The synthesis of Friedel＇s salt （FS： 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O） by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel＇s salt, such as...The synthesis of Friedel＇s salt （FS： 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O） by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel＇s salt, such as reaction temperature, initial concentration, titration speed, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio were studied in detail. XRD, SEM images and particle size distribution show that the reaction temperature, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio have significant effect on the composition, crystal morphology, and average particle size of the obtained samples. In addition, the initial CaCl2 concentration and NaAlO2 titration speed do not significantly influence the morphology and particle size distribution of Friedel＇s salt. With the optimization of the operating conditions, the crystals can grow up to a average size of about 28 μm, showing flat hexagonal （or pseudo- hexagonal） crystal morphology. Moreover, two potential mechanisms of Friedel＇s salt formation including adsorption mechanism and anion-exchange mechanism were discussed. In the adsorption mechanism, Friedel＇s salt forms due to the adsorption of the bulk C1- ions present in the solution into the interlayers of the principal layers, [Ca2Al（OH-）6·2H2O]＋, in order to balance the charge. In the anion-exchange mechanism, the freechloride ions bind with the AFro （a family of hydrated compounds found in cement） hydrates to form Friedel＇s salt by anion-exchange with the ions present in the interlayers of the principal layer, [Ca2Al（OH-）6. 2H2O]＋- OH-.展开更多
The 12th International Conference on Salt Lake Research,which is organized jointly by International Society of Salt Lake and The Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,will be held on Ju...The 12th International Conference on Salt Lake Research,which is organized jointly by International Society of Salt Lake and The Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,will be held on July 14–18,2014 in Langfang,Hebei Province,China.The conference themes focus on future and global salt lake sustainable research and development and will bring together international specialists in limnology,sedimentology,geology,geochemistry,biology,展开更多
This article recounts the current state of the research, developmemt and exploitation of the salt-lake resources in China’s hinterland with emphasis placed on those in Qinghai Province. It suggests that R&D input...This article recounts the current state of the research, developmemt and exploitation of the salt-lake resources in China’s hinterland with emphasis placed on those in Qinghai Province. It suggests that R&D input in and exploitation of the resources be stepped up, as this is of vital significance in boosting the regional economy of northwest China.展开更多
This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the produc...This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the production of lithium salts and the rich lithium reserves in China’s salt lakes as well as the brilliant prospects for its exploitation in the future. The article proposes that a sustainable exploitation of the lithium trove from these salt lakes should be rooted in comprehensive utilization of the trove and take a long-term approach, emphasizing high value proliferation in developing quality lithium-based products. Also, it expresses some tentative ideas on building demonstration bases for all-round exploitation and utilization of the salt lake resources and the development of lithium cells.展开更多
The author puts forward a proposal for developing chemistry and chemical engineering of China’s salt lakes on the basis of an investigation into exploitation and utilization of salt lake resources all over the world....The author puts forward a proposal for developing chemistry and chemical engineering of China’s salt lakes on the basis of an investigation into exploitation and utilization of salt lake resources all over the world. It contains the subjects of setting up an engineering research center, mainly developing leading products, giving priority to the development of a chemical industry by using Qinghai salt lake resources, actively popularizing results, stressing basic research and systematic management.展开更多
The development of low-cost and efficient new mineral adsorbents has been a hot topic in recent years. In this study, Friedel＇s salt （FS：3CaO·A12O3 ·CaCl2 ·10H2O）, a hexagonal layered inorganic abso...The development of low-cost and efficient new mineral adsorbents has been a hot topic in recent years. In this study, Friedel＇s salt （FS：3CaO·A12O3 ·CaCl2 ·10H2O）, a hexagonal layered inorganic absorbent, was synthesized to remove Cd2＋ from water. The adsorption process was simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption mechanism was further analyzed with TEM, XRD, FT-IR analysis and monitoring of metal cations released and solution pH variation. The results indicated the adsorbent FS had an outstanding ability for Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of the FS for Cd（Ⅱ） removal can reach up to 671.14 mg/g. The nearly equal numbers of Cd2＋ adsorbed and Ca2＋ released demonstrated that ion-exchange （both surface and inner） of the FS for Cd（Ⅱ） played an important role during the adsorption process. Furthermore, the surface of the FS after adsorption was microscopically disintegrated while the inner lamellar structure was almost unchanged. The behavior of Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption by FS was significantly affected by surface reactions. The mechanisms of Cd2＋ adsorption by the FS mainly included surface complexation and surface precipitation. In the present study, the adsorption process was fitted better by the Langmuir isotherm model （R2 = 0.9999） than the Freundlich isotherm model （R2 = 0.8122）. Finally, due to the high capacity for ion-exchange on the FS surface, FS is a promising layered inorganic adsorbent for the removal of Cd（Ⅱ） from water.展开更多
