Analysis of the generation mechanism of the S-shaped J–V curves of MoS_(2)/Si-based solar cells

Amorphous–microcrystalline MoS_(2)thin films are fabricated using the sol-gel method to produce MoS_(2)/Si-based solar cells. The generation mechanisms of the S-shaped current density–voltage(J–V) curves of the solar cells are analyzed. To improve the performance of the solar cells and address the problem of the S-shaped J–V curve, a MoS_(2)film and a p^(+) layer are introduced into the front and back interfaces of the solar cell, respectively, which leads to the formation of a p–n junction between the p-Si and the MoS_(2)film as well as ohmic contacts between the MoS_(2)film and the ITO, improving the S-shaped J–V curve. As a result of the high doping characteristics and the high work function of the p^(+) layer, a high–low junction is formed between the p;and p layers along with ohmic contacts between the p;layer and the Ag electrode. Consequently,the S-shaped J–V curve is eliminated, and a significantly higher current density is achieved at a high voltage. The device exhibits ideal p–n junction rectification characteristics and achieves a high power-conversion efficiency(CE) of 7.55%. The findings of this study may improve the application of MoS_(2)thin films in silicon-based solar cells, which are expected to be widely used in various silicon-based electronic and optical devices.

Influence analysis of chevron alignment signs on drivers' speed choices at horizontal curves on highways

Using a driving simulator,the effects of Chinese chevrons on drivers’actual and perceived safe speeds at horizontal curves on two-lane rural highways are tested. Twelve horizontal curves with different roadway geometries are designed and used as the simulated scenarios.The results show that, regardless of the curve radius, chevrons at horizontal curves provide advance warning and speed control for vehicles on the nearside of chevrons.Besides,chevrons can be used as an addition to speed limit signs in preventing excessive speed at horizontal curves and, therefore, can contribute to a reduction in run-off-road crashes.Moreover, Chinese chevrons can also serve to provide an improved sense of safety while driving around sharp curves.These study results lay a foundation for setting Chinese chevrons more reasonably.

Application of artificial neural networks for operating speed prediction at horizontal curves: a case study in Egypt

Horizontal alignment greatly affects the speedof vehicles at rural roads. Therefore, it is necessary toanalyze and predict vehicles speed on curve sections.Numerous studies took rural two-lane as research subjectsand provided models for predicting operating speeds.However, less attention has been paid to multi-lane highwaysespecially in Egypt. In this research, field operatingspeed data of both cars and trucks on 78 curve sections offour multi-lane highways is collected. With the data, correlationbetween operating speed （V85） and alignment isanalyzed. The paper includes two separate relevant analyses.The first analysis uses the regression models toinvestigate the relationships between V85 as dependentvariable, and horizontal alignment and roadway factors asindependent variables. This analysis proposes two predictingmodels for cars and trucks. The second analysisuses the artificial neural networks （ANNs） to explore theprevious relationships. It is found that the ANN modelinggives the best prediction model. The most influential variableon V85 for cars is the radius of curve. Also, for V85 fortrucks, the most influential variable is the median width.Finally, the derived models have statistics within theacceptable regions and they are conceptually reasonable.

Isothermal extrusion speed curve design for porthole die of hollow aluminium profile based on PID algorithm and finite element simulations

The isothermal extrusion process of hollow aluminium profile was investigated using incremental proportional-integral-derivative(PID)control algorithm and finite element simulations.The range of extrusion speed was determined by considering the maximum extrusion load and production efficiency.By taking the optimal solution temperature of the secondary phase as the target temperature,the extrusion speed–stroke curve for realizing the isothermal extrusion of the aluminium profile was obtained.Results show that in the traditional constant extrusion speed process,the average temperature of the cross-section of the aluminium profile at the die exit rapidly increases and then slowly rises with the increase in ram displacement.As the extrusion speed increases,the temperature difference at the die exit of the profile along the extrusion direction increases.The exit temperature difference between the front and back ends of the extrudate along the extrusion direction obtained by adopting isothermal extrusion is about 6.9℃.Furthermore,the heat generated by plastic deformation and friction during extrusion is balanced with the heat transfer from the workpiece to the container,porthole die and external environment.

