles and nanotechnology were analyzed.

Methods to prevent side marks from rusting on heavy steel plates

When a steel plate produced by a steel plant leaves the factory,its upper surface should be marked with the specification,variety,batch number,and other identifying information,and its side should be marked with a side marking.The side marking contains the plate number,specification,batch number,and other information,which are convenient for customers to accurately identify relevant information after stacking.However,because of the influence of weather,environment,and other factors,the side marking becomes unidentifiable when the steel plate is corroded,affecting the customer’s loading,unloading,and other operations.The development and application of side anticorrosion devices and cleaning of finished heavy steel plates with antirust agents will solve the problem of unrecognizable side marking due to corrosion.

Effect Evalution of Xiulijing on Fruit Rust Control of Golden Delicious Apple

[Objectives]The paper was to evaluate the effectiveness of Xiulijing in the management of rust in Golden Delicious apple cultivation.[Methods]The Golden Delicious apple was utilized as the test material.During the young fruit stage,various dilutions of Xiulijing were applied,specifically at concentrations of 200,400,600,800,1000,and 2000 times.Additionally,both the application of a 3000-fold dilution of GA 4+7 and the practice of fruit bagging were designated as the control treatments,while a water spray was utilized as the blank control.The fruit rust index and the incidence of rust-infected fruits were evaluated to assess the effectiveness of control measures for fruit rust in Golden Delicious apple cultivation.[Results]The application of Xiulijing,with dilutions ranging from 200 to 2000 times,exhibited a significant impact on reducing both the fruit rust index and the incidence of rust-infected fruits in Golden Delicious apples.The application of a 1000-fold dilution of Xiulijing resulted in a statistically significant reduction in both the fruit rust index and the incidence of rust-infected fruits,with reduction rates of 21.1%and 31.5%,respectively.Among the various strategies for the prevention and control of apple rust,fruit bagging emerged as the most effective method.The other two technical measures demonstrated significant control effects;however,no substantial differences were observed between them.[Conclusions]The biological control agent Xiulijing is more deserving of promotion and application in practical production due to its significantly superior economic benefits,safety,and stability.

Identification of Hyperparasitic Fungal Species Associated with Coffee Leaf Rust

[Objectives]The paper was to elucidate the specific hyperparasitic fungal species that are associated with coffee leaf rust.[Methods]Tissue isolation,sample humidification,and three-point inoculation techniques were employed to isolate,culture,and purify the hyperparasitic fungi responsible for coffee leaf rust.The purified strains were identified using traditional morphological techniques and molecular biology methods.[Results]Four strains were isolated,specifically BS21(Cladosporium cladosporioides),BS34(C.tenuissimum),BS62(C.cladosporioides),and BS75(C.colombiae).[Conclusions]The findings of this research will contribute novel insights into the biological control of coffee leaf rust.

Integrated Prevention and Control Technology for Coffee Leaf Rust in Yunnan Province

This paper investigates the damage symptoms and occurrence regularity related to coffee leaf rust,and proposes a comprehensive prevention and control strategy grounded in the principle of prioritizing prevention and implementing integrated prevention and control.This strategy encompasses the cultivation of rust-resistant varieties,the implementation of agricultural practices,the application of chemical interventions,the utilization of hyperparasitic fungi,and the protection and utilization of natural enemies.The paper further outlines the necessary requirements for effective prevention and control,emphasizing the importance of enhancing responsibility implementation,fostering systematic prevention and control measures,enhancing guidance services,and increasing publicity and guidance.The aim is to offer technical guidance for the integrated prevention and control of coffee leaf rust in Yunnan Province.

Rust语言在Web开发的应用研究

随着互联网技术的飞速发展,Web应用已成为人们日常生活和工作中不可或缺的一部分。但随着Web应用的规模和复杂性的不断增长,传统的开发语言在性能、安全性和并发性方面逐渐面临挑战。Rust作为一种新兴的系统级编程语言,以其高效、安全和并发性强的特点,逐渐在Web开发中得到广泛应用。

