Continuous changes in electrical conductivity of sodium aluminate solution in seeded precipitation

The mechanism of seeded precipitation of sodium aluminate solution was studied by measuring the seeded-precipitation rate and electrical conductivity online, as well as calculating the activity and fraction of ion pair. The results show that the electrical conductivity of sodium aluminate slurry linearly decreases with increasing aluminum hydroxide addition. Moreover, both the electrical conductivity of slurry and the difference in electrical conductivity between sodium aluminate solution and slurry remarkably decline in the first 60 min before gradually increasing in the preliminary 10 h and finally reaching almost the same level after 10 h. In low Na2 O concentration solution the activities of Na OH and Na Al（OH）4 in seeded precipitation are high, which can enlarge the difference in conductivity between slurry and solution. Additionally, more ion pairs exist in solution in preliminary seeded precipitation, and the adsorption of Na＋Al（OH）4- on seed surface is likely to break the equilibrium of ion pair formation and to decrease the difference in conductivity in preliminary seeded precipitation.

Differential development and electrophysiological activity in cultured cortical neurons from the mouse and cynomolgus monkey

In vitro cultures of primary cortical neurons are widely used to investigate neuronal function.However,it has yet to be fully investigated whether there are significant differences in development and function between cultured rodent and primate cortical neurons,and whether these differences influence the utilization of cultured cortical neurons to model pathological conditions.Using in vitro culture techniques combined with immunofluorescence and electrophysiological methods,our study found that the development and maturation of primary cerebral cortical neurons from cynomolgus monkeys were slower than those from mice.We used a microelectrode array technique to compare the electrophysiological differences in cortical neurons,and found that primary cortical neurons from the mouse brain began to show electrical activity earlier than those from the cynomolgus monkey.Although cultured monkey cortical neurons developed slowly in vitro,they exhibited typical pathological features-revealed by immunofluorescent staining-when infected with adeno-associated viral vectors expressing mutant huntingtin(HTT),the Huntington’s disease protein.A quantitative analysis of the cultured monkey cortical neurons also confirmed that mutant HTT significantly reduced the length of neurites.Therefore,compared with the primary cortical neurons of mice,cultured monkey cortical neurons have longer developmental and survival times and greater sustained physiological activity,such as electrophysiological activity.Our findings also suggest that primary cynomolgus monkey neurons cultured in vitro can simulate a cell model of human neurodegenerative disease,and may be useful for investigating time-dependent neuronal death as well as treatment via neuronal regeneration.All mouse experiments and protocols were approved by the Animal Care and Use Committee of Jinan University of China(IACUC Approval No.20200512-04)on May 12,2020.All monkey experiments were approved by the IACUC protocol(IACUC Approval No.LDACU 20190820-01)on August 23,2019 for animal management and use.

Female Agassiz’s desert tortoise activity at a wind energy facility in southern California:The influence of an El Nino event

We compared spring-summer activity of adult female Agassiz’s Desert Tortoises (Gopherus agassizii) among three consecutive years (1997, 1998, and 1999) that differed dramatically in winter rainfall and annual plant production at a wind energy facility in the Sonoran Desert of southern California. Winter rainfall was approximately 71%, 190%, and 17% of the long-term average (October-March = 114 mm) for this area in water years (WY) 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. The substantial precipitation caused by an El Ni?o Southern Oscillation (ENSO) event in WY 1998 produced a generous annual food plant supply (138.2 g dry biomass/ m2) in the spring. Primary production of winter annuals during below average rainfall years (WY 1997 and WY 1999) was reduced to 98.3 and 0.2 g/m2, respectively. Mean rates of movement and mean body condition indices (mass/length) did not differ significantly among the years. The drought year following ENSO (WY 1999) was statistically similar to ENSO in every other measured value, while WY 1997 (end of a two year drought) was statistically different from ENSO using activity area, minimum number of burrows used, and percentage of non-movements. Our data suggest that female G. agassizii activity can be influenced by environmental conditions in previous years.

