The protective effect of cyclodextrin on the color quality and stability of Cabernet Sauvignon red wine

The impact of cyclodextrins(CDs)on wine quality and stability remains largely unknown.This study systematically assessed the protective effect of the post-fermentation addition of CDs on color stability of red wine from the viewpoints of color characteristics,copigmentation and phenolic profiles.The grey relational analysis(GRA)and principal component analysis(PCA)methods were employed to dissect the key effective determinants related to color quality.The addition of CDs induced a significant hyperchromic effect of 8.19-25.40%,a significant bathochromic effect and an enhancement of the color intensity.Furthermore,the evolution of anthocyanin forms and the content of monomeric anthocyanins revealed that β-CD is a superior favorable cofactor during wine aging,but for long-term aging,2-HP-β-CD and 2-HP-γ-CD are more beneficial in promoting the formation of polymerized anthocyanins and color stability.This work provides an important reference for the use of CDs to enhance the color quality and stability of red wines.

Forecast of Red Tide in the South China Sea by Using the Variation Trend of Hydrological and Meteorological Factors

Many studies point out that weather conditions involving temperature, wind power, monsoon transform, air pressure, sea condition, tide, ocean current, salinity, eutrophic environment and so on are key factors causing Red Tide. In the red tide high frequency areas of the South China Sea, the eutrophic environment of sea water has already existed, so the key elements such as meteorological and hydrological conditions play an importance role in the occurrence of red tide. The atmospheric circulation maintenance and variation decide whether meteorological phenomena, and hydrological key elements stabilize or change. Moreover, the red tide organisms＇ breeding from the initial stage to the blooming reproduction stage, until reaching the biological density of the red tide, generally takes 4 - 5 days. In the paper, the red tide examples are analyzed in the past 10 years, and the weather circulation situation and hydro-meteorological key elements of it are counted to find the previous circulation mode and bring out important factors inducing the blooming of red tide. The predicted result in 2003 according to this method was satisfactory.

Time series analysis of red tide's disaster characteristics in China seas

The annual frequency of red tides from 1977 to 2012 and the monthly frequency of red tides from 2001 to 2012 in China seas were used to establish the time series of red tide annual frequency and monthly frequency, respectively. The annual frequency fit well with time segments revealed by piecewise linear regression analysis. The seasonal maximum of monthly frequency was in May （-18.22）, and the stochastic volatility tended to increase gradually with time series, with peak values occurring from May to July. Holt exponential smoothing and Holt-winter exponential smoothing were used to predict red tide annual and monthly frequencies, which revealed that the annual frequency of red tides would rise slowly by one time from 2013 to 2020, and that red tides would mainly occur from May to July in 2013-2016 with a peak value of about 25 times in May.

基于S-O-R模型的视觉营销对消费者购买意愿的影响研究——以红色文创网店为例

为提高红色文创网店的点击转化率,文章从消费者视角出发,研究影响消费者购买意愿的视觉因素。基于S-O-R模型理论,构建红色文创网店视觉营销对消费者购买意愿因素的理论模型。利用S-O-R模型分析了红色文创网店视觉营销中的商品形象、界面形象以及品牌视觉形象对顾客感知价值及顾客购买意向的影响。通过设计量表和调查问卷进行实证研究,并结合结构方程模型加以论证,得出品牌视觉形象和界面形象是影响消费者购买意愿的关键因素,为设计师和红色文创品牌进行网店设计提供了一定的理论参考和建议。

APPLICATION OF CLAYS TO REMOVAL OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS II. COAGULATION OF DIFFERENT SPECIES OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS WITH MONTMORILLONITE AND EFFECT OF CLAY PRETREATMENT

Study on the coagulation of four species of red tide organisms (Nitzschia pungens, Skeletonema costatum, Prorocentrum minimum and Noctiluca scintillans) with montmorillonite, and the effect of montmorillonite pretreatment on the coagulation shows that the capability for montmorillonite to coagulate with them is in the order: N. pungens > S. costatum > P. minimum > N. scintillans. The coagulation is discussed from the aspects of the structure, shape, size, movement, habit, etc. of different species and the results are explained theoretically. The experimental results also indicate that the treatment of montmorillonite with acid can enhance its coagulating capability. This is due to the fact that A1(OH2)6+3, exchanged from the clay lattice by hydrogen ion H+, forms hydroxy-aluminum polymers on the surface of the montmorillonite. The hydroxy-aluminum polymers positively charge and increase the positive characteristic of the clay surface, and also serves as a bridge between adjacent surfaces of particles. These two functions enhance the montmorillonite's capability for coagulating with the organism cells.

