On the Range of Action of Adult Culex pipiens s.l.

Mosquitoes are an interesting topic due to their medical importance, as they play an active role in the transmission of many pathogens and parasites, acting as vectors for various pathologies that are deadly to humans, such as dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, West Nile virus, encephalitis and malaria, among many others that are less common. In terms of morbidity and mortality caused by vector-borne diseases, mosquitoes are the most dangerous animals for humanity and, although they also play a role in the ecosystem as a food source for other organisms, their importance for public health cannot be overlooked. As highly efficient vectors, they put more than three billion people at risk, mainly in tropical and subtropical regions as well as in Europe, since heat waves and flooding are becoming more frequent and severe, and summers are getting longer and warmer, accelerating mosquito development, biting rates, and the incubation of the pathogens within their bodies. Female mosquitoes bite to acquire proteins for the development of their ovaries and eggs and, in the process, acquire pathogens and/or parasites from one vertebrate host and transmit them to another, usually after a short period of replication. Three of their four life stages are lived in still freshwater, so it is crucial to understand their range of action when they reach adulthood and leave the water, in order to plan and implement local prevention measures. A set of georeferenced abundance data collected in mainland Portugal over seven years was linked to cartographed water bodies in a geographic information system to estimate the distances at which Culex pipiens s.l. had a significant presence, with criteria based on the size of the catches. The result allows for an estimate of the fly range of those mosquitoes, which can be used to focus countermeasures.

Molecular phylogeny of Solms-laubachia(Brassicaceae) s.l.,based on multiple nuclear and plastid DNA sequences,and its biogeographic implications

The Hengduan Mountains region of south-west China is a noted biodiversity,hotspot, but the geographic origins and historical assembly of its rich endemic flora, including the sky-island species ofSolms-laubachia Muschl. （Brassicaceae）, have been little studied. Previous molecular studies on the phylogeny of Solms-laubachia showed it to be paraphyletic, leading to considerable expansion not only of its taxonomic limits, but also its geographic range, with the inclusion of taxa from outside the Hengduan region. However, these studies provided little resolution of interspecific relationships, preventing inferences about historical biogeography within the clade. In the present study, new sequence data from two nuclear genes （LEAFY and G3pdh） and two chloroplast intergenic spacers （petN-psbM and psbM-trnD） were combined with existing markers to increase phylogenetic signals. Phaeonychium villosum （Maxim.） Al-Shehbaz was found to be nested within Solms-laubachia s.l. In general, phylogenetic relationships appear to be a good predictor of geography, with the Hengduan Mountain endemics embedded in a paraphyletic grade of species from the western Himalayas and central Asia, but they also imply morphological homoplasy, lncongruence was detected between the nuclear and chloroplast gene trees, perhaps resulting from incomplete lineage sorting of ancestral polymorphisms. The crown age ofSolms-laubachia s.l. was estimated to be approximately 1.42-3.68 mya, using Bayesian relaxed molecular clock analysis. Historical biogeographic analysis using a parametric dispersalextinction-cladogenesis model inferred central Asia and the western Himalayas as most probable ancestral range of Solms-laubachia s.l., and estimated higher rates of eastward expansion than westward during the diversification of descendant lineages. In summary, our results suggest that Solms-laubachia s.l. originated during the Pliocene in central Asia, and subsequently migrated eastward into the Hengduan Mountains, colonizing sky-island, alpine scree-slope habitats that may have provided novel ecological opportunity and accelerated speciation, ultimately establishing this region as the present center of diversity of the genus.