Removal of phenol by activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field

A new process for removing the pollutants in aqueous solution-activated alumina bed in pulsed high-voltage electric field was investigated for the removal of phenol under different conditions. The experimental results indicated the increase in removal rate with increasing applied voltage, increasing pH value of the solution, aeration, and adding Fe^2＋. The removal rate of phenol could reach 72.1% when air aeration flow rate was 1200 ml/min, and 88.2% when 0.05 mmol/L Fe^2＋ was added into the solution under the conditions of applied voltage 25 kV, initial phenol concentration of 5 mg/L, and initial pH value 5.5. The addition of sodium carbonate reduced the phenol removal rate. In the pulsed high-voltage electric field, local discharge occurred at the surface of activated alumina, which promoted phenol degradation in the thin water film. At the same time, the space-time distribution of gas-liquid phases was more uniform and the contact areas of the activated species generated from the discharge and the pollutant molecules were much wider due to the effect of the activated alumina bed. The synthetical effects of the pulsed high-voltage electric field and the activated alumina particles accelerated phenol degradation.

Rossby波和热带对流活动对2010年6月梅雨发生前后我国东部两次强降水过程的影响

基于574台站的逐日降水资料及NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,在比较2010年梅雨期前后(6月7-11日和18-22日)我国东部两次强降水过程的大尺度环流型差异的基础上,从Rossby波活动通量及热带对流活动探讨了这两次强降水过程的异同。结果表明,相同之处在于:两次强降水过程期间中高纬度地区都存在Rossby波向下游传播,中纬度地区呈现双阻型式,低纬度地区西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称西太副高)强度偏强、西伸脊点位置偏西。不同之处在于:1)第一次降水过程中Rossby波的波源位于北欧地区附近,贝加尔湖地区为低槽,使得冷空气南下到36°N左右;同时孟加拉湾活跃的对流系统使西太副高加强西伸到95°E左右,冷暖空气交汇,导致强降水发生;2)第二次降水过程中Rossby波的波源位于北欧地区和中西伯利亚地区附近,东亚地区的低槽较第一次过程明显加深,有利于冷空气到达长江中下游地区(30°N左右),西太平洋暖池地区活跃的对流系统使得西太副高加强西伸到90°E左右,冷暖空气在长江中下游及其以南地区交汇,导致强降水发生。

NATURE OF PRECIPITATION AND ACTIVITY OF CUMULUS CONVECTION DURING THE 1991 MEIYU SEASON OF CHANGJIANG-HUAIHE RIVER BASIN

Seasonal variability regarding the nature of precipitation and the activity of cumulus convection during the 1991 Meiyu season of Changjiang-Huaihe River Basin(Jianghuai)has been investigated by calculating apparent heat source/apparent moisture sink and analyzing TBB(cloud-top blackbody radiation temperature)data.It is found that three periods of strong ascending motion during the Meiyu season lead to three episodes of heavy rain,and the latent heat due to the precipitation is of the sole heat source of the atmosphere.The nature of precipitation shows distinct seasonal variability,from frontal precipitation of the first episode to the extremely strong convective precipitation of the third episode.TBB field of East Asia may well reflect not only the intensity of convection and rainfall,but also the movement of rain belt and convection belt.In the whole Meiyu season.convection belt mainly stays in Jianghuai.but may shift within the domain of East Asia.Its locating in Jianghuai or not determines the maintenance or break of Meiyu.In the third episode,the narrow convection belt over Jianghuai is mainly caused by southwest monsoon which takes moist and convective atmosphere from tropical ocean.

Strong interface interaction and internal electric field promote electron transfer of Bi_(2)O_(2)S/NiFe_(2)O_(4) heterojunction for photocatalytic antibiotic degradation

Heterojunction photocatalysts have shown considerable activities for organic pollutants degradation.However,the faint connection interface and inferior charge shift efficiency critically block the property of heterojunction photocatalysis.Herein,Bi_(2)O_(2)S/NiFe_(2)O_(4) nanosheets heterojunction with ultrastrong inter-face interaction and high internal electric field are designed by an in-situ growth method.Tentative and theoretical consequences prove that the interfacial interaction and internal electric field not only act as the electron flow bridge but also decrease the electrons shift energy obstacle,thus speeding up electrons transfer and achieving effective spatial electron-hole separation.Therefore,a large amount of·O_(2)^(-)and holes as active species were generated.Remarkably,Bi_(2)O_(2) S/NiFe_(2)O_(4) establishes a considerably boosted photocatalytic performance for tetracycline degradation(0.032 min^(-1)),which is about 14.2-fold and 7.8-fold of the pristine BOS and NFO,respectively.This work provides a promising motivation for modulating charge transfer by interface control and internal electric field to boost photocatalytic performance.