The effects of five salt ingredients of sea water, KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and MgSO4, on induction of cell prolif-eration in Sonneratia caseolaris were investigated. Proliferation was examined in tissue explants deriv...The effects of five salt ingredients of sea water, KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and MgSO4, on induction of cell prolif-eration in Sonneratia caseolaris were investigated. Proliferation was examined in tissue explants derived from such as leaves, cotyledons, and hypocotyls using a small-scale liquid culture method. Addition of 12.5-25 mM of MgCl2 was unique in stimulating cell proliferation in all tissues of S. caseolaris. Otherwise, different effects of salts were observed among the three tissues. In hypocotyl culture, 25-50 mM of NaCl and CaCl2 stimulated cell divisions. Tolerance to 100 mM of MgSO4 was observed in leaves. Three osmotically active compounds commonly used in tissue culture, sorbitol, mannitol and glycinebetaine, were also tested to assess the importance of osmotic effects on cell proliferation. No significant stimulation by these was observed over a wide range of concentrations. Data were compared with those of cotyledon cultures of another mangrove, S. alba, which exhibits no stimulation by MgCl2, stimulation by KCl and tolerance to NaCl. Mechanisms for adaptation of mangrove plants to various and high salts were discussed by comparing the differences in reaction to salts in cultures of two Sonneratia mangrove species of the same genera growing different salt environment.展开更多
Saltmen believed aboriginal gods were everywhere. If anyone in a caravan did something bad, offending the local gods, then these would punish the caravan and even bring down disaster upon it. If everyone respected and...Saltmen believed aboriginal gods were everywhere. If anyone in a caravan did something bad, offending the local gods, then these would punish the caravan and even bring down disaster upon it. If everyone respected and offered sacrifices to the gods, and followed all the caravan rules, then they the gods would protect them.展开更多
The road became worse by the south part of Namtso;streams of melting snow had eroded the road until it resembled a giant comb.The vehicle alternated between speeding along and a sudden brake that made everyone lurch a...The road became worse by the south part of Namtso;streams of melting snow had eroded the road until it resembled a giant comb.The vehicle alternated between speeding along and a sudden brake that made everyone lurch about as though they were all intoxicated.展开更多
AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese traditional medicines Da Cheng Qi Decoction (Timely-Purging and Yin-Preserving Decoction) and Glauber's salt combined with conservative measures on...AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese traditional medicines Da Cheng Qi Decoction (Timely-Purging and Yin-Preserving Decoction) and Glauber's salt combined with conservative measures on abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients. METHODS: Eighty consecutive SAP patients, admitted for routine non-operative conservative treatment, were randomly divided into study group and control group (40 patients in each group). Patients in the study group received Da Cheng Qi Decoction enema for 2 h and external use of Glauber's salt, once a day for 7 d. Patients in the control group received normal saline (NS) enema. Routine non-operative conservative treatments included non-per os nutrition (NPON), gastrointestinal decompression, life support, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), continuous peripancreatic vascular pharmaceutical infusion and drug therapy. Intra-cystic pressure (ICP) of the two groups was measured during treatment. The effectiveness and outcomes of treatment were observed and APACHE Ⅱ scores were applied in analysis. RESULTS: On days 4 and 5 of treatment, the ICP was lower in the study group than in the control group(P < 0.05). On days 3-5 of treatment, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) scores for the study and control groups were significantly different (P < 0.05). Both the effectiveness and outcome of the treatment with Da Cheng Qi Decoction on abdominalgia, burbulence relief time, ascites quantity, cyst formation rate and hospitalization time were quite different between the two groups (P < 0.05). The mortality rate for the two groups had no significant difference. CONCLUSION: Da Cheng Qi Decoction enema and external use of Glauber's salt combined with routine non-operative conservative treatment can decrease the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) of SAP patients and have preventive and therapeutic effects on abdominal compartment syndrome of SAP.展开更多