Molecular phylogeny of the genus Corchorus(Grewioideae,Malvaceae s.l.) based on nuclear rDNA ITS sequences

A molecular phylogenetic analysis of the genus Corchorus(Grewioideae,Malvaceae s.l.)is presented,based on sequences of the nuclear ribosomal DNA internal transcribed spacer(ITS)region for 144 accessions representing 47 species.Several other genera from the subfamily Grewioideae,namely Pseudocorchorus,Triumfetta,Sparrmannia,Entelea,and Grewia,were included as outgroups.The monophyly of the genus was well supported by all phylogenetic analyses(maximum likelihood,Bayesian approaches,and parsimony),and Corchorus was divided into four major clades.The majority of African species formed a statistically highly supported and distinct clade separated from the other pantropically distributed species.Several endemic species from Australia,New Caledonia,and tropical America were nested within this distinct clade,indicating dispersal from Africa to the rest of the pantropics.Based on the taxa included in this study,the two cultivated species(C.olitorius and C.capsularis)shared a common ancestry with wild species of C.africanus,C.brevicornatus,C.pseudocapsularis,C.pseudo-olitorius,C.urticifolius,C.pilosus,C.orinocensis,and C.cunninghamii.Pseudocorchorus,previously considered an accepted genus,was nested within the genus Corchorus and shared a common ancestry especially with C.depressus and C.siliquosus.Based on morphological and anatomical similarity as well as the results of the present molecular findings,inclusion of the six Pseudocorchorus species into Corchorus is proposed,with Pseudocorchorus as a synonym of Corchorus.Of the included outgroup taxa,Triumfetta is the closest sister to Corchorus,while the common ancestor of Corchorus/Pseudocorchorus,Triumfetta,Sparrmannia,and Entelea is Grewia.A further phylogenetic study with more taxa mainly from Australia,together with additional molecular markers and morphological investigation,would help to test the hypothesis on the biogeography and growth form evolution of the genus Corchorus.

Climatic and Physiographic Variables to Evaluate Culex pipiens s.l. Risk and Habitat

Using a geographic information system (GIS), the relations between a georeferenced data set of Culex pipiens s.l. collected in Portugal mainland during seven years (2006-2012) and meteorological and physiographic parameters are evaluated. This work is one of the results of a long-term surveillance program of pernicious insects that act as vectors of various diseases;its focus is on the possibility of prevention that can be achieved with abundance data. The focus on Culex pipiens is justified by its abundance and its competence as a vector for numerous health issues. The cumulative distribution of monthly captures by each meteorological parameter allows to compute thresholds corresponding to mosquito massive presence related to 90% of the captures. Using the weather parameters measured in the network of weather stations across the country, a monthly average of each parameter of interest (temperature, humidity, etc.) is computed and an interpolation of the results is made to produce raster maps corresponding to each month. The previously obtained thresholds are applied to each map, producing spatial masks with the relevant zones for each parameter. The intersection of the various masks for each month shows the most densely populated area of Culex, and the ensemble allows us to observe the evolution of mosquito presence through the critical season, which is from May to October at these latitudes. In parallel, mosquito abundance data are related to physiographic parameters. The relative distribution of female mosquitoes across land cover types in each month allows identifying which classes and seasons are most relevant. Orthometric altitude related to the presence of 90% of the catches shows the limits reached by mosquitoes in each month. The results are applied to the previously obtained climate envelopes, delimiting critical areas where the level of risk of transmission of the pathogens for which Culex pipiens is a competent vector is high and countermeasures should be concentrated, allowing its planning, and targeting on a monthly basis. The described procedure can be used with other relevant vectors in any region of the world, whenever abundance data is available.

Efficacy of the Microbial Larvicide VectoMax^®G against <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>s.l. and <i>Culex</i>spp. Larvae under Laboratory and Open Field Trial Experiments in the City of Yaoundé, Cameroon

