An Rapid Assessment Method for Bearing Capacity of RC Girder Bridges Based on Residual Strain

In order to realize the in-situ evaluation of reinforced concrete bridges subjected to fatigue for a long time or after earthquake, an evaluation method for cumulative damage of concrete structures based on unloading elastic modulus was proposed. First, according to the concrete stress-strain curve and the statistical relationship between residual strain and cumulative strain, the calculation method of static equivalent strain and residual strain concrete based on unloading elastic modulus and the method for estimating the strength of concrete after damage were proposed. The detailed steps of field test and analysis and the practical damage indicators of residual strain were given. Then, the evaluation method of existing stress and strain of Reinforced Concrete Bridge under dead load and the concept of “equivalent dead load bending moment” were put forward. On this basis, the paper analyzed the root cause of the decrease of bearing capacity of Reinforced Concrete Bridge after fatigue damage, and pointed out that the equivalent strain or residual strain of reinforced concrete increases under the fatigue effect, which led to the decreasing of actual live moment and deformation performance while the ultimate load-carrying capacity remained constant or very little decrease. The evaluation method of structure residual capacity was given, and through comparative analysis of eight T reinforced concrete beams that had been in service for 35 years with the static failure tests, the effectiveness of the method was verified.

The Influence of Steel and Basalt Fibers on the Shear and Flexural Capacity of Reinforced Concrete Beams

To improve the shear and flexural capacity of flexural members, the steel and basalt fibers were used in model beams tested under flexure. Three series of single span free supported model beams were prepared from SFRC （steel fiber reinforced concrete） with longitudinal steel reinforcement （steel ratio of 1.2 %） and varied spacing of steel stirrups and they were tested till failure. Another three series of BFRC （basalt fiber reinforced concrete） double-span model beams with a span of 2 mm~ 1,000 mm and cross section 180 mm ~ 80 mm were tested. During the tests till to the failure the beam reactions, vertical deflections and horizontal strains in concrete were registered, to clarify the range of redistribution of bending moments and shear forces over the span of the beams. Almost all the tested model beams failed in shear, showing visible influence of steel and basalt fibers on the shear capacity of the tested beams. The tests results confirmed that steel and basalt fibers in reinforced concrete beams can partially replace （in certain cases） the traditional steel stirrups calculated for shear.

Axial Bearing Capacity of Short FRP Confined Concrete-filled Steel Tubular Columns

The bearing capacity of FRP confined concrete-filled steel tubular （FRP-CFST） columns under axial compression was investigated. This new type of composite column is a concrete-filled steel tube （CFST） confined with fiber-reinforced polymer （FRP） wraps. Totally 11 short column specimens were tested to failure under axial compression. The influences of the type and quantity of FRP, the thickness of steel tube and the concrete strength were studied. It was found that the bearing capacity of short FRP-CFST column was much higher than that of comparable CFST column. Furthermore, the formulas for calculating the bearing capacity of the FRP-CFST columns are proposed. The analytical calculated results agree well with the experimental results.

Experimental Shear Study on Reinforced High Strength Concrete Beams Made Using Blended Cement

With the increased application of High Strength Concrete(HSC)in construction and lack of proper guidelines for structural design in India,behavioral study of high strength concrete is an important aspect of research.Research on the behavior of HSC reinforced beams with concrete strength more than 60 MPa has been carried out in the past and is still continuing to understand the structural behavior of HSC beams.Along with the many benefits of the high strength concrete,the more brittle behavior is of concern which leads to sudden failure.This paper presents the behavior of reinforced HSC beams in shear with considering the effects of various factors like shear reinforcement ratio,longitudinal reinforcement ratio,l/d ratio(length to depth ratio),etc.Ten numbers Reinforced Concrete Beams of various sizes using concrete mix with three different w/c ratios(0.46,0.26 and 0.21)were cast for shear strength assessment.The beams were tested in simply supported condition over two fixed steel pedestals with load rate of 0.2 mm/minute in displacement control.Mid-point deflection was measured using LVDT.A comparative analysis of theoretical approaches of Euro code,extension of current IS code up to M90 and the experimental data was done to understand the behavior of beams.Shear capacities of beams without any factors of safety were used to assess the actual capacities and then was compared with the experimental capacity obtained.Results of this study can be used in the design of high strength concrete and will be more reliable in Indian continent as the regional materials and exposure conditions were considered.