Crash Modification Factors for Dynamic Speed Feedback Signs on Rural Curves

A large number of crashes occur on curves even though they account for only a small percentage of a system’s mileage. Excessive speed has been identified as a primary factor in both lane departure and curve-related crashes. A number of countermeasures have been proposed to reduce driver speeds on curves, which ideally result in successful curve negotiation and fewer crashes. Dynamic speed feedback sign (DSFS) systems are traffic control devices that have been used to reduce vehicle speeds successfully and, subsequently, crashes in applications such as traffic calming on urban roads. DSFS systems show promise, but they have not been fully evaluated for rural curves. To better understand the effectiveness of DSFS systems in reducing crashes on curves, a national field evaluation of DSFS systems on curves on rural two lane roadways was conducted. Two different DSFS systems were selected and placed at 22 sites in seven states. Control sites were also identified. A full Bayes modeling methodology was utilized to develop crash modification factors (CMFs) for several scenarios including total crashes for both directions, total crashes in the direction of the sign, total single-vehicle crashes, and single-vehicle crashes in the direction of the sign. Using quarterly crash frequency as the response variable, crash modification factors were developed and results showed that crashes were 5% to 7% lower after installation of the signs depending on the model.

Speed prediction models for car and sports utility vehicleat locations along four-lane median divided horizontal curves

Sites with varying geometric features were analyzed to develop the 85 th percentile speed prediction models for car and sports utility vehicle(SUV) at 50 m prior to the point of curvature(PC), PC, midpoint of a curve(MC), point of tangent(PT) and 50 m beyond PT on four-lane median divided rural highways. The car and SUV speed data were combined in the analysis as they were found to be normally distributed and not significantly different. Independent parameters representing geometric features and speed at the preceding section were logically selected in stepwise regression analyses to develop the models. Speeds at various locations were found to be dependent on some combinations of curve length, curvature and speed in the immediately preceding section of the highway. Curve length had a significant effect on the speed at locations 50 m prior to PC, PC and MC. The effect of curvature on speed was observed only at MC. The curve geometry did not have a significant effect on speed from PT onwards. The speed at 50 m prior to PC and curvature is the most significant parameter that affects the speed at PC and MC, respectively. Before entering a horizontal curve, drivers possibly perceive the curve based on its length. Longer curve encourages drivers to maintain higher speed in the preceding tangent section. Further, drivers start experiencing the effect of curvature only after entering the curve and adjust speed accordingly. Practitioners can use these findings in designing consistent horizontal curve for vehicle speed harmony.

LOOK-AHEAD ALGORITHM FOR VELOCITY CONTROL BASED ON PARAMETERIZED CURVE INTERPOLATOR

To avoid suffering gouge and transient overshooting in high speed cutting machining, a novel parametefized curve interpolator model with velocity look-ahead algorithm is proposed. Based on a prearrangement step interpolation algorithm for parameterized curves and considering high curvature points, parameterized curve tool path is divided into acceleration segments and deceleration segments by look-ahead algorithm. Under condition of characteristics of acceleration and deceleration stored in control system, deceleration before high curvature points and acceleration after high curvature points are realized in real-time in high speed cutting machining. Based on new parameterized curve interpolator model with velocity look-ahead algorithm, a real cubic spline is machined simulativly. The simulation results show that velocity look-ahead algorithm improves velocity changing more smoothly.

Rational offset approximation of rational Bézier curves

The problem of parametric speed approximation of a rational curve is raised in this paper. Offset curves are widely used in various applications. As for the reason that in most cases the offset curves do not preserve the same polynomial or rational polynomial representations, it arouses difficulty in applications. Thus approximation methods have been introduced to solve this problem. In this paper, it has been pointed out that the crux of offset curve approximation lies in the approximation of parametric speed. Based on the Jacobi polynomial approximation theory with endpoints interpolation, an algebraic rational approximation algorithm of offset curve, which preserves the direction of normal, is presented.

Design of the Minimum Curve Radius of the Hainan East Ring Railway

The minimum curve radius is one of the most important factors in railway route design. The minimum curve radius of the Hainan East Ring Railway, a newly built high-speed passenger-dedicated line from Haikou to Sanya, Hainan, China, was determined through comparative analysis of the design codes both in China and Germany. The results show that the design parameters of the Hainan East Ring Railway in terms of the minimum curve radius determined by China＇s Temporary Regulations, conform to the ones by German code, and even preserve some capacity for speeds up to 300 km/h in the future. Additionally, the related counter- measures for speed increases in this line were proposed on the premise of the safety and riding comfort of the trains.