Background: With the rapid expansion of insecticide resistance limiting the effectiveness of insecticide-based vector control interventions, integrated control strategies associating larviciding could be appropriate to improve current control efforts. The present experimental study assesses laboratory and field efficacy of the larvicide VectoMax®G on Anopheline and Culicine larval stages in Yaoundé. Methods: The effect of the larvicide VectoMax®G, a combination of Bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (Bti) and Bacillus sphaericus (Bs), on larval development was assessed during both laboratory and open field trial experiments. Laboratory experiments permitted the evaluation of five different concentrations with four replicates/experiments. Laboratory experiments were conducted with Anopheles coluzzii “Ngousso” and Culex quinquefasciatus laboratory strains. Open field trials were conducted using sixteen plastic containers with a diameter of 0.31 m buried in an array of four rows with 4 containers each. Distance between rows and between containers in a row was 1 meter. This experiment permitted to test the effect of the microbial larvicide VectoMax®G under operational application conditions on field mosquito populations. Results: The time to induce 100% mortality after exposure to serial concentrations of the larvicide varied according to the dose from 4 - 12 hours for An. coluzzii and 6 - 9 hours for Cx. quinquefasciatus in laboratory experiments. Measurements of the residual activity indicated that all VectoMax®G concentrations were still active after 35 days and killed 86% - 100% of larvae. Lethal dose of VectoMax®G killing 50% of larvae was estimated at 5.24 × 10-8 mg/m2 for An. coluzzii and 1.25 × 10-8 mg/m2 for Cx. quinquefasciatus. The lethal concentration inducing 95% mortality was estimated at 3.13 × 10-7 mg/m2 for An. coluzzii and 2.5 × 10-8 mg/m2 for Cx. quinquefasciatus. Open field trials tests indicated that sub-lethal concentrations of VectoMax®G successfully killed 100% An. gambiae s.l. larvae within 24 hours, while with Culex spp. larvae, 100% mortality was recorded after 48 hours post-treatment. Natural recolonization of water containers by larvae was recorded between 3 and 6 days respectively after the treatment with sublethal doses. Late instar larvae were recorded 5 and 6 days after treatment. When the jars were treated with reference dosage or supra doses of VectoMax®G, recolonization of water containers was observed six days after treatments. No pupae of both species were found 6 and 7 days post-treatment. Conclusions: The study indicated high efficacy of the microbial larvicide VectoMax®G against Anopheline and Culex larvae. Microbial larvicides such as VectoMax®G could be appropriate for controlling mosquito population particularly in areas experiencing high insecticide resistance or outdoor biting mosquitoes.

A revision of Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. (Ranunculaceae)

In this paper Clematis sect. Aspidanthera s.l. is revised. Seventy_ two species and 15 varieties are recognized. They are keyed, described, and in most cases illustrated, and are classified into six subsections. Of them, on e series, five species, and two varieties are described as new, and two new rank s are proposed. Brief taxonomic history and geographical distribution of the sec tion are given, the evolutionary trends of several important morphological characters observed are e numerated, and the relationships of its subsections are discussed. As a resul t, subsect. Dioicae, which shows striking resemblance in both habit an d floral structure to sect. Clematis subsect. Clematis, is regar ded as t he primitive group, while subsect. Insidiosae, bearing pistillate flower wit h erect sepals and no staminodes, is regarded as the advanced group within the s ection.

藜科植物S.L多糖抗病毒作用机理初步研究

对从藜科植物中提取的、具有诱导抗病毒作用的S.L多糖的作用机理做了初步的研究。首先将S.L多糖抽提液喷施烟草,探究S.L多糖诱导烟草对烟草花叶病毒(TMV)产生抗性的最佳时间。结果表明,用S.L多糖诱导植株产生的抗性在5 d左右达到最大,5 d之后抗病性随着时间的推移而减弱。在接种病毒前用S.L多糖对烟草幼苗进行喷施,然后于接种当天及接种后不同时间对各处理的同位等量叶片测定在总蛋白含量、过氧化物酶活性及同工酶图谱上的差异。研究发现,各处理的总蛋白含量均有所增加,且高于对照,并都于接种后的第9 d达到最大值。各处理的过氧化物酶活性在接种病毒初期均高于对照,但5 d后对照的酶活性超过处理,高峰较处理提前到来,且峰值略大于处理。在同工酶谱上,病毒接种后5 d,处理的酶带比对照浓且多了1条。5 d之后,二者的酶谱变得基本相同。到接种后10 d测定,结果相反,对照比处理的酶带浓。

Quasi-likelihood techniques in a logistic regression equation for identifying Simulium damnosum s.l.larval habitats intra-cluster covariates in Togo