Mechanical performance of shear studs and application in steel-concrete composite beams

This work experimentally investigates the effects of shear stud characteristics on the interface slippage of steel-concrete composite push-out specimens. ABAQUS is used to establish a detailed 3D finite element(FE) model and analyze the behavior of push-out specimens. The modeling results are in good agreement with the experimental results. Based on parametrical analysis using the validated FE approaches, the effects of important design parameters, such as the diameter, number, length to diameter ratio, and yield strength of studs, concrete strength and steel transverse reinforcement ratio, on the load-slip relationship at the interface of composite beams are discussed. In addition, a simplified approach to model studs is developed using virtual springs with an equivalent stiffness. This approach is demonstrated to be able to predict the load-displacement response and ultimate bearing capacity of steel-concrete composite beams. The predicted results show satisfactory agreement with experimental results from the literature.

Influence of Axial Load Ratio on Shear Behavior of Through-Diaphragm Connections of Concrete-Filled Square Steel Tubular Columns

Nonlinear finite element analysis and parametric studies were carried out to study the influence of axial load ratio on the shear behavior of the through-diaphragm connections of concrete-filled square steel tubular columns. The analysis reveals that smaller axial load ratio can improve the shear bearing capacity and ductility while larger axial load ratio will decrease the shear behavior of the through-diaphragm connections. The parametric studies indicate that the axial load ratio should be limited to less than 0.4 and its influence should be considered in the analysis and design of such connections.

Shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with CFRP sheet

This paper discusses the results of tests on the shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) sheet. The shear transfer mechanism of the specimens reinforced with CFRP sheet was studied. The factors affecting the shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with CFRP sheet were analyzed. Several sug-gestions such as the number of layers, width and tensile strength of the CFRP sheet are proposed for this new strengthening technique. Finally, a simple and practical design method is presented in the paper. The calculated results of the suggested method are shown to be in good agreement with the test results. The suggested design method can be used in evaluating the shear capacity of reinforced concrete columns strengthened with CFRP sheet.

Bearing capacity of concrete filled bidirectional FRP tube subjected to axial compression

External confinement by fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) is an efficient technique to increase the bearing capacity and ductility of concrete. To better study the mechanical behavior of bidirectional FRP confined concrete, the yield criterion of bidirectional FRP is presented based on the static equilibrium condition in this paper, and a model for calculating the bearing capacity of bidirectional FRP confined concrete is established. The model can capture the character of bidirectional FRP confined concrete. Effects of the confinement effect coefficient, the unconfined concrete strength and the material properties of FRP on bearing capacity are analyzed. Results show that each parameter has different effects on the bearing capacity of bidirectional FRP confined concrete.

Shear Strength of Reinforced Concrete Beams Under Sea Water

The marine structures such as harbour,pier and inshore concrete terrace are exposed in adverse circumstances in a long period of time .Owing to the attack of external corrosive medium,their safety,durability and reliability decline.Especially the reinforced concrete(RC) structures in the wave splash area are more likely to be subjected to destruction and the loss is vast. Now the safety ,durability and reliability of structure have become increasingly an important subject to be studied.By way of the soaking and drying cycle test on the different mix proportions oblique section of 10 pieces of RC beams suffered artificial sea water(ASW) corrosion under 0,35,70,105,140 times of dry-wet cycles,the compared results of exerting pressure test of these beams under simply supporting were investigated. The law about the changes of the mechanical performance for RC beams with different mix proportions under different time periods for suffering corrosion of dry-wet cycles is as follows: the resistivity to ASW corrosion of the concrete specimens with various water cement ratio(various initial strength)is different;the characters of oblique section failure for RC beams attacked by sea water are about the same as those for ordinary RC beam; along with the extension of the time for sea water attack, the bearing capacity for oblique section of RC beams varies wave upon wave.The specimens attacked by sea water for about 35 times of corrosion cycle achieve minimum bearing capacity.

Punching shear behavior of steel fiber reinforced recycled coarse aggregate concrete two-way slab without shear reinforcement

In this paper,the punching shear performance of 8 steel fiber reinforced recycled coarse aggregate concrete(SFRCAC)two-way slabs with a size of 1800 mm×1800 mm×150 mm was studied under local concentric load.The effects of RCA replacement ratio(rg)and SF volume fraction(Vf)on the punching shear performance of SFRCAC two-way slabs were investigated.Digital Image Correlation(DIC)measurement and Acoustic Emission(AE)technique were introduced to collect pictures and relevant data during the punching shear test.The test results show that the SFRCAC two-way slab mainly exhibits punching shear failure and flexure failure under local concentric load.The punching shear failure space area of SFRCAC two-way slab has no obvious change with increasing rg,however,show a gradual increase trend with increasing Vf.Both of the punching shear ultimate bearing capacity(Pu)and its deflection of SFRCAC two-way slab decrease with increasing rg and increase with increasing Vf,respectively.Finally,through the regression analysis of the results from this study and the data collected from related literature,the influence of rg and Vf on the Pu of two-way slabs were obtained,and the equations in GB 50010-2010,ACI 318-19,and Eurocode 2 Codes were amended,respectively.Furthermore,the amended equations were all applicable to predicted the ultimate bearing capacity of the ordinary concrete two-way slab,RCAC two-way slab,SFRC two-way slab,and SFRCAC two-way slab.

