Implementing machine learning algorithms in the non-conducive environment of the vehicular network requires some adaptations due to the high computational complexity of these algorithms.K-clustering algorithms are sim...Implementing machine learning algorithms in the non-conducive environment of the vehicular network requires some adaptations due to the high computational complexity of these algorithms.K-clustering algorithms are simplistic,with fast performance and relative accuracy.However,their implementation depends on the initial selection of clusters number(K),the initial clusters’centers,and the clustering metric.This paper investigated using Scott’s histogram formula to estimate the K number and the Link Expiration Time(LET)as a clustering metric.Realistic traffic flows were considered for three maps,namely Highway,Traffic Light junction,and Roundabout junction,to study the effect of road layout on estimating the K number.A fast version of the PAM algorithm was used for clustering with a modification to reduce time complexity.The Affinity propagation algorithm sets the baseline for the estimated K number,and the Medoid Silhouette method is used to quantify the clustering.OMNET++,Veins,and SUMO were used to simulate the traffic,while the related algorithms were implemented in Python.The Scott’s formula estimation of the K number only matched the baseline when the road layout was simple.Moreover,the clustering algorithm required one iteration on average to converge when used with LET.展开更多
In this paper, we show that some functions related to the dual Simpson’s formula and Bullen- Simpson’s formula are Schur-convex provided that f is four-convex. These results should be compared to that of Simpson’s ...In this paper, we show that some functions related to the dual Simpson’s formula and Bullen- Simpson’s formula are Schur-convex provided that f is four-convex. These results should be compared to that of Simpson’s formula in Applied Math. Lett. (24) (2011), 1565-1568.展开更多
A generalized Liouville’s formula is established for linear matrix differential equations involving left and right multiplications.Its special cases are used to determine the localness of characteristics of symmetrie...A generalized Liouville’s formula is established for linear matrix differential equations involving left and right multiplications.Its special cases are used to determine the localness of characteristics of symmetries and solutions to Riemann-Hilbert problems in soltion theory.展开更多
A simple method for solving Cauchy’s problem of wave equations in higher space dimensions with initial condition of separated variables, has been given by using D’Alembert’s formula and some examples have been shown.
The Drake formula is a statistical method of forecasting the possible number N of technically evolved extraterrestrial and galactic civilizations able to communicate with the human species. It is based on seven differ...The Drake formula is a statistical method of forecasting the possible number N of technically evolved extraterrestrial and galactic civilizations able to communicate with the human species. It is based on seven different factors that can be grouped into factors of type A, f<sub>A</sub> (“Astrophysicist”) and type B, f<sub>B</sub> (“Astrobiological”). The quantitative analysis of these factors at the time of the presentation of the formula was subjective and highly variable for both factors f<sub>A</sub> and f<sub>B</sub>. Current scientifical and technological development has made it possible to refine the quantitative estimates of the f<sub>A</sub> group whose definition is now less uncertain. In group f<sub>A</sub> the parameter n<sub>e</sub> is understood as the number of planets capable of sustaining life. By means of n<sub>e</sub> Drake defines this possibility exclusively from the geometric point of view. In particular, the planet’s orbit must be included in the circumstellar space in which the planetary temperature allows the presence of liquid water. This is not enough because, for liquid (and gaseous) water to be present on the planet’s surface, it is also essential that the planet has a magnetic field of adequate intensity to shield the flow of charged particles coming from its star (solar wind). The solar wind is able to break up and disperse the liquid and gaseous water molecules and any organic molecules in times much shorter than theoretically necessary for the formation of life and above all, except for singularities, than necessary for evolution to arrive at intelligent life. Here the planetary magnetic field parameter n<sub>m</sub> is introduced into the Drake formula and its statistical probability of existence is discussed.展开更多
The n-divided difference of the composite function h := f o g of functions f, g at a group of nodes t0,t1,…,tn is shown by the combinations of divided differences of f at the group of nodes g(t0),g(t1),…,g(tm...The n-divided difference of the composite function h := f o g of functions f, g at a group of nodes t0,t1,…,tn is shown by the combinations of divided differences of f at the group of nodes g(t0),g(t1),…,g(tm) and divided differences of g at several partial group of nodes t0,t1,…,tn, where m = 1,2,…,n. Especially, when the given group of nodes are equal to each other completely, it will lead to Faà di Bruno's formula of higher derivatives of function h.展开更多