The standard methods for regression analyses of clustered riverine larval habitat data of Simulium damnosum s.l.a major black-fly vector of onchoceriasis,postulate models relating observational ecological-sampled parameter estimators to prolific habitats without accounting for residual intra-cluster error correlation effects.Generally,this correlation comes from two sources:(1)the design of the random effects and their assumed covariance from the multiple levels within the regression model and(2)the correlation structure of the residuals.Unfortunately,inconspicuous errors in residual intracluster correlation estimates can overstate precision in forecasted S.damnosum s.l.riverine larval habitat explanatory attributes regardless how they are treated(e.g.independent,autoregressive,Toeplitz,etc.).In this research,the geographical locations for multiple riverine-based S.damnosum s.l.larval ecosystem habitats sampled from two preestablished epidemiological sites in Togo were identified and recorded from July 2009 to June 2010.Initially,the data were aggregated into PROC GENMOD.An agglomerative hierarchical residual cluster-based analysis was then performed.The sampled clustered study site data was then analyzed for statistical correlations using monthly biting rates(MBR).Euclidean distance measurements and terrain-related geomorphological statistics were then generated in ArcGIS.A digital overlay was then performed also in ArcGIS using the georeferenced ground coordinates of high and low density clusters stratified by annual biting rates(ABR).The data was overlain onto multitemporal sub-meter pixel resolution satellite data(i.e.QuickBird 0.61m wavbands).Orthogonal spatial filter eigenvectors were then generated in SAS/Geographic Information Systems(GIS).Univariate and nonlinear regression-based models(i.e.logistic,Poisson,and negative binomial)were also employed to determine probability distributions and to identify statistically significant parameter estimators from the sampled data.Thereafter,Durbin–Watson statistics were used to test the null hypothesis that the regression residuals were not autocorrelated against the alternative that the residuals followed an autoregressive process in AUTOREG.Bayesian uncertainty matrices were also constructed employing normal priors for each of the sampled estimators in PROC MCMC.The residuals revealed both spatially structured and unstructured error effects in the high and low ABR-stratified clusters.The analyses also revealed that the estimators,levels of turbidity,and presence of rocks were statistically significant for the high-ABR-stratified clusters,while the estimators distance between habitats and floating vegetation were important for the low-ABR-stratified cluster.Varying and constant coefficient regression models,ABRstratified GIS-generated clusters,sub-meter resolution satellite imagery,a robust residual intra-cluster diagnostic test,MBR-based histograms,eigendecomposition spatial filter algorithms,and Bayesian matrices can enable accurate autoregressive estimation of latent uncertainity affects and other residual error probabilities(i.e.heteroskedasticity)for testing correlations between georeferenced S.damnosum s.l.riverine larval habitat estimators.The asymptotic distribution of the resulting residual adjusted intra-cluster predictor error autocovariate coefficients can thereafter be established while estimates of the asymptotic variance can lead to the construction of approximate confidence intervals for accurately targeting productive S.damnosum s.l.habitats based on spatiotemporal field-sampled count data.

敏感问题问卷调查Warner模型与卡片参数P的设计

文章首先介绍了S.L.Warner随机问卷调查模型,以及,B.G.Greenberg的改进模型,其次,定义卡片参数p=a(a+b),其中,a=问题1的卡片数,b=问题2的卡片数,0p1。文章着重讨论了卡片参数p的取值范围,总的设计原则是:(1)在S.L.Warner模型中,p的取值应该远离0.5;(2)在B.G.Greenberg的改进模型中,p的取值应该尽可能靠近1。