高速铁路大跨度钢桁架桥接触网腕臂安装技术研究

高速铁路大跨度钢桁架桥纵向伸缩量大且变位复杂,是影响接触网腕臂偏移等系统能否正常、安全运行的重要因素,如何解决接触网腕臂安装、偏移调整与钢梁伸缩之间的协同配合,目前国内在此方面鲜有研究。通过阐述受导线伸缩影响的腕臂偏移机理和大跨度钢桁架桥梁体纵向伸缩机理,分析在不同接触网锚段布置方式下大跨度钢桁架桥梁体伸缩对腕臂偏移的影响,并采用逐工点分析法总结不同工况下钢梁伸缩与导线伸缩对腕臂偏移影响的相互关系,揭示了接触网腕臂安装曲线在导线伸缩及钢梁伸缩共同作用下的计算方法。结合典型案例计算分析,建议采用不同钢梁跨度下的推荐锚段布置方式能有效降低腕臂偏移量,并提出应重点关注伸缩缝两侧锚段腕臂偏移问题、腕臂偏移为叠加关系时缩小半锚长度、钢梁跨度大于720 m时应重点计算伸缩缝两侧双腕臂间距等优化事项。研究内容及计算公式可为系统性解决高速铁路大跨度钢桁架桥接触网腕臂偏移设计、施工及运营维护等技术难题提供理论支持。

考虑制动、荷载转移、纵坡的雨天小客车弯道安全车速模型

为了确定降雨环境下小客车弯道安全车速,基于瞬时轴线,建立了考虑纵坡、制动加速度及轮胎荷载转移的小客车侧滑速度模型;通过实地采集不同水膜厚度下的摩擦系数,得到了这二者之间的回归方程;结合摩擦椭圆原理,得到了考虑制动、驾驶人行为特性的综合摩擦系数分配方法;提出确定弯道车速的计算流程图,得到了不同降雨强度下以横向侧滑和纵向停车为指标的弯道车速。研究结果表明:当水膜厚度为0时,得到的侧滑速度值比点质量模型低35%左右;当水膜厚度小于2 mm时,摩擦系数降低最快,对车速影响最大;当水膜厚度大于2 mm时,摩擦系数变化幅度小且规律不明显;降雨对小客车弯道安全车速影响显著,仅小雨时就会导致车速平均降低15%左右;取一般最小半径计算时,不同降雨强度下的纵向停车速度均小于横向侧滑速度。

内嵌式中低速磁浮线路平面最小曲线半径

[目的]内嵌式中低速磁浮系统作为一种新型的轨道交通制式,其车辆及轨道系统依靠非接触式支撑运行,且车辆走行机构内嵌于轨道梁内,因此需针对其车线匹配原理、车辆和轨道梁结构特点,研究线路平面最小曲线半径取值,以支撑工程设计。[方法]介绍了内嵌式中低速磁浮系统的特点;介绍了平面最小曲线半径取值的基本原理;基于车辆行驶动力学理论,分析了内嵌式中低速磁浮线路的旅客舒适度标准及平面最小曲线半径取值。[结果及结论]在列车运行速度一定的情况下,平面最小曲线半径主要取决于横坡角允许值和未被平衡离心加速度允许值。在参考国内外其他轨道交通制式的试验结果、相关标准规定、传统中低速磁浮系统实际建设运营情况的基础上,建议最大横坡角不大于8°,最大未被平衡离心加速度在一般和困难情况下分别不大于0.4 m/s^(2)和0.6 m/s^(2)。当内嵌式中低速磁浮系统设计速度为200 km/h时,线路平面最小曲线半径一般和困难情况下分别可取为1800 m和1600 m。