Urbach’s formula for evaluation of electron trapping parameter that happens to be the earliest has emerged as a popular method amongst researchers of persistent luminescence. In this study, we analysed the thermolumi...Urbach’s formula for evaluation of electron trapping parameter that happens to be the earliest has emerged as a popular method amongst researchers of persistent luminescence. In this study, we analysed the thermoluminescence curves of glow-in-the-dark phosphors. Those included some curves recorded by us and others that solely used the Urbach’s formula. Using the parameter obtained by rigorous analysis by fitting the whole TL curves, we presented a comprehensive picture of the potentialities and limitations of the simple Urbach’s relation E=T_m/500, where E is the trap-depth and T_m the peak temperature in absolute scale, first proposed by Urbach in 1930. Some simple thumb rules on the use of the formula were presented for beginners as well as non-specialists so that entry of physically unrealistic data into the literature was prevented.展开更多
In a recent paper, we <a href="#ref1">[1]</a> discussed that Suto<a href="#ref2" target="_blank"> [2] </a>has pointed out an interesting relativistic extension of ...In a recent paper, we <a href="#ref1">[1]</a> discussed that Suto<a href="#ref2" target="_blank"> [2] </a>has pointed out an interesting relativistic extension of Rydberg’s formula. In that paper, we had slightly misunderstood Suto’s approach, something we will comment on further here. The relativistic Suto formula is actually derived from a theory where the standard relativistic momentum relation is changed. The relativistic Rydberg formula we presented and mistakenly thought was the same as Suto’s formula is, on the other hand, derived to be fully consistent with the standard relativistic energy-momentum relation. Here we will point out the differences between the formulas and correct some errors in our previous paper. The paper should give deeper and better intuition about the Rydberg formula and what it represents.展开更多
It is a fact that imaginary numbers do not have practical significance. But the role of imaginary numbers is very broad and enormous, due to the existence of Euler’s formula. Due to Euler’s formula, imaginary number...It is a fact that imaginary numbers do not have practical significance. But the role of imaginary numbers is very broad and enormous, due to the existence of Euler’s formula. Due to Euler’s formula, imaginary numbers have been applied in many theoretical theories. One of the biggest functions of imaginary numbers is to represent changes in phase, which is indispensable in signal analysis theory. The imaginary numbers in quantum mechanics pose a greater mystery: do the imaginary numbers really exist? This question still needs further scientific development to be answered.展开更多
We present a constructive generalization of Abel-Gontscharoff's series expansion to higher dimensions. A constructive application to a problem of multivariate interpolation is also investigated. In addition, two algo...We present a constructive generalization of Abel-Gontscharoff's series expansion to higher dimensions. A constructive application to a problem of multivariate interpolation is also investigated. In addition, two algorithms for constructing the basis functions of the interpolants are given.展开更多
By introducing the s-parameterized generalized Wigner operator into phase-space quantum mechanics we invent the technique of integration within s-ordered product of operators (which considers normally ordered, antino...By introducing the s-parameterized generalized Wigner operator into phase-space quantum mechanics we invent the technique of integration within s-ordered product of operators (which considers normally ordered, antinormally ordered and Weyl ordered product of operators as its special cases). The s-ordered operator expansion (denoted by s…s ) formula of density operators is derived, which isρ=2/1-s∫d^2β/π〈-β|ρ|β〉sexp{2/s-1(s|β|^2-β*α+βa-αα)}s The s-parameterized quantization scheme is thus completely established.展开更多
When dynamic force is applied to a saturated porous soil, drainage is common. In this paper, the saturated porous soil with a two-phase saturated medium is simulated, and Lamb's integral formulas with drainage and st...When dynamic force is applied to a saturated porous soil, drainage is common. In this paper, the saturated porous soil with a two-phase saturated medium is simulated, and Lamb's integral formulas with drainage and stress formulas for a two-phase saturated medium are given based on Biot's equation and Betti's theorem (the reciprocal theorem). According to the basic solution to Biot's equation, Green's function Gij and three terms of Green's function G4i, Gi4, and G44 of a two-phase saturated medium subject to a concentrated force on a spherical coordinate are presented. The displacement field with drainage, the magnitude of drainage, and the pore pressure of the center explosion source are obtained in computation. The results of the classical Sharpe's solutions and the solutions of the two-phase saturated medium that decays to a single-phase medium are compared. Good agreement is observed.展开更多