基金Funded by International Science&Technology Cooperation Program of China(No.2013DFB70220)the National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.21076212)the Natural Science Foundation of Guizhou Province of China(No.[2014]2003)
文摘The synthesis of Friedel＇s salt （FS： 3CaO·Al2O3·CaCl2·10H2O） by the reaction of calcium chloride with sodium aluminate was investigated. Factors affecting the preparation of Friedel＇s salt, such as reaction temperature, initial concentration, titration speed, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio were studied in detail. XRD, SEM images and particle size distribution show that the reaction temperature, aging time and molar Ca/Al ratio have significant effect on the composition, crystal morphology, and average particle size of the obtained samples. In addition, the initial CaCl2 concentration and NaAlO2 titration speed do not significantly influence the morphology and particle size distribution of Friedel＇s salt. With the optimization of the operating conditions, the crystals can grow up to a average size of about 28 μm, showing flat hexagonal （or pseudo- hexagonal） crystal morphology. Moreover, two potential mechanisms of Friedel＇s salt formation including adsorption mechanism and anion-exchange mechanism were discussed. In the adsorption mechanism, Friedel＇s salt forms due to the adsorption of the bulk C1- ions present in the solution into the interlayers of the principal layers, [Ca2Al（OH-）6·2H2O]＋, in order to balance the charge. In the anion-exchange mechanism, the freechloride ions bind with the AFro （a family of hydrated compounds found in cement） hydrates to form Friedel＇s salt by anion-exchange with the ions present in the interlayers of the principal layer, [Ca2Al（OH-）6. 2H2O]＋- OH-.
文摘The 12th International Conference on Salt Lake Research,which is organized jointly by International Society of Salt Lake and The Institute of Mineral Resources,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,will be held on July 14–18,2014 in Langfang,Hebei Province,China.The conference themes focus on future and global salt lake sustainable research and development and will bring together international specialists in limnology,sedimentology,geology,geochemistry,biology,
文摘This article recounts the current state of the research, developmemt and exploitation of the salt-lake resources in China’s hinterland with emphasis placed on those in Qinghai Province. It suggests that R&D input in and exploitation of the resources be stepped up, as this is of vital significance in boosting the regional economy of northwest China.
文摘This article gives an introductory exposition of the growing demands of lithium on the market against the background of current rapid S&Tprogress and booming economic development, the worldwide trend in the production of lithium salts and the rich lithium reserves in China’s salt lakes as well as the brilliant prospects for its exploitation in the future. The article proposes that a sustainable exploitation of the lithium trove from these salt lakes should be rooted in comprehensive utilization of the trove and take a long-term approach, emphasizing high value proliferation in developing quality lithium-based products. Also, it expresses some tentative ideas on building demonstration bases for all-round exploitation and utilization of the salt lake resources and the development of lithium cells.
文摘The author puts forward a proposal for developing chemistry and chemical engineering of China’s salt lakes on the basis of an investigation into exploitation and utilization of salt lake resources all over the world. It contains the subjects of setting up an engineering research center, mainly developing leading products, giving priority to the development of a chemical industry by using Qinghai salt lake resources, actively popularizing results, stressing basic research and systematic management.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 51108441, 51178446)
文摘The development of low-cost and efficient new mineral adsorbents has been a hot topic in recent years. In this study, Friedel＇s salt （FS：3CaO·A12O3 ·CaCl2 ·10H2O）, a hexagonal layered inorganic absorbent, was synthesized to remove Cd2＋ from water. The adsorption process was simulated by Langmuir and Freundlich models. The adsorption mechanism was further analyzed with TEM, XRD, FT-IR analysis and monitoring of metal cations released and solution pH variation. The results indicated the adsorbent FS had an outstanding ability for Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of the FS for Cd（Ⅱ） removal can reach up to 671.14 mg/g. The nearly equal numbers of Cd2＋ adsorbed and Ca2＋ released demonstrated that ion-exchange （both surface and inner） of the FS for Cd（Ⅱ） played an important role during the adsorption process. Furthermore, the surface of the FS after adsorption was microscopically disintegrated while the inner lamellar structure was almost unchanged. The behavior of Cd（Ⅱ） adsorption by FS was significantly affected by surface reactions. The mechanisms of Cd2＋ adsorption by the FS mainly included surface complexation and surface precipitation. In the present study, the adsorption process was fitted better by the Langmuir isotherm model （R2 = 0.9999） than the Freundlich isotherm model （R2 = 0.8122）. Finally, due to the high capacity for ion-exchange on the FS surface, FS is a promising layered inorganic adsorbent for the removal of Cd（Ⅱ） from water.