FIVE RED TIDE SPECIES IN GENUS PROROCENTRUM INCLUDING THE DESCRIPTION OF PROROCENTRUM DONGHAIENSE LU SP. NOV.FROM THE EAST CHINA SEA

A new planktonic dinoflagellate, Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov., is described in the present paper. The water sample was collected from the Changjiang Estuary, the East China Sea. The species identification is based on shape, size, surface micro morphology, ornamentation of thecal plates and the architecture of the periflagellar area and the intercalary bands as seen by light and scanning electron microscope. Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov. is compared with other prorocentrum species with respect to morphological characteristics and bloom behavior. It is not known whether Prorocentrum donghaiense Lu sp. nov produces phycotoxins like some other Prorocentrum species. Four other red tide species in the family Prorocentraceae (Dinophyceae), namely P. balticum , P. minimum, P. micans, P. triestinum , were examined and identified by light and scanning electron microscope. They have been recorded as bloom forming species. Some aggregates of Prorocentrum are observed at the end of blooms. An event of strong discoloration caused by P. donghaiense could be detected by satellite sensor in the East China Sea in the late spring of 1995.

APPLICATION OF CLAYS TO REMOVAL OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS I. COAGULATION OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS WITH CLAYS

Coagulation of red tide organism cells with clays is discussed in theory and the effects of some factors on it are studied. A quantitative model is presented which describes how the coagulation varies with pH in solution. According to the model, within the pH-range between pHzpcb, and pHzpcb, VR is negative and the coagulation is strong and strongest at pH = (pHzpca + pHzpcb)/2. It is also demonstrated that when the diameter of clay particles is close to that of cells, the collision probability is low, resulting in weaker coagulation. The model results have been corroborated by experiments and so are scientific and theoretical bases for application.

EFFECT OF NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS ON THE GROWTH OF A RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE SCRIPPSIELLA TROCHOIDEA (STEIN) LOEBLICH III

Scrippsiella trochoidea (Stein) Loeblich III was grown in a nitrogen or phosphorus limited batch culture system in laboratory. Growth rates and cellular Chl a were measured as functions of nitrate and phosphate concentrations. Growth rates were hyperbolic with both nitrate and phosphate concentration and fit the Monod equation. The minimum cell quota of nitrogen and phosphorus and then the optimum N:P ratio of S. trochoidea were estimated in this study. Measurement of phosphate concentration in Jiaozhou Bay suggest that phosphorus is the limiting factor of S. trochoidea growth.

APPLICATION OF CLAYS TO REMOVAL OF RED TIDE ORGANISMS III. THE COAGULATION OF KAOLIN ON RED TIDE ORGANISMS*

This article reports studies on the coagulation of kaolin(from Wuxian, Jiangsu, China) on various red tide organisms, and the observation for the first time that the coagulation of kaolin is much greater than that of montmorillonite so that kaolin is a more effective clay for removing red tide organisms. The authors' theoretical explanation and analysis by a mathematical-physical model prove that compared to montmorillonite. kaolin has greater attraction for organism cells and therefore greater coagulation capabil-ity. This project's studies on the effects of pH and acid-treatment show that the acid-treatment does not have much influence on the kaolin system; whereas the effect of pH on the kaolin system is the same as that on the montmorillonite system.

RESEARCH ON RED TIDE OCCURRENCES USING ENCLOSED EXPERIMENTAL ECOSYSTEM IN WEST XIAMEN HARBOR, CHINA RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NUTRIENTS AND RED TIDE OCCURRENCE

This study on the distribution of phosphate and its relation to phytoplankton biomass in Western Xiamen Harbor using marine ecosystem enclosures to isolate the culture water from the tidal currents and salinity changes outside indicated that the phytoplankton biomass variation closely related to dissolved inorganic phosphorus (DIP) in the seawater as described by the equation: [Chl a]=A×e -B[PO4] . The biomass changes lagged by about two days the corresponding DIP. The research also dealt with the minimal DIP concentration for stopping diatom bloom and the possible maximal diatom biomass was estimated from the DIP external concentration in the seawater. The threshold of DIP initiating Skeletonema costatum red tide was calculated for use as an index to forecast its red tides. In addition, the relationships between a dinoflagellate red tide and nutrients are discussed. The results showed that the multiplication of dinoflagellate was not entirely dependent on the nutrients in the seawater.