Experimental Investigation on Durability of Reinforced Concrete Beams in A Simulated Marine Environment

This paper presents some results from a comprehensive experimental program designed to determine the interaction between mechanical loading and corrosion of reinforcing steel, as well as their combined effect on serviceability and residual load- bearing capacity of reinforced concrete beams. Beam specimens with the size of 120mm×200mm×1700mm were subjected to four-point bending at various sustained loading levels (0%, 25%, 45%, and 65% of the ultimate load) during the corrosion test process. The marine tidal zone was simulated by alternating spraying and draining of 3.5% NaCl solution. An external direct current technique was used to accelerate the corrosion of the reinforcement. Residual flexural load-bearing capacity of the beams was evaluated at the end of the experiment. The results indicate that the loading has a significant effect on corrosion. Under simultaneous loading and accelerated corrosion conditions, the time-dependent deflection of the beams increases with the progressive corrosion of the reinforcement. The beams under high-level loading deteriorate more rapidly than those under low-level loading and without loading. As a result, the residual flexural capacity of the beams subjected to higher level loading was much lower than that of the beams subjected to lower level loading and in the absence of loading. The results suggest that, for a rational service-life prediction of reinforced concrete structures, the influence of the service load on the structural performance should be considered in combination with environmental conditions.

The Effects of Degradation Phenomena of the Steel-Concrete Interface in Reinforced Concrete Structures

Reinforced concrete (RC) constructions are the innovation of sustainable constructions replacing masonry constructions. Despite this, the use of concrete and steel to improve the performance of structural members in service is a recurring problem due to the immediate or overtime appearance of cracks. The objective of this work was therefore to assess the damage phenomena of the steel-concrete interface in order to assess the performance of an RC structure. Samples of approximately 30 cm of reinforcement attacked by rust were taken from broken reinforced concrete columns and beams in order to determine the impact of corrosion on high adhesion steel (HA) and therefore on its ability to resist. The experimental results have shown that the corrosion degradation rates of reinforcing bars of different diameters increase as the diameter of the reinforcing bars decreases: 5% for HA12;23.75% for HA8 and 50% for HA6. Using the approach proposed by Mangat and Elgalf on the bearing capacity as a function of the progress of the corrosion phenomenon, these rates made it possible to assess the new fracture limits of corroded HA steels. For HA6 respectively HA8 and HA12, their initial limit resistances will decrease by 4/4, 3/4 and 1/4. Based on the results of this study and in order to guarantee their durability, an RC structure can be dimensioned by taking into account the effects of reinforcement corrosion.

基于ABAQUS的SRC梁受剪承载力预测及连续梁数值研究

为准确预测型钢混凝土(SRC)梁的受剪承载力及深入认识SRC连续构件的受剪性能,首先,利用ABAQUS建立了适用于SRC梁受剪分析的数值模型,同时考虑了箍筋及型钢对混凝土的约束效应;利用57根SRC梁的受剪承载力试验数据,验证了模型的合理性;通过进一步分析混凝土强度等级、含钢量、配箍率等设计参数对承载力预测精度的影响,探究了模型的适用范围。其次,研究了混凝土损伤塑性(CDP)模型中膨胀角及粘性系数这两个参数的影响,发现,膨胀角和粘性系数对小剪跨比试件的影响较为敏感,建议粘性系数可取0.0001~0.0005,非强约束区膨胀角可取35°~40°,强约束区取为56°。最后,利用所建模型探究了SRC连续梁的受剪机理及剪跨比对其承载力的影响。

CS板抗剪性能试验

CS板是一种环保节能的结构构件,可用做围护结构和承力构件.通过对配有 2种不同直径斜插丝的CS板进行对比载荷试验,研究了斜插丝对CS板抗剪性能的影响.结果表明,斜插丝显著影响CS板的抗剪承载力,斜插丝直径不同,CS板的受剪破坏形态不同.对CS板的受剪机理进行了分析,提出了计算模型,推导出理论计算公式,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好,可供CS板式结构及相关混凝土夹芯板结构在工程设计中参考使用.

SRC不等肢L形截面异形柱正截面承载力研究

在试验研究的基础上,对型钢混凝土(SRC)不等肢L形截面异形柱的正截面承载力进行有限元数值分析,利用数值迭代法编写了SRC不等肢L形截面异形柱承载力计算程序,由该程序可求得SRC不等肢L形截面异形柱正截面承载力的N-M及Mx-My相关曲线,并能得到其极限承载力,计算结果与试验结果吻合较好;通过计算可知,SRC异形柱比相同截面的钢筋混凝土(RC)异形柱正截面承载力提高很多;最后给出了SRC异形柱的实用设计计算步骤.