As is well known,the definitions of fractional sum and fractional difference of f(z)on non-uniform lattices x(z)=c1z^(2)+c2z+c3 or x(z)=c1q^(z)+c2q^(-z)+c3 are more difficult and complicated.In this article,for the fi...As is well known,the definitions of fractional sum and fractional difference of f(z)on non-uniform lattices x(z)=c1z^(2)+c2z+c3 or x(z)=c1q^(z)+c2q^(-z)+c3 are more difficult and complicated.In this article,for the first time we propose the definitions of the fractional sum and fractional difference on non-uniform lattices by two different ways.The analogue of Euler’s Beta formula,Cauchy’Beta formula on non-uniform lattices are established,and some fundamental theorems of fractional calculas,the solution of the generalized Abel equation on non-uniform lattices are obtained etc.展开更多
In this article we shall obtain an interpolation formula passing given a serial points and satisfying initial values of the derivatives of higher order in preceding points Finally we shall give the erroneous estimate ...In this article we shall obtain an interpolation formula passing given a serial points and satisfying initial values of the derivatives of higher order in preceding points Finally we shall give the erroneous estimate of the preceding interpolation formula.展开更多
A generalized Gauss-type quadrature formula is introduced, which assists in selection of collocation points in pseudospectral method for differential equations with two-point derivative boundary conditions. Some resul...A generalized Gauss-type quadrature formula is introduced, which assists in selection of collocation points in pseudospectral method for differential equations with two-point derivative boundary conditions. Some results on the related Jacobi interpolation are established. A pseudospectral scheme is proposed for the Kuramoto-Sivashisky equation. A skew symmetric decomposition is used for dealing with the nonlinear convection term. The stability and convergence of the proposed scheme are proved. The error estimates are obtained. Numerical results show the efficiency of this approach.展开更多
We demonstrate that a Bell type of experiment asks the impossible of a Kolmogorovian correlation. An Einstein locality explanation in Bell’s format is therefore excluded beforehand by way of the experimental and stat...We demonstrate that a Bell type of experiment asks the impossible of a Kolmogorovian correlation. An Einstein locality explanation in Bell’s format is therefore excluded beforehand by way of the experimental and statistical method followed.展开更多
With the use of a local dependency on instrument setting parameters of the probability density of local hidden variables, it is demonstrated that a Kolmogorov formulation reproduces the quantum correlation. This is th...With the use of a local dependency on instrument setting parameters of the probability density of local hidden variables, it is demonstrated that a Kolmogorov formulation reproduces the quantum correlation. This is the novelty of the work. In a Bell experiment, one cannot distinguish between Bell’s formula and the here presented local Kolmogorov formula. With the presented formula, no CHSH can be obtained. Therefore, the famous CHSH inequality has no excluding power concerning local extra Einstein parameter models. This result concurs with other previous research concerning difficulties with Bell’s formula.展开更多
After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first...After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first of all by developing the any base calculation of these powers, then by calculating triangles following the example of the “arithmetical” triangle of Pascal and showing how the formula of the binomial of Newton is driving the construction. The author also develops the consequences of the axiom of linear algebra for the decimal writing of numbers and the result that this provides for the calculation of infinite sums of the inverse of integers to successive powers. Then the implications of these new forms of calculation on calculator technologies, with in particular the storage of triangles which calculate powers in any base and the use of a multiplication table in a very large canonical base are discussed.展开更多
文摘Implementing machine learning algorithms in the non-conducive environment of the vehicular network requires some adaptations due to the high computational complexity of these algorithms.K-clustering algorithms are simplistic,with fast performance and relative accuracy.However,their implementation depends on the initial selection of clusters number(K),the initial clusters’centers,and the clustering metric.This paper investigated using Scott’s histogram formula to estimate the K number and the Link Expiration Time(LET)as a clustering metric.Realistic traffic flows were considered for three maps,namely Highway,Traffic Light junction,and Roundabout junction,to study the effect of road layout on estimating the K number.A fast version of the PAM algorithm was used for clustering with a modification to reduce time complexity.The Affinity propagation algorithm sets the baseline for the estimated K number,and the Medoid Silhouette method is used to quantify the clustering.OMNET++,Veins,and SUMO were used to simulate the traffic,while the related algorithms were implemented in Python.The Scott’s formula estimation of the K number only matched the baseline when the road layout was simple.Moreover,the clustering algorithm required one iteration on average to converge when used with LET.