番茄SYTA的克隆及表达分析

【目的】克隆获得番茄 SYTA (Solanum lycopersicum SYTA，S.l SYTA),分析其基因序列生物信息学特征和预测蛋白的结构特征,明确S.l SYTA亚细胞定位和组织表达,并分析其在绿色荧光蛋白(green fluorescence protein,GFP)标记的烟草花叶病毒(Tobacco mosaic virus,TMV)侵染下的表达变化及其对TMV移动的影响,为明确S.l SYTA在植物病毒侵染致病过程中的作用提供理论依据。【方法】根据番茄基因组含有的SYTA同源基因序列,利用Primer Premier 5.0软件设计克隆引物,采用RT-PCR技术克隆S.l SYTA全长序列;应用生物信息学方法分析该基因的序列特征;使用MEGA 7.0对S.l SYTA蛋白序列及其同源序列进行多序列比对,并构建同源物种间系统进化树;通过与GFP蛋白融合进行亚细胞定位;利用实时荧光定量PCR(q RT-PCR)检测番茄各部位S.l SYTA的表达量以及在TMV胁迫的番茄中S.l SYTA的表达变化;构建植物瞬时表达载体p CV-SYTA-m GFP,通过农杆菌介导在本氏烟草中瞬时表达,TMV-GFP攻毒,利用酶联免疫吸附实验(ELISA)检测在本氏烟中瞬时表达S.l SYTA时TMV-GFP的积累和移动情况。【结果】克隆得到1 620 bp的S.l SYTA基因开放阅读框全长,序列比对及生物信息学分析表明,其编码的氨基酸序列具有SYTs家族的典型特征,含有N端的跨膜区、胞间连接区和C端的两个C2结构域;多序列对比及系统进化树分析发现,与茄科林生烟草、绒毛状烟草等植物亲缘关系较近,与黄瓜较远;亚细胞定位显示S.l SYTA定位于细胞质膜。在番茄的根、茎和叶中S.l SYTA的表达量从高到低依次为根>叶>茎;TMV-GFP侵染番茄导致其S.l SYTA表达量在接种后第1天显著上调,在第7天降至正常水平。在S.l SYTA瞬时表达的本氏烟叶片部位接种TMV-GFP,TMV-GFP在接种第5天时已经到达新叶,而接种部位仅表达空载体对照的本氏烟新叶中未观察到TMV-GFP,且接种第5天时TMV-GFP在接种叶和新叶中的积累量均明显高于其在空载体对照处理的叶片。【结论】获得的S.l SYTA具有SYTs家族的典型特征。S.l SYTA定位于细胞质膜,S.l SYTA在番茄根中表达量最高。在TMV-GFP胁迫下,番茄中S.l SYTA表达呈现先上升后下降至正常水平。在本氏烟中瞬时表达S.l SYTA有利于TMV-GFP侵染初期的积累和移动。

从叶绿体DNA trnL-F序列论双参属的归属问题

双参属TriplostegiaWall.exDC .由分布于东南亚地区的 2个种组成 ,为多年生草本植物。它的归属一直存在争议 ,有时置于川续断科Dipsacaceae或败酱科Valerianaceae ,有时单立一科 ,即双参科Triplost egiaceae。本研究对广义川续断目Dipsacaless.l.的 2 1种植物 (分别来自于败酱科、川续断科、双参属、刺参属Morina、广义忍冬科Caprifoliaceaes.l.、五福花科Adoxaceae)和外类群人参Panaxschin sengNees.的叶绿体DNAtrnL F区进行了测序 ,并建立系统发育树状图。结果显示 ,败酱科、川续断科、双参属、刺参属和广义忍冬科的 4个属 (双盾木属Dipelta、虫胃实属Kolkwitzia、六道木属Abelia和北极花属Linnaea)形成了一个单系群并得到了很强的支持 ( 1 0 0 %bootstrap) ;双参属与川续断科有更近的关系 ,建议作为一个亚科置于川续断科 ;广义忍冬科为一多系类群 ;而刺参属与其他广义川续断目类群之间的关系尚不能确定。