对流和层状云系电活动、对流及降水特性的相关分析

通过对６次不同云系电特性、回波、对流及降水特性的综合分析，探讨了它们之间的相关性。结果表明：除不稳定能量外，－１０℃层和０℃层高度以及他们之间的高度差、０℃层与云顶的高度差也是表征雷暴动力和电特性的重要参量；雷暴云起电过程对冰相作用有较强的依赖性；雷暴中的电活动与对流活动成正相关，闪电多发生在３０ｄＢｚ强回波高度大于－１０℃层高度时段内，强烈的电活动与强降雨有很好的对应关系，而与一般性降雨对应关系较差；在雷暴消散期。

北京地区雷暴过程闪电与地面降水的相关关系

该文选取北京地区2006年夏季的18次雷暴过程,利用SAFIR3000三维闪电定位系统观测到的总闪数据,分析了闪电与雷达反演的对流活动区降水量和对流活动区面积的相关关系,结果表明：北京地区的雷暴活动中,单个闪电所表征的降水量的范围在0.86×10^7～6.57×10^7kg/fl之间,平均值为2.65×10^7kg/fl;闪电活动与对流活动区降水量的线性相关关系显著,相关系数达到0.826;闪电活动与对流活动区面积也具有显著的线性关系,相关性系数达到0.846。文中给出了基于6 min闪电频次估算6 min对流降水量以及对流活动区面积的拟合方程。分析还发现,总闪活动与降水的关系要明显好于地闪,总闪信息的应用极大提高了分析结果的质量和可信性,分析结果对于利用闪电信息估测降水具有参考意义。

云南5月雨量与热带海温异常及亚洲季风变化的关系

利用相关分析和合成分析方法 ,研究了云南 5月雨量与热带海温、热带对流活动及亚洲季风等大尺度气候环流背景变化的关系。指出云南 5月雨量与北印度洋季风气流区赤道东太平洋地区的对流活动有明显的相关 ,揭示了云南 5月多雨年和少雨年赤道东太平洋和印度洋地区的海温距平、2 0 0hPa纬向风和 850hPa矢量风场的不同分布特征。这种前后期海温、对流活动和高低层风场的变化具有很好的持续性 ,对预测云南 5月雨量的变化有一定的指示指义。还计算了南亚地区 4～ 6月的季风指数 ,分析了云南 5月雨量与初夏南亚季风指数变化的关系。结果表明 ,南亚季风指数高 ,云南 5月雨量偏多 ;南亚季风指数低 ,云南 5月雨量偏少。同时 ,研究还表明南亚季风指数在季风爆发前期和季风爆发时段的变化有很好的一致性。

电除尘技术研究现状及趋势

详细介绍了电除尘技术研究现状、现存问题及其发展趋势。论述了烟尘荷电凝聚机制及其输运特性等,以便解决除尘电场中的电离占空比、输运项甚低等问题;又着重研究了烟尘的荷电、凝聚的物理过程,将有助于解决电除尘器存在的捕集微细烟尘效率低的问题。

云南雨季开始期与5月雨量的TBB特征

利用17年卫星TBB及云南雨量资料,研究了热带TBB演变与云南雨季开始期及5月雨量的关系。结果表明:当孟加拉湾至中南半岛上空TBB≤-10℃的主对流云云涌稳定通过20°N,TBB≤-20℃强对流区北移到18°N附近,而且TBB≤-5℃区稳定控制云南时,云南大部分地区雨季开始。云南5月少雨年,孟加拉湾至中南半岛上空TBB≤-10℃位置偏南且为正距平区控制,云南为TBB正距平区,对流活动偏弱;云南5月多雨年,上述地区的TBB场分布特征则反之。同时还提出了利用TBB资料跟踪预测云南雨季开始期的方法。