扭弯比对SRC柱抗震性能影响的试验研究与分析

为研究扭弯比对弯曲和扭转复合作用下型钢混凝土组合(SRC)柱的受力及变形性能影响,以扭弯比为主要控制参数对7个SRC柱进行了弯矩和扭矩成比例加载的低周往复试验,研究分析了扭弯比对SRC柱的破坏特征、滞回性能、承载力以及变形等特征的影响规律,并建立了SRC柱在弯扭复合作用下的抗弯、抗扭承载能力及变形计算方法。研究结果表明:扭弯比是影响SRC柱抗震性能的主要参数,扭弯比参数决定了SRC柱的破坏类型;弯扭复合作用降低了SRC柱的抗弯、抗扭承载能力,但扭弯比对弯曲和扭转存在相反的影响;弯矩与扭矩成比例往复加载相比定扭矩弯矩往复加载,抗弯和抗扭承载力的相互影响程度减小且偏于安全。

SRC-RC竖向混合结构转换柱承载力与延性性能分析

以16根转换柱试件和1根钢筋混凝土柱对比试件的低周反复荷载试验为基础,分析了转换柱的承载力与延性性能。研究了钢与混凝土之间的相互作用方式,确定了型钢局部存在对转换柱力学性能的影响。型钢的配钢率、轴压比、型钢延伸高度及体积配箍率是影响承载力与延性性能的主要因素:配钢率越大,转换柱的承载力越大,位移延性系数越小;轴压比越大,转换柱的承载力越大,位移延性系数越小;型钢延伸高度对转换柱的承载力影响较小,而位移延性系数随着型钢延伸高度的增加呈现出先升后降的变化规律,当延伸高度达到3/5的柱高时位移延性系数达到最大值;随着体积配箍率的增加,转换柱的承载力与位移延性系数同时增大,增长速率与配钢率有关,配钢率较大试件的承载力与位移延性系数随体积配箍率的增长速率更快。

型钢混凝土结构(SRC)设计规程比较

首先对日本及欧美等国外有关型钢混凝土(SRC)结构的设计规程进行了介绍,并简单介绍了我国现有的关于型钢混凝土(SRC)结构的两部规程《钢骨混凝土结构设计规程》(YB 9082-97)及《型钢混凝土组合结构技术规程》(JGJ 138-2001)的编制背景和依据。对两部规程中有关型钢混凝土梁的正截面抗弯、斜截面抗剪承载能力、型钢混凝土(SRC)偏心受压构件、剪力墙和梁柱节点的计算理论和计算方法进行了重点比较分析,并结合型钢混凝土(SRC)梁、型钢混凝土(SRC)偏心受压构件和梁柱节点承载能力的计算实例,对两部规程的应用方法、计算步骤和计算结果做了比较分析,为使用两部型钢混凝土结构设计规程提供参考。

新型截面SRC梁柱节点抗剪承载力计算研究

提出新型截面(正向和斜向布置扩大十字型钢)型钢混凝土(SRC)柱-I字型钢SRC梁节点的构造措施。通过4个新型截面SRC柱-I字型钢SRC梁节点试件与1个普通SRC梁柱节点试件的低周反复荷载试验,研究试件的破坏特征和节点区剪力-剪切角关系,分析配钢形式、加载角度和构造措施对节点剪切变形的影响,并进一步提出实腹式SRC梁柱节点的受剪机理,结果表明,新型截面SRC梁柱节点发生核心区剪切破坏,其受力机理为斜压杆、刚框架-钢板剪力墙和约束机理的综合作用。通过对数值模拟数据的回归分析,采用叠加方法,提出考虑型钢腹板、箍筋和轴压比的新型截面SRC梁柱节点抗剪承载力计算公式,计算值与试验结果吻合较好。

FRP约束SRHC压弯构件正截面承载力计算

综合考虑钢骨混凝土柱的受力特性,提出一种在不增加构件截面尺寸的情况下,既提高其承载能力,又增加其抗剪能力和抗震延性的一种新型柱模式——FRP(纤维增强复合材料)与SRHC(钢骨高强混凝土)组合柱.在混凝土内部埋设型钢,形成SRHC柱,在进行施工的同时或待结构主体施工至一定高度后,再用FRP布横向包裹及纵向粘贴SRHC柱,形成FRP-SRHC组合柱.考虑到FRP钢骨混凝土柱多数是处于偏心受压状态,因此,分析环向FRP布对核心混凝土的约束作用及纵向FRP布对钢骨混凝土柱正截面承载力的贡献,确定FRP约束SRHC组合柱的界限相对受压区高度,分别给出FRP约束SRHC柱大(小)偏心受压柱的承载力计算公式.