文摘The effects of five salt ingredients of sea water, KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and MgSO4, on induction of cell prolif-eration in Sonneratia caseolaris were investigated. Proliferation was examined in tissue explants derived from such as leaves, cotyledons, and hypocotyls using a small-scale liquid culture method. Addition of 12.5-25 mM of MgCl2 was unique in stimulating cell proliferation in all tissues of S. caseolaris. Otherwise, different effects of salts were observed among the three tissues. In hypocotyl culture, 25-50 mM of NaCl and CaCl2 stimulated cell divisions. Tolerance to 100 mM of MgSO4 was observed in leaves. Three osmotically active compounds commonly used in tissue culture, sorbitol, mannitol and glycinebetaine, were also tested to assess the importance of osmotic effects on cell proliferation. No significant stimulation by these was observed over a wide range of concentrations. Data were compared with those of cotyledon cultures of another mangrove, S. alba, which exhibits no stimulation by MgCl2, stimulation by KCl and tolerance to NaCl. Mechanisms for adaptation of mangrove plants to various and high salts were discussed by comparing the differences in reaction to salts in cultures of two Sonneratia mangrove species of the same genera growing different salt environment.
文摘Saltmen believed aboriginal gods were everywhere. If anyone in a caravan did something bad, offending the local gods, then these would punish the caravan and even bring down disaster upon it. If everyone respected and offered sacrifices to the gods, and followed all the caravan rules, then they the gods would protect them.
文摘The road became worse by the south part of Namtso;streams of melting snow had eroded the road until it resembled a giant comb.The vehicle alternated between speeding along and a sudden brake that made everyone lurch about as though they were all intoxicated.
文摘AIM: To investigate the therapeutic effect of traditional Chinese traditional medicines Da Cheng Qi Decoction (Timely-Purging and Yin-Preserving Decoction) and Glauber's salt combined with conservative measures on abdominal compartment syndrome (ACS) in severe acute pancreatitis (SAP) patients. METHODS: Eighty consecutive SAP patients, admitted for routine non-operative conservative treatment, were randomly divided into study group and control group (40 patients in each group). Patients in the study group received Da Cheng Qi Decoction enema for 2 h and external use of Glauber's salt, once a day for 7 d. Patients in the control group received normal saline (NS) enema. Routine non-operative conservative treatments included non-per os nutrition (NPON), gastrointestinal decompression, life support, total parenteral nutrition (TPN), continuous peripancreatic vascular pharmaceutical infusion and drug therapy. Intra-cystic pressure (ICP) of the two groups was measured during treatment. The effectiveness and outcomes of treatment were observed and APACHE Ⅱ scores were applied in analysis. RESULTS: On days 4 and 5 of treatment, the ICP was lower in the study group than in the control group(P < 0.05). On days 3-5 of treatment, acute physiology and chronic health evaluation Ⅱ (APACHE Ⅱ) scores for the study and control groups were significantly different (P < 0.05). Both the effectiveness and outcome of the treatment with Da Cheng Qi Decoction on abdominalgia, burbulence relief time, ascites quantity, cyst formation rate and hospitalization time were quite different between the two groups (P < 0.05). The mortality rate for the two groups had no significant difference. CONCLUSION: Da Cheng Qi Decoction enema and external use of Glauber's salt combined with routine non-operative conservative treatment can decrease the intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) of SAP patients and have preventive and therapeutic effects on abdominal compartment syndrome of SAP.