MJO对中国春季降水影响的数值模拟研究

利用IAP-AGCM4.0模式,通过多初值集合数值模拟研究了赤道附近的大气季节内振荡(MJO)传播的两个关键位相期对中国东部春季降水的影响。当在赤道中东印度洋及赤道西太平洋引进异常非绝热加热(强MJO活动)强迫时,模式很好地模拟出了中国东部地区春季降水的异常形势,模式模拟与先期所作的诊断分析结果极为相似,即在MJO的第2—3(6—7)位相,中国长江中下游地区多雨(中国东部大部分地区降水偏少)。对模式输出的高度场、风场、散度和涡度场以及水汽输送场的分析表明,中国春季降水异常的发生分别与异常非绝热加热在东亚/西北太平洋地区所造成的异常大气环流形势密切相关。对逐日响应场的分析表明,就MJO活动影响中国春季降水的可能物理过程及机制进行的讨论表明,赤道附近的异常对流加热不仅可以在赤道附近激发产生大气的罗斯贝波和开尔文波型响应,而且,还会在大气中激发产生从热带到中高纬度的罗斯贝波列遥响应。但是,由于异常对流加热发生的地区不同,大气遥响应场的形势也会十分不同,它所导致的影响也就很不一样。当异常对流加热发生在赤道中东印度洋(对应MJO的第2—3位相)时,大气的罗斯贝波列遥响应将在东亚/西太平洋地区形成有利于中国东部(尤其是长江中下游地区)春季降水偏多的形势;当异常对流加热发生在赤道西太平洋(对应MJO的第6—7位相)时,大气的罗斯贝波列遥响应将在东亚/西太平洋地区形成不利于中国东部春季降水的形势。

热带对流活动对川渝地区夏季降水的影响

利用1974～2008年川渝地区22站月平均降水资料、NCEP/NCAR月平均再分析资料、OLR资料,通过SVD方法,分析研究了川渝地区夏季降水与春季、夏季热带OLR场的关系,并通过相关分析方法、合成分析方法从高度场、风场等方面分析了热带对流活动对川渝地区夏季降水的影响。结果表明,热带对流活动与川渝地区夏季降水之间呈显著的正相关,即夏季热带对流活动强(弱),川渝地区夏季降水偏多(少);当春季经纬度75°～110°E、25°～10°S区域的OLR偏低(偏高),表明这一地区对流活动强(弱),夏季川渝地区降水将偏多(偏少),南印度洋春季热带对流活动的强弱对川渝地区夏季降水有一定的指示意义。若夏季经纬度85°～120°E、15°～5°N区域OLR偏低(高),这一地区对流活动强(弱),夏季川渝地区降水将偏多(少)。热带对流活动异常引起东亚地区大气环流异常,强(弱)热带对流活动年,副热带高压位置偏西(东),南亚高压位置偏东(西),自南海进入中国的水汽输送偏强(弱),经向环流偏强(弱),有更多的暖湿空气自热带地区输入到川渝地区,川渝地区夏季降水偏多(少)。

神乐康对中枢神经系统功能的影响

神乐康（ Ｓ Ｌ Ｋ）（３ ，９ ｇｋｇ ，ｉｇ） 可显著提高小鼠学习记忆成绩，明显抑制小鼠自主活动，神乐康（９ ｇｋｇ）可明显延长戊巴比妥钠小鼠睡眠时间，并明显增加阈下剂量戊巴比妥钠小鼠的入睡个数，不增加戊巴比妥钠小鼠的再入睡动物个数，神乐康（２７ ｇｋｇ） 对小鼠电惊厥有显著的保护作用。

电除尘器及其电离荷电机制的研究新进展

详细介绍了电除尘技术研究现状、现存问题及其研究趋势。目前电除尘技术的理论尚不完备,属于经验工程的学科,电除尘器的技术性能优劣取决于设计命中率。为此,论述烟尘荷电凝聚机制并研究电离放电通道中的带电粒子复合问题及其输运特性等,以便解决除尘电场中的电离占空比、输运项甚低等问题;研究了烟尘荷电、凝聚的物理过程,以便进一步提高电除尘器的性能。