短凯伦藻高效溶藻菌Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis SE3的分离、鉴定及溶藻作用研究

微生物防控法以其生态调控功能和环境友好特征成为赤潮治理领域备受关注的一种方法。从短凯伦藻(Karenia brevis)藻际微生物中筛选出一株高效溶藻菌,研究了其对短凯伦藻的溶藻特性、溶藻作用方式及机制。经16S rDNA鉴定,该溶藻菌属于假交替单胞菌属细菌Pseudoalteromonas shioyasakiensis SE3。结果表明,菌株SE3的溶藻效果不受细菌生长阶段的影响,主要受细菌数量的影响,当细菌密度为1.2×107 cells/mL时,在6 h即能达到100%的溶藻率。基于扫描与透射电镜等研究发现,菌株SE3主要以与藻细胞直接接触的作用方式溶藻,菌株SE3首先破坏短凯伦藻膜结构,侵入藻细胞内部,导致藻细胞的死亡。上述研究结果为利用藻际细菌防控赤潮提供了重要参考。

Notes Effects of four nitrogen substrates on growth of several red tide species

Eight common red tide species including the Dinoflagellates Alejcandrium tamarense,Prorocentrum minimum , Prorocentrum mican , Diatoms Skeletonema costatum , Cerataulina pelag-ica, Leptocylindrus minimus, a Raphidophyte Heterosigma akashiwo and a Chrysophyte Isochrysis galbana were chosen to study the effect of four nitrogen substrates (NOs ?N, NHi - N, Urea ?N, Mixed ?N) on the growth of these algae. After two transfers, the results showed that at N concentration of 550 fano\, NO; - N was the best nitrogen source among these four nitrogen substrates; Urea - N and Mixed ~ N were also good for the growth of most algae, but not as good as NQj ?N for some species; NH??N inhibited the growth of all these species except H. akashrwo. At concentrations of 280 and 50 fimol experiments on the growth of /. galbana , P. minimum and L. minimus in Nri( - N and NO; - N substrates were also performed. The results showed that the growth rates of /. galbana were not significantly different from each other in NO; - N and NH?- N substrates both concentrations of 280 and 50 fonol. In concentration of 280 (anol NHt - N substrate, the growth rates of P. minimum and L. minimus were slower than in same concentration of NO? ~~ N; At concentration of 50 (unol , the growth rate of P. minimum in NH?- N was not significantly different from that in NOj ?N, while the growth rate of L. minimus was only about 30% of that in NQ3 ~ N substrate. The results indicated that each alga had its own preference in N-substrate and concentration, therefore, different nitrogen substrates may play a role in red tide formation.

A relationship between red tide outbreaks and urban development along the coasts of Guangdong Province

Red tides are one of the main coastal catastrophic events in Guangdong Province of southern China. The comparison between the number of red tide events and the development indexes of cities along the coasts of the province shows that the regional differences in red tide outbreaks has close relations with the coastal urban developments. The cause for an initiation of red tide blooms may be natural factors, while wastewater caused by the fast development of population, industry and aquiculture of the coastal cities enhanced the blooms. It may explain why the two periods of frequent outbreaks of the red tides over the last two decades matched the urban developments in the coastal areas of Guangdong not only spatially but also temporally. The red tides in the first period were restricted only to the coasts of middle Guangdong, where urbanization process was at a higher speed than the other coastal areas of the province. In the second period, fast development of the coastal cities in eastern Guangdong led to an increase in the occurrence of red tides in local sea areas of the same coasts.

RESEARCH ON RED TIDE OCCURRENCES USING ENCLOSED EXPERIMANTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN WEST XIAMEN HARBOR, CHINA——RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN VARIOUS FACTORS AND RED TIDE OCCURRENCES

A series of enclosed ecosystem experiments were conducted in a land based tank near the seaside of West Xiamen Harbor.The results of experiments conducted in different seasons and years showed a repeatble phytoplankton succession. In this relatively stable ecosystem with added nutrients and trace metals,diatoms dominated initially,dinoflagellates dominated in the later stage,and dinoflagellate red tides eventually occurred.Vitamin B 12 enrichment may speed up this succession process. Stirring the water column could stop this process. Soluble Mn at a level of 3-4 μg/L in seawater,which also is the existing concentration of solu ble Mn in Xiamen Harbor seawater,is sufficient for the multiplication of algae and occurrence of red tide.The present study showed that excessive soluble Mn in Xiamen Harbor cannot cause red tide,and that Fe was one of the important factors causing diatom red tide in this present study..

EFFECTS OF Fe AND Mn ON THE GROWTH OF A RED TIDE DINOFLAGELLATE SCRIPPSIELLA TROCHOIDEA (STEIN) LOEBLCH Ⅲ

Batch culture experiments were conducted with a red tide dinoflagellate Scrippsiella trochoidea(Stein) Loeblch Ⅲ colleted from Jiaozhou Bay, Shandong, China. Growth rates and Cellular Chl-a were meas ured in media with iron and manganese ion concentrations controlled at different levels using EdTA-trace metal buffer systems. Cell density increased 3.2 times to 6.5 times over the range of lowest (0 mol/L) to highest(10-5 mol/L) iron and manganese ion concentrations. The range of Cell density response was much lower than the range of total available iron and manganese, which was >100-fold that of Fe. This nonlinear relationship indicates that the cells adapt to make more efficient use of iron and manganese un der limiting conditions. The cellular Chl-a content maximized after 3 days incubation and then decreased gradually under either iron or manganese limitation conditions. It indicated that the algae gained higher photosynthesis ability when transferred to a new environment. Growth responses to iron and manganese limitation can be both modeled according to the equation of Monod. The half-saturation constant for growth, k, is 4.6×10-8 mol/L for Fe and 5.1×10-8 mol/L for Mn. Our results showed that the iron availability in Jiaozhou Bay does not limit the growth of S. trochoidea.