文摘In this paper, we show that some functions related to the dual Simpson’s formula and Bullen- Simpson’s formula are Schur-convex provided that f is four-convex. These results should be compared to that of Simpson’s formula in Applied Math. Lett. (24) (2011), 1565-1568.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(11975145,11972291)The National Science Foundation(DMS-1664561)。
文摘A generalized Liouville’s formula is established for linear matrix differential equations involving left and right multiplications.Its special cases are used to determine the localness of characteristics of symmetries and solutions to Riemann-Hilbert problems in soltion theory.
基金Supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Hubei Province!(992P0 30 7) the National Natural Science Foun-dation of Chi
文摘A simple method for solving Cauchy’s problem of wave equations in higher space dimensions with initial condition of separated variables, has been given by using D’Alembert’s formula and some examples have been shown.
文摘The Drake formula is a statistical method of forecasting the possible number N of technically evolved extraterrestrial and galactic civilizations able to communicate with the human species. It is based on seven different factors that can be grouped into factors of type A, f<sub>A</sub> (“Astrophysicist”) and type B, f<sub>B</sub> (“Astrobiological”). The quantitative analysis of these factors at the time of the presentation of the formula was subjective and highly variable for both factors f<sub>A</sub> and f<sub>B</sub>. Current scientifical and technological development has made it possible to refine the quantitative estimates of the f<sub>A</sub> group whose definition is now less uncertain. In group f<sub>A</sub> the parameter n<sub>e</sub> is understood as the number of planets capable of sustaining life. By means of n<sub>e</sub> Drake defines this possibility exclusively from the geometric point of view. In particular, the planet’s orbit must be included in the circumstellar space in which the planetary temperature allows the presence of liquid water. This is not enough because, for liquid (and gaseous) water to be present on the planet’s surface, it is also essential that the planet has a magnetic field of adequate intensity to shield the flow of charged particles coming from its star (solar wind). The solar wind is able to break up and disperse the liquid and gaseous water molecules and any organic molecules in times much shorter than theoretically necessary for the formation of life and above all, except for singularities, than necessary for evolution to arrive at intelligent life. Here the planetary magnetic field parameter n<sub>m</sub> is introduced into the Drake formula and its statistical probability of existence is discussed.
基金This work was supported by the National Science Foundation of China (Grant No.10471128).
文摘The n-divided difference of the composite function h := f o g of functions f, g at a group of nodes t0,t1,…,tn is shown by the combinations of divided differences of f at the group of nodes g(t0),g(t1),…,g(tm) and divided differences of g at several partial group of nodes t0,t1,…,tn, where m = 1,2,…,n. Especially, when the given group of nodes are equal to each other completely, it will lead to Faà di Bruno's formula of higher derivatives of function h.
基金supported by University Grant Commission New Delhi of India
文摘Urbach’s formula for evaluation of electron trapping parameter that happens to be the earliest has emerged as a popular method amongst researchers of persistent luminescence. In this study, we analysed the thermoluminescence curves of glow-in-the-dark phosphors. Those included some curves recorded by us and others that solely used the Urbach’s formula. Using the parameter obtained by rigorous analysis by fitting the whole TL curves, we presented a comprehensive picture of the potentialities and limitations of the simple Urbach’s relation E=T_m/500, where E is the trap-depth and T_m the peak temperature in absolute scale, first proposed by Urbach in 1930. Some simple thumb rules on the use of the formula were presented for beginners as well as non-specialists so that entry of physically unrealistic data into the literature was prevented.
文摘In a recent paper, we <a href="#ref1">[1]</a> discussed that Suto<a href="#ref2" target="_blank"> [2] </a>has pointed out an interesting relativistic extension of Rydberg’s formula. In that paper, we had slightly misunderstood Suto’s approach, something we will comment on further here. The relativistic Suto formula is actually derived from a theory where the standard relativistic momentum relation is changed. The relativistic Rydberg formula we presented and mistakenly thought was the same as Suto’s formula is, on the other hand, derived to be fully consistent with the standard relativistic energy-momentum relation. Here we will point out the differences between the formulas and correct some errors in our previous paper. The paper should give deeper and better intuition about the Rydberg formula and what it represents.
文摘It is a fact that imaginary numbers do not have practical significance. But the role of imaginary numbers is very broad and enormous, due to the existence of Euler’s formula. Due to Euler’s formula, imaginary numbers have been applied in many theoretical theories. One of the biggest functions of imaginary numbers is to represent changes in phase, which is indispensable in signal analysis theory. The imaginary numbers in quantum mechanics pose a greater mystery: do the imaginary numbers really exist? This question still needs further scientific development to be answered.