小麦抗条锈基因Yr5、Yr9和Yr18分子标记的特异性评估

Yr5、Yr9(1B/1R)、Yr18基因的自身性状或连锁性状在中国小麦育种中具有重要的应用前景。本研究运用以Avocet S为背景的单基因近等基因系及其对应基因的载体品种,对Yr5基因的连锁标记STS9/10,Yr9(1B/1R)基因的分子标记AF1/4、D15、20H,Yr18基因的分子标记csLV34、cssfr1~cssfr5进行有效性验证。结果表明,Yr5基因的特异性分子标记STS9/10、Yr9(1B/1R)基因的特异性分子标记AF1/4、D15和20H均能够准确识别不同遗传背景材料中的相应抗性基因;Yr18基因分子标记cssfr2能够准确检测Yr18的非载体材料,并检测出Avocet S*6/Yr5、Avocet S*6/Yr24、Avocet S*6/Yr27三个材料具有Yr18的等位变异。这说明Yr5基因的连锁标记STS9/10,Yr9(1B/1R)基因的分子标记AF1/4、D15、20H能对目的基因进行有效检测,Yr18基因的几个分子标记结合使用不仅能够对目的基因进行有效检测,而且能够识别该位点的等位变异。

低温熔融法制备不溶性硫磺的影响因素研究

为了提高不溶性硫磺(IS)的收率和高温稳定性,在聚合温度为260℃、聚合时间为1 h、固化温度为50℃、固化时间为4 h、采用湿法粉碎的工艺条件下,对低温熔融法制备IS中影响产品收率和高温稳定性的因素进行了研究。结果表明:原料硫磺中烃类化合物、酸性有机物、残留萃取稳定剂等对IS产品收率和高温稳定性的影响很大,为保证IS产品质量,上述杂质在原料中的质量分数均应低于0.02%。原料硫磺中的含水量对IS收率影响较小,但微量水分易造成设备腐蚀从而产生铁锈,铁锈会对IS收率和产品质量造成影响。使用聚合稳定剂和醇类急冷稳定剂可以提高IS产品质量。以水为粉碎介质,采用湿法粉碎工艺时,水中的杂质会降低IS的高温稳定性,因此在粉碎过程应及时补充新鲜去离子水;循环水中存在的CS_(2)会降低IS产品的高温稳定性,采用升温氮气汽提法可以有效去除水中的CS_(2)。

海洋工业大气环境下输电线路塔材腐蚀行为及力学性能研究

目的研究Q345钢和SQ420NH钢在模拟海洋工业大气环境下的腐蚀动力学规律、锈层演化规律和力学性能退化规律,着重对比探讨两种低合金钢在腐蚀规律方面表现出的差异性。方法采用干/湿交替循环盐雾腐蚀试验模拟海洋工业大气环境,通过扫描电子显微镜、X射线衍射仪、电化学测试和电子万能试验机等手段,分析总结低合金钢加速腐蚀行为规律和腐蚀机理。结果两种低合金钢腐蚀动力学均符合幂函数规律,腐蚀后期SQ420NH钢腐蚀深度显著低于Q345钢。Q345钢表面锈层疏松多孔,腐蚀中期有裂纹、孔洞产生,而SQ420NH钢中后期表面锈层则整体较为致密均匀。两种低合金钢腐蚀产物都以α-FeOOH、β-FeOOH、γ-FeOOH、Fe_(3)O_(4)/γ-Fe_(2)O_(3)为主,各腐蚀产物相对含量随腐蚀周期变化而有所差异。随着腐蚀周期的延长,Q345钢和SQ420NH钢表面锈层不断增厚,引起低合金钢塔材强度和塑性下降,低合金钢强度退化大小与锈层累积厚度呈负相关关系。腐蚀加快裂纹扩展,使腐蚀位置出现随机性。结论干/湿交替循环盐雾腐蚀试验加速效果明显,通过腐蚀动力学、表面锈层形貌及成分、力学性能等分析,能够对低合金钢腐蚀规律和腐蚀机理进行比较全面的表征,从而为海洋工业大气环境下输电杆塔防腐蚀设计和维护提供一定的参考。

Cloning of cDNA Fragment of Chitinase Gene from the Mycoparasite Trichoderma atroviride on Armandii Pine Blister Rust

[Objective] The aim of this study was to isolate chitinase gene from Trichoderma atroviride strain SS003. [Method] With the aeciospore wall of armandii pine blister rust as inducer, chitinase gene was induced to express in Trichoderma atroviride cells. The cDNA fragment of chitinase gene was cloned by RT-PCR approach. [Result] The activity of chitinase induced reached 40.17 μg/10 min; and the specific fragment amplified was 834 bp in length and proved to be the fragment of chitinase gene by sequencing and sequence analysis. [Conclusion] The result showed the feasibility of isolating the full length of chitinase gene and its transformation, and further producing chitinase.