镉和芘交互胁迫下红树植物秋茄体内酚类化合物的应答

以红树植物秋茄[Kandelia obovata(S.L.)Yong)]为研究试材,通过镉(Cd)和芘(Pyr)交互胁迫盆栽实验,研究秋茄体内酚类化合物对Cd-Pyr复合污染的响应,旨在探讨红树植物通过酚类化合物的调节耐受重金属和PAHs复合污染的作用机制.Cd胁迫含量为0,5,10,20,40mg/kg,Pyr胁迫含量为2,10,50mg/kg,二者交互胁迫.结果显示:Cd和Pyr胁迫下秋茄根、茎、叶合成大量的总酚、单宁和缩合单宁,含量均随着胁迫含量增大呈现上升趋势.各组织总酚、单宁和缩合单宁含量均表现出茎>叶>根.高含量Cd-Pyr复合胁迫下根、茎和叶的总酚、单宁和缩合单宁含量显著高于同一水平Cd胁迫组.根和叶中的总酚、单宁及缩合单宁的含量与相同器官中Cd的含量均呈显著正相关,可推测复合污染背景下总酚、单宁和缩合单宁参与了秋茄根和叶对Cd的螯合,增强了秋茄对Cd的耐性.

浙江广义景天属的种子微形态及其分类学意义

通过对浙江产广义景天属(景天科)26个种的种子形态进行扫描电镜观察,研究其种子微形态特征及其在分类学上的意义.根据种子大小、形状及表面纹饰,可以将这26个种子样品分成5个类型,分别是:瓦松型Orostachys-type、八宝型Hylotelephium-type、费菜型Phedimus-type、小山飘风型Filipes-type和景天型Sedum-type.在广义景天属内,这些种子类型可以作为属内次级划分甚至分属的依据.可以用作划分属的是瓦松属Orostachys、八宝属Hylotelephium和费菜属Phedimus,可以用作属内次级划分的有小山飘风组Sedumsect.Filipes和景天组Sedumsect.Sedum.在景天组内,种子表皮细胞表面具乳头状凸起,较为一致,但在一些种之间也存在明显差异,因此也可以作为组内部分分种的依据.苞叶景天系ser.Bracteata3个种的种子形态很不一致,不是狭义景天属内的一个自然类群.说明种子形态对广义景天属的分类具有重要价值.

壳斗科栎属青冈亚属的花粉形态及其系统学意义

对栎属青冈亚属17个种及炭栎花粉形态进行扫描电镜观察。结果表明:青冈亚属和炭栎花粉均为三拟孔沟,球形至长球形,(15～28.0)μm×(15.0～25.6)μm。花粉外壁纹饰可划分为3种:(1)蠕虫状(包括皱波状)、(2)聚合颗粒状、(3)棒状或小刺状。各纹饰在组间镶嵌分布。棒状及小刺状纹饰为栎属花粉较为原始式样,并为青冈亚属与高山栎组及部分巴东组(sect.Cerris)共有,推测其间具有较其它栎类更为接近的亲缘关系,可能为广义栎属中较为基础的类群,而与栎亚属sect.Quercuss.s.,Lobatae和Protobalanus关系较远。花粉形态对广义栎属系统分类价值仅适用于较高分类阶元。

广义马鞭草科花器官发生的研究

对广义马鞭草科 (Verbenaceae)的 3个主要亚科的花器官早期发生进行了比较研究 ,发现花器官发生的两种不同类型 :在马鞭草亚科中 ,存在从远轴至近轴单向发生的顺序 ,首先远轴位置的萼片、花瓣、雄蕊相继发生 ,此时近轴位置的萼片、花瓣和雄蕊尚未出现或处于更幼小的时期 ;在牡荆亚科和莸亚科中表现为向心轮状发生的顺序 ,萼片同时或依次出现 ,萼片发生完成后 ,有一段转向花瓣形成的时间间隔 ,5枚花瓣几乎在同一时间出现 ,随后是 4枚雄蕊同时发生。花器官发生的研究结果与形态学和rbcL序列分析所得出的系统学推断一致 ,支持马鞭草亚科和其余亚科不能形成一个单系群的观点。