察尔汗盐湖首采区晶间卤水石盐饱和度的研究

利用Ａｇ—ＡｇＣｌ电极和钠离子选择电极组成无液界电池的电势法，测定２５℃时察尔汗盐湖首采区晶间卤水中石盐的平均活度和饱和度：应用Ｐｉｔｚｅｒ方程，计算卤水中石盐的平均活度和饱和度。结果表明，察尔汗首采区晶间卤水中的石盐均已接近或达到饱和；石盐饱和度的实验测定值与Ｐｉｔｚｅｒ方程的理论计算值在总体趋势上吻合得较好。

2007年南海夏季风的爆发过程

利用NCEP/NCAR再分析资料、向外长波辐射(outgoing long-wave radiation,OLR)资料以及卫星、地面站点降水资料,对2007年南海夏季风爆发前后的对流活动、环流形势及降水分布进行研究,结果表明:2007年对流活动增强首先出现在孟加拉湾东岸,然后扩展到南海地区;同时副高东撤北抬,南海夏季风于5月中下旬(29候)爆发;季风爆发后,南海地区开始盛行西南气流,亚洲中低纬地区南北温差(风向切变)由正(负)变负(正)。2007年南海夏季风爆发期间,水汽输送和季风涌活动增强使我国东部地区降水增多。

2012年7月华北降水异常成因分析

2012年7月,我国华北地区降水较常年偏多近45%,期间出现了严重的洪涝灾害。本文利用中国台站降水等资料,对华北降水异常现象及其可能成因进行了分析。结果表明,多因子共同作用可能造成了7月华北降水异常偏多。2012年7月,欧亚中高纬地区维持两脊一槽环流型,贝加尔湖附近低槽活动造成冷空气频繁南下。同时,西太平洋副热带高压(以下简称副高)明显偏北带来的充沛水汽与北方冷空气持续交汇于华北地区,共同构成了华北地区降水偏多的大尺度环流形势。分析还发现,西太平洋暖池区海温偏暖,产生的强盛对流活动使西太平洋副高位置偏北。同时,受北太平洋地区海温偏暖影响,东亚东北部—北太平洋地区盛行低层反气旋异常环流,也造成副高位置偏北。

与活动区AR11158中的一个X2.2级耀斑相关的视向电流密度的计算

太阳高能活动爆发与活动区内的电流结构有着密切的联系,安培(Ampere)定律j_(z)=1/μ_(0)(▽×B)_(z)是测量活动区内视向电流密度的理论基础。由于实测的矢量磁场中不可避免地存在随机噪声,因此,应用安培定律的不同形式计算的电流密度存在显著的差异。为了比较不同形式计算结果的差异并从中探索一种实用的电流计算方法,基于太阳动力学天文台(Solar Dynamic Observatory,SDO)/日震学与磁场成像仪(Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager,HMI)在2011年2月15日测量的活动区AR11158的矢量磁图,利用安培定律的微分算法和积分算法分别计算了活动区内视向电流密度的分布图。结果显示,微分算法获得的视向电流密度分布图受随机噪声的影响要远比积分算法获得的结果大,电流分布图中的电流结构没有积分算法获得的结果清晰。另外,在扩大积分环路半径的情况下,所计算的电流分布图中的噪声信号快速降低,视向电流分布图中的电流结构更清晰。但是当继续扩大积分环路半径时,在获得清晰电流分布图的同时,部分精细结构也随之失真。该研究结果论证了适当扩大积分环路计算视向电流分布图可以降低计算结果受随机噪声的影响,从而获得清晰真实的视向电流分布图,但是积分路径的半径过大在消除噪声影响的同时会丢失电流分布中的一些精细结构。因此在实际计算电流的过程中,应该利用高分辨率的矢量磁图,选定合适的积分路径,利用安培定律的积分算法来计算活动区的视向电流,从而帮助我们探索耀斑爆发与活动区内电流结构的关系。