Screening of Wheat Cultivars for High Temperature Resistance to Stripe Rust from Wheat Resources in Huanghuai Growth Area

[Objective] The study aimed to screen wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust from the wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area. [Method] Seedlings of 165 wheat cultivars from Huanghuai growth area were identified by wheat stripe rust under high temperature; then the wheat cultivars showing stripe rust at seedling stage were further used to identify the same resistance in field. [Results] 13 cultivars were proved to be stripe rust resistant under high temperature, and the expression stages of stripe rust in the 13 cultivars were revealed. The field identification results confirmed the identification results at seedling stage via inoculation of mixed stripe rust of physiological races. The stripe resistances of wheat cultivars were also proved to be non-race-specific. [Conclusion] Wheat resources in Huanghuai growth area are abundant in wheat cultivars with high temperature resistance to stripe rust.

Control of Wheat Stripe Rust and Ensuring High Yield of Crops under Planting of Wheat Variety Mixtures

Wheat stripe rust has become the most dangerous disease which threaten safe yield of wheat in Sichuan Province. It is meaningful to provide technique support for integrated disease control by exploring the effective control measures of wheat stripe rust. Wheat stripe rust dynamic developments of all-planting and mixed-planting have been systematically investigated in this study by taking different mixed-planting combinations among 6 wheat varieties with different resistance levels. The results of this experiment show that the mixed-plantings of 4 and 6 wheat varieties can delay the occurance of wheat stripe rust,slow the speed of disease and decline the damage of disease as well as stabilize yield of wheats.

Forecast Model for Occurrence Degree of Wheat Stripe Rust Using Meteorological Data

[Objective] The aim of this study is to establish the model for forecasting wheat stripe rust occurrence condition using meteorological factors. [Method] Based on the data of wheat stripe rust occurrence degrees in its past prevalent years and the meteorological data at corresponding periods, the methods of grey correlation analysis and fuzzy mathematics were employed to establish the forecast model for four pathogenesis indices according to the time sequence before winter, Early March, Early April and Middle May. Thus, the criterion for forecasting the occurrence degree of wheat stripe rust was obtained based on the distribution method of arithmetic progression. [Result] The model corresponding to meteorological conditions for forecasting wheat stripe rust was successfully established. According to the verification, the forecasting results before winter and in Early Mar. were more severer than the real occurrence condition, while the forecasting results in Early Apr. and Middle May were basically consistent with real values. [Conclusion] The results of the present study may avail the control of wheat stripe rust in Henan Province.

Molecular Detection of Resistance Genes to Stripe Rust and Powdery Mildew in Common Wheat Cultivar Yunmai52

Yunmai52, developed by crossing with common wheat-Haynaldia villosa6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149 as a resistant parent in 1992, was a common wheat cultivar approved and released in 2007 in Yunnan Province, China, which is characterized by high resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust. In this study,an F_2 population derived from a cross K78S/Yunmai52 was constructed to investigate the resistance genes, where K78 S is a wheat male sterile line susceptible to powdery mildew and stripe rust. Phenotypic identification of the parents, F_1 and F_2 populations and chi-square analyses showed that F_1 population was immune to stripe rust and powdery mildew; the segregation ratio of resistance and susceptibility to powdery mildew（χ~2=1.10χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） and stripe rust（χ~2=0.15χ~2_（1,0.05）=3.84） fit to a 3：1 ratio in F_2 population, indicating that Yunmai52 harbors a dominant stripe rust resistance gene and a dominant powdery mildew resistance gene. The individuals were further detected with a marker co-segregated with Pm21（SCAR_（1400）） and two markers closely linked with Yr26（XWe173 and Xbarc181）. The results showed that polymorphic bands could be amplified between the parents and between resistance and susceptibility gene pools at the same locus. Randomly 96 individuals of F_2 population were selected for verification. The results showed that the phenotype was significantly correlated with the genotype. The detection accuracy of markers SCAR_（1400）, XWe173 and Xbarc181 was 100%, 97.91% and 92.70%, respectively.Yunmai52 harbored powdery mildew resistance gene Pm21 and stripe rust resistance gene Yr26, which were both derived from 6AL/6VS translocation line 92R149.In addition, the results also demonstrate that Pm21 and Yr26 are two genes conferring durable resistance to powdery mildew and stripe rust in wheat.