香青藤挥发油化学成分的GC-MS分析

目的用气相色谱GC-MS法对香青藤挥发油进行化学成分的分析。方法采用水蒸气蒸馏法从香青藤中提取挥发油,用气相色谱-质谱仪法对化学成分进行鉴定。结果共分离出110个峰,鉴定了其中74个成分,占挥发油总成分的67%。结论香青藤中主要含α-蒎烯、β-蒎烯、α-水芹烯、p-甲基,异丙基苯、β-水芹烯、α-没药烯和α-桉叶油醇,含量都在4%以上。该方法稳定可靠,重现性好,适用于香青藤挥发油的化学成分分析。

广义紫菀属(菊科紫菀族)系统学研究的现状

广义的紫菀属(Asters.l.)曾是个大包大揽的类群,产于北美和欧亚大陆.Nesom主要根据瘦果的形态和细胞学性状对Asters.l.进行了评价,将北美紫菀类植物从Aster中独立出去,使Aster成为欧亚特有类群.但是,在欧亚各国对Aster有定为一属和分为十多个属等不同的分类学处理,分歧较大.狭义紫菀属(Asters.s.)与从Asters.l.中分出的各属之间的系统学关系,以及后者中某些属与北美紫菀类和紫菀族其他亚族间的系统学关系,都存在很大疑问.过去一直认为北美是Aster的发源地,现在欧亚Asters.l.的起源与演化需要重新研究,而青藏高原是探讨Asters.l.物种多样性形成的关键地区.DNA尤其是DNA序列资料在研究Asters.l.的系统发育和分类上将发挥关键作用.

中国花椒属(广义)叶表皮特征初步研究

利用光镜和扫描电镜对国产花椒属Zanthoxylum s.l.40种(变种)植物的叶表皮形态特征进行了观察。结果发现:无规则型气孔器普遍存在于所有研究种类叶下表皮及个别种类叶上表皮;叶表皮细胞有规则多边形、不规则多边形2种形态;垂周壁式样有平直、浅波状和深波状3种类型。在扫描电镜下,叶表皮气孔器外拱盖内缘为平滑、浅波状或波状;气孔器附近的角质膜平坦或皱褶,表面光滑或具有各种纹饰。叶表皮形态特征研究结果表明崖椒亚属subgen.Fagara与花椒亚属subgen.Zanthoxylum之间存在有许多的共同点,它们共同组成广义花椒属。文中还对叶表皮特征在花椒属部分种类分类中的应用进行了讨论。

钙对镉胁迫下秋茄叶片光合作用及超微结构的影响

研究了不同钙(Ca)浓度下,重金属镉(Cd)对红树植物秋茄[Kandelia obovata(S.L.)Yong)]毒害的差异.采用Hoagland营养液培养,实验采用完全随机设计设9个处理,Cd质量浓度为0,0.5,5.0mg/L 3个水平;Ca质量浓度为0,400,800mg/L 3个水平,研究Ca对重金属Cd胁迫下红树植物秋茄叶片光合指标、叶绿素含量、叶组织的解剖结构、叶绿体等超微结构的影响.研究表明:Cd胁迫显著降低了秋茄叶片的净光合速率、气孔导度、胞间二氧化碳浓度和蒸腾速率,同时叶绿素含量减少,说明Cd对秋茄光合系统有一定的破坏作用,施加一定外源Ca,秋茄叶片光合指标显著上升,同时叶绿素含量增加,说明Ca对秋茄的光合作用有很强的促进效果.施加Ca在一定程度上缓解了秋茄叶片重金属胁迫形成的解剖结构的"旱生化",然而在解剖结构层面上的变化差异不显著.Ca对Cd引起的细胞器结构的损伤破坏有一定的保护和缓解作用,施加外源Ca缓解Cd对细胞器结构破坏的能力也不同,其中适量的Ca对Cd胁迫下的细胞核和叶绿体有很强的修复功能.研究率先揭示了Ca对红树植物耐重金属方面的在光合作用和超微结构方面的表征,以期为揭示红树植物对于重金属的耐性机制及其关键影响因素,并为红树林生态系统重金属污染修复治理提供新的理论依据,为红树林污染的修复提供了一条新思路.