高速铁路微膨胀泥岩破碎土非饱和渗透特性研究

非饱和渗透系数是非饱和膨胀泥岩土体渗流分析及水-力耦合研究的基础,对工程建设和工程病害预防具有重要意义。以新疆哈密地区微膨胀泥岩破碎土为例,制备4种不同初始干密度重塑土样,采用压力板法和滤纸法试验测量其土-水特征曲线,采用变水头试验测量土样饱和渗透系数;通过自主研制的土柱渗流试验装置进行恒定体积条件下一维土柱入渗试验,探究湿润锋前进法和瞬态剖面法的适用性,以获得不同初始干密度土体的非饱和渗透性曲线,并结合试验值对Childs和Collis-Geroge (CCG)渗透系数预测模型进行修正。结果表明:新疆哈密微膨胀泥岩破碎土的基质吸力范围为1~10^(5)kPa,渗透系数范围为10^(-9)~10^(-4)cm·s^(-1);试验土样初始干密度越大,大孔隙占比越小,阻渗作用越明显;CCG渗透系数预测模型可较好地反映土体渗透性曲线发展趋势,但在量值上随吸力的增加逐渐“远离”土体实测渗透性曲线;修正后的CCG渗透系数预测模型可反映不同初始干密度下土体渗透性曲线的发展规律。

售货机升降系统S型速度控制策略

在传统三闭环控制方式下,售货机升降接货系统易因启停过程中加速度突变产生冲击,导致系统运行不平稳。针对这一问题,文中对传统升降系统加减速控制策略进行改进,加入前馈和微分负反馈,提出一种S型速度曲线控制算法。根据路径规划判别条件将S型速度曲线分为七段式、六段式和四段式3种,并给出各路径约束条件下的参数求解方法和具体执行流程。将该算法运用到升降控制系统中进行仿真和实际工况测试,实验结果表明,与传统三闭环控制相比,文中所提控制策略可以提高售货机升降系统运行的平稳性,减小冲击,使速度曲线更加柔和,并能够保持较好的跟踪性能。

基于S形速度曲线的键合头运动控制系统研究与分析

根据用户工艺需求,针对全自动芯片键合设备的运动控制模块以及键合头子模块开展需求分析,结合典型试验,设计出基于S形速度曲线的键合头运动控制系统,根据S形速度曲线重新规划了键合头的运动轨迹,使其对芯片键合周期缩短的同时也保证了键合精度。

一种变速度条件下控制攻击角度和时间的制导律

对攻击角度和时间进行控制,可以使得多枚导弹按照特定的角度和时间对目标进行打击,在军事上有广泛的应用前景.目前已有控制攻击角度和时间的制导律极少考虑速度变化的情况,在实际运用中具有较大的局限性.本文基于贝塞尔曲线加直线的二段式轨迹,首先分析并证明了该轨迹长度和最大曲率的变化规律,在此基础上,通过二分法确定初始轨迹,针对飞行过程中的诱导阻力和其它扰动,设计了Bezier-PI控制算法,通过动态调整轨迹长度来实现攻击时间的高精度控制.该制导算法计算量小,鲁棒性强,适用于弹载计算机实时计算.通过仿真实验,验证了该算法可以高精度的控制攻击时间以及攻击角度.

中低速磁浮最小曲线半径及缓和曲线长度研究

为研究中低速磁浮最小曲线半径及缓和曲线长度,该文基于磁浮交通线路参数的计算方法、相关要素,以及线路自身的特点,推导出适用于中低速磁浮的曲线半径、缓和曲线长度计算公式,在参考相关标准的基础上,对中低速磁浮列车以20~160 km/h速度运行时的最小平、竖曲线半径及缓和曲线长度进行了理论分析,进一步给出其建议值,并建立了考虑主动反馈控制特性的车辆模型,通过动力学仿真对取值的可靠性进行了验证。研究结果表明:最小平曲线半径取值受指向外侧的最大侧向加速度控制,最小竖曲线半径取值受凹曲线上最大法向加速度控制,当列车运行速度一定时,横坡角越大,最小平曲线半径取值越小,而纵坡对最小竖曲线半径取值几乎无影响;当横坡角为2°,列车在正常条件下运行时,最小缓和曲线长度主要受最大侧向冲击控制,在困难条件下运行时,最小缓和曲线长度主要受最大法向冲击控制,当横坡角为4°、6°,列车在正常/困难条件下运行时,最小缓和曲线长度主要受最大法向冲击控制;按横坡角最大值6°考虑,列车以160 km/h在正常条件下运行时,建议最小平曲线半径及缓和曲线长度分别取970 m、120 m。该文研究成果可为中低速磁浮交通的选线设计提供理论依据和数据参考。