Study on Epidemic Characteristics and Its Causes of Wheat Stripe Rust in Nanchong City

On basis of the research result of stripe rust for 16 years since 1999,the epidemic characteristics and trend of stripe rust in the city were determined.Namely,the earlier the initial stage appeared,the heavier the disease would be.Furthermore,stripe rust has two introduction infection peaks,of which the first peak plays a key role.In farmlands,there are one to three epidemic peaks,and the infection area of the first peak plays the key role on the epidemic area of that year.In addition,the accumulated areas of late January was in significantly positive correlation with annually total area,with a correlation coefficient of 0.769 2.In recent 16 years,the frequency of severe stripe rust was as high as 81.25% which was 50% higher than that before 1995.The slight stripe rust became just in 2013,with a frequency of 6.3%,which indicated that the city has become a region hit by severe stripe rust.The internal reason is the reduction or loss of wheat variety＇s resistance to tripe rust for a new physiological race of rust is becoming pathogenic stronger and be the major race.Big fluctuation of temperatures in warm winter and spring,foggy and dew days slants much would be the external reason.

Biological Characteristics of Sugarcane Rust in Beihai and Its Control Methods

The sugarcane rust was the main disease causing damage on sugarcane leaves. The biological characteristics of the sugarcane rust pathogens found in Beihai were studied. The research results showed that the germination of uredospores would be promoted under the dark condition or with the glucose concentration of 1.5%. The suitable temperature range for the germination of uredospore was 20 -25 ℃, 25 ℃3 was the optimum temperature. The range of relative humidity （RH） for the germination of uredospore was over 80%, the optimum relative humidity for the germination of uredospore was 100% ＋water drops with the germination rate of 28.3%. Urediospore could germinate in the pH value range of 4.1 - 11.1, the most suitable pH value was 7.0. At routine conditions, the longest survival period of uredospore was 120 days. Selection of resistant varieties and cultivation management was the key of control measures.

Optimization on Identification Standards and Artificial Inoculation Methods In Vitro on Resistance to Chrysanthemum White Rust

[Objective] This research aimed at exploring an effective way for inoculation and identification of chrysanthemum white rust under controlled conditions. [Method] By combining the observation methods with the naked eye and under optical microscope, we had established the identification standards for chrysanthemum white rust with six classifications and optimized artificial inoculation methods in vitro. [Result] The results showed that bottled cuttings identification method and petri dished leaves identification method both can be used for identification in vitro of chrysanthemum white rust, bottled cuttings identification method had shown better effects than petri dished leaves identification method, and was supposed to be best artificial inoculation and identification method in vitro. [Conclusion] This research had provided a scientific method for safe and effective researches on chrysanthemum white rust, in order to control the occurrence and diffusion of this quarantine disease.

Rust语言在核电安全级仪控研发应用探讨

在核安全级(1E)仪控应用中,基于处理器的应用绝大部分使用C语言来实现。针对C语言存在弱内存管理、弱数据类型、易于出错的指针控制等天然语言缺陷,提出了更安全的Rust编程语言在核电仪控中应用可能性的探讨。首先分析了C语言固有特性的安全缺陷和Rust语言的安全优势,其次结合核电行业安全软件关键需求探讨了Rust语言的切实应用场景,并阐述了Rust语言应用于核电仪控面临着极大的挑战。最后,为推动核电仪控领域应用更安全的编程语言,提出了积极的展望。

RUST-X稳化型水性带锈底漆

RUST-X稳化型水性带锈底漆是以高分子成膜树脂、含锈草剂、铁锈转化剂、金属清洗剂、表面活化剂、结合剂、各种助剂等合成反应而制成,是单组份涂料和双组份涂料二种。单组份搅匀后直接涂刷乳兰色液体,涂刷10分钟后,转化成黑色表面涂层,双组份将单组份液体70%+红棕色粉末30%合并后充分搅匀,熟化15分钟及可涂刷,深红棕色液体涂刷后10分钟转化成深红棕色表面涂层,单组、双组都是表干20分钟,实干8小时。RUST-X稳化型水性带锈底漆是完全采用美国最新技术与进口材料,而且该涂料涂刷面积大,干燥快,坚硬牢固,无毒环保,无污染,无危险,涂刷一次(单层)完全使铁锈转化成有用成份。(单层)在户内10年左右不会再生锈,在户外1年不会生锈。