基金This paper is a talk on the held in Nanjing, P. R. China, July, 2004.
文摘We present a constructive generalization of Abel-Gontscharoff's series expansion to higher dimensions. A constructive application to a problem of multivariate interpolation is also investigated. In addition, two algorithms for constructing the basis functions of the interpolants are given.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 10775097 and 10874174)
文摘By introducing the s-parameterized generalized Wigner operator into phase-space quantum mechanics we invent the technique of integration within s-ordered product of operators (which considers normally ordered, antinormally ordered and Weyl ordered product of operators as its special cases). The s-ordered operator expansion (denoted by s…s ) formula of density operators is derived, which isρ=2/1-s∫d^2β/π〈-β|ρ|β〉sexp{2/s-1(s|β|^2-β*α+βa-αα)}s The s-parameterized quantization scheme is thus completely established.
基金Project supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.10572129)
文摘When dynamic force is applied to a saturated porous soil, drainage is common. In this paper, the saturated porous soil with a two-phase saturated medium is simulated, and Lamb's integral formulas with drainage and stress formulas for a two-phase saturated medium are given based on Biot's equation and Betti's theorem (the reciprocal theorem). According to the basic solution to Biot's equation, Green's function Gij and three terms of Green's function G4i, Gi4, and G44 of a two-phase saturated medium subject to a concentrated force on a spherical coordinate are presented. The displacement field with drainage, the magnitude of drainage, and the pore pressure of the center explosion source are obtained in computation. The results of the classical Sharpe's solutions and the solutions of the two-phase saturated medium that decays to a single-phase medium are compared. Good agreement is observed.
基金Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation Fujian province of China(2016J01032).
文摘As is well known,the definitions of fractional sum and fractional difference of f(z)on non-uniform lattices x(z)=c1z^(2)+c2z+c3 or x(z)=c1q^(z)+c2q^(-z)+c3 are more difficult and complicated.In this article,for the first time we propose the definitions of the fractional sum and fractional difference on non-uniform lattices by two different ways.The analogue of Euler’s Beta formula,Cauchy’Beta formula on non-uniform lattices are established,and some fundamental theorems of fractional calculas,the solution of the generalized Abel equation on non-uniform lattices are obtained etc.
文摘In this article we shall obtain an interpolation formula passing given a serial points and satisfying initial values of the derivatives of higher order in preceding points Finally we shall give the erroneous estimate of the preceding interpolation formula.
文摘A generalized Gauss-type quadrature formula is introduced, which assists in selection of collocation points in pseudospectral method for differential equations with two-point derivative boundary conditions. Some results on the related Jacobi interpolation are established. A pseudospectral scheme is proposed for the Kuramoto-Sivashisky equation. A skew symmetric decomposition is used for dealing with the nonlinear convection term. The stability and convergence of the proposed scheme are proved. The error estimates are obtained. Numerical results show the efficiency of this approach.
文摘We demonstrate that a Bell type of experiment asks the impossible of a Kolmogorovian correlation. An Einstein locality explanation in Bell’s format is therefore excluded beforehand by way of the experimental and statistical method followed.
文摘With the use of a local dependency on instrument setting parameters of the probability density of local hidden variables, it is demonstrated that a Kolmogorov formulation reproduces the quantum correlation. This is the novelty of the work. In a Bell experiment, one cannot distinguish between Bell’s formula and the here presented local Kolmogorov formula. With the presented formula, no CHSH can be obtained. Therefore, the famous CHSH inequality has no excluding power concerning local extra Einstein parameter models. This result concurs with other previous research concerning difficulties with Bell’s formula.
文摘After posing the axiom of linear algebra, the author develops how this allows the calculation of arbitrary base powers, which provides an instantaneous calculation of powers in a particular base such as base ten;first of all by developing the any base calculation of these powers, then by calculating triangles following the example of the “arithmetical” triangle of Pascal and showing how the formula of the binomial of Newton is driving the construction. The author also develops the consequences of the axiom of linear algebra for the decimal writing of numbers and the result that this provides for the calculation of infinite sums of the inverse of integers to successive powers. Then the implications of these new forms of calculation on calculator technologies, with in particular the storage of triangles which calculate powers in any base and the use of a multiplication table in a very large canonical base are discussed.