Secondary pollution from sediment and red tide occurrence

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Nutrient and chlorophyll a anomaly in red-tide periods of 2003-2008 in Sishili Bay, China

Sishili Bay is the most important aquiculture and tourism area for the city of Yantai, China; however, red tides occurred frequently and have caused huge economic losses in this bay in recent years. To gain a better understanding of the local ecological environments in the bay, we conducted this research between 2003 and 2008 to analyze variations in nutrients and chlorophyll （chl-a） during high frequency red tide period （May to September）. The results show that the chl-a concentration increased from 2.70 in 2003 to 7.26 mg/m3 in 2008, while the concentration of total inorganic nitrogen （TIN） and silicate （SiO3-Si） increased lineally from 5.18 and 1.45 pmol/L in 2003 to 18.57 and 9.52 pmol/L in 2008, respectively, and the annual phosphate （PO4-P） varied between 0.15 and 0.46 μmol/L. Special attention was given to a red tide in August 2007 occurred when water temperature was high and nutrient concentrations increased sharply because of a heavy rainfall. Overall, the results show the P limitation in Sishili Bay, and reveal that red tides were caused by eutrophication from terrestrial inputs and local warm weather, particularly during rainy periods. Therefore, to control red tide, greater efforts should be made to reduce sewage discharges into Sishili Bay, particularly during rainfall seasons.

一株溶藻菌 Zobellella sp. B307对太平洋亚历山大藻的溶藻特性及作用机制研究

为研究溶藻菌对赤潮甲藻的作用机制,本文从胶州湾沉积物中分离得到的一株耐盐菌株Zobellella sp.B307,并研究了该菌株对太平洋亚历山大藻(Alexandrium pacificum)的抑制效果,从细胞结构、生理水平和分子水平探究了该菌株的抑藻途径及作用机制。结果表明,该菌株的抑藻途径为分泌胞外活性物质的间接溶藻,72 h的溶藻率高达91%。溶藻过程中藻细胞壁破损,叶绿素a和总蛋白含量显著下降,藻细胞的活性氧(ROS)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性显著高于对照组,这表明溶藻物质对藻细胞造成的强烈氧化损伤是导致其死亡的直接原因。热休克蛋白基因(HSP)表达量显著上调,说明溶藻物质激发藻细胞产生的ROS在激活抗氧化系统的同时诱导产生HSP70,二者联合清除ROS以减缓藻细胞受应激损伤的程度;A.pacificum的网格蛋白基因(Clathrin)表达量显著上调,表示由网格蛋白介导的胞吞作用明显增强,进而说明为减轻光合营养功能受损造成的影响,藻细胞的异养功能增强。本研究结果有助于诠释菌藻关系,更为探究赤潮治理的生物方法提供重要的理论支持和实践指导。

A new algorithm based on the background field for red tide monitoring in the East China Sea

Remote sensing has been proven to be an effective means of monitoring red tides. The spectral information is an important basis for establishing a model to monitor red tides. The spectral curves of red tide events are analyzed and compared with multiyear monthly averaged spectral curves based on MODIS data from July 2002 to June 2012, as well as spectral differences at the same location during red tide presence and absence. A red tide monitoring algorithm is developed based on the background field to extract the red tide information of the East China Sea （ECS）. With the application of the algorithm in the ECS, the results reveal that the developed model can effectively determine the location of red tides, with good correspondence to the results from an official bulletin. This demonstrates that the algorithm can effectively extract the red tide information.

Maltivariate Analysis of the Occurring Process of Skeletonema costatum Red Tide in the Changjiang Estuary

Using the SAS software, the data of environmental factors vs. red tide biomass were analysed during the process of Skeletonema costatum red tide which broke out in the Changjiang Estuary on June 9～15, 1990. The results of the multivariate statistical analysis show that the environmental factors are similar in their developing and maintenance periods and that the values of environmental factors begin to be restored to normal levels during the disappearing period.The results obtained from using the methods of correlation, variable cluster and main component analyses are basically identical. The important factors contributing to the occurrence of this red tide are atmospherical pressure, water temperature, salinity, pH, No3-, -N, Po43--P and Fe, among which,salinity, Fe and PO43--P are the leading factors which have triggered the occurrence of the red tide as determined by the step-by-step regression analysis. Meanwhile, the linear discrimination functions have been established for the red tide. The environmental factor data of another occurring process of Skeletonema costatum red tide in the Changjiang Estuary have been chosen for red tide discrimination with satisfactory results.