改进麻雀算法在列车ATO多目标优化中的应用

针对列车自动驾驶(ATO)运行过程多目标优化问题,以列车运行安全性、列车动力学模型等因素为约束条件,考虑列车准时性、能耗、舒适性等指标,使用模糊隶属度法建立多目标优化模型。利用罚函数处理约束条件,将停车误差与限速作为惩罚项并构造出适当的惩罚函数加入到目标函数中,从而得到增广目标函数,提出基于改进麻雀算法(ISSA)的求解策略。为提高麻雀算法(SSA)的全局寻优能力,避免收敛于局部最优,引入Logistic映射、自适应超参数、变异算子对传统麻雀算法进行改进,通过测试函数对算法性能进行验证,表明ISSA算法的收敛速度、寻优精度比传统SSA算法好。以工况转换点为决策变量,通过ISSA算法对工况转换点的位置及速度进行寻优,进而获得目标速度-距离曲线。最后选取城轨车辆参数与线路数据进行仿真验证,仿真结果表明:所提优化策略相较于未优化前,舒适性提高了21.22%,能耗降低了22.41%,准时性与停车误差满足要求;与PSO优化方法相比,收敛速度更快,运行时间几乎一样的情况下能耗降低了12.74%,节能效果更佳;停车误差降低了20.45%,舒适性保持在舒适范围之内;对于速度-距离曲线,巡航距离更长、惰行距离变短、最高运行速度降低。由此可见,达到了综合优化ATO的目的,验证了ISSA优化策略的有效性。

定时约束下有轨电车区间节能速度曲线优化算法

[目的]考虑能耗因素的有轨电车运行控制方案计算需要进行大量节能曲线计算。为建立精确、高效的区间节能速度曲线寻优模型,需要针对有轨电车车速慢、区间间距短和较少长大坡段的特性,研究定时约束条件下基于时间步长搜索的节能速度曲线优化算法。[方法]在实现基础遍历搜索的基础上,通过边界分析缩小可行解搜索范围;针对有轨电车加速时长给定的情况,提出基于定加速时长的节能优化算法,避免在陡下坡段时执行非必要的制动,并采用二分法加快方案搜索速度;针对有轨电车加速时长未定的情况,在有轨电车巡航段及惰行段不产生额外制动的前提下,给出基于能耗变化敏感度的改进搜索方法,有助于快速锁定最优加速时间。[结果及结论]与既有数值分析法相比,本算法基于步长搜索替代复杂的积分过程,简化的运算流程;测试数据显示,算法在典型有轨电车运行区间单次运算时间不超过1ms,相比常规的遗传算法,计算速度有较大的提升。算法可通过变更步长方式来调整运算精度和速度指标,可作为有轨电车线路节能运算的基础算法。

高速磁浮轨道功能件适用范围分析

研究目的:为探明高速磁浮轨道功能件拟合曲线线路时所产生轨道形位偏差的规律,指导高速磁浮轨道功能件的设计、选型,提升磁浮线路的拟合效果,满足高速磁浮线路高平顺性的要求,建立功能件拟合曲线线路的几何模型,探究不同曲线半径工况下功能件的功能面的位置、偏转值的理论偏差变化规律,提出功能件的适用范围。研究结论:(1)功能件在曲线段的拟合效果与功能件的长度、定子排列方式、导向面曲率半径、曲线线路参数有关;功能件长度越短、曲线半径越大拟合效果越好,定子径向(折曲)排列曲线拟合效果优于定子直线排列,带有曲率半径导向面对改善小半径平面曲线的拟合效果明显;(2)2.064 m、3.096 m、6.192 m长的定子直线(折曲)排列的功能件能够拟合的竖曲线半径应分别大于1900 m(950 m)、2800 m(950 m)、5700 m(1950 m),直线型、R=790 m和R=1550 m导向面的功能件,在平面曲线半径分别为∞、790 m、1550 m的线路上拟合效果最优;(3)本研究成果可为功能件的设计/选型、施工误差控制、优化功能件拟合磁浮线路的效果等提供参考。