Renewable energy exploitation is among the development strategies set by the government of Rwanda on the roadmap to 2023/2024 universal electricity access and theUnitedNations plans by 2030.Numerous previous studies o...Renewable energy exploitation is among the development strategies set by the government of Rwanda on the roadmap to 2023/2024 universal electricity access and theUnitedNations plans by 2030.Numerous previous studies oncleanenergy technologies inRwandahavemostly focusedonhouseholds’usagebut there are currentlynostudies describing the feasibility of clean energy technologies for financial institutions.The skepticism on renewable energy in Africa was previously reported by some personnel.Having realized that most SACCOs(Savings and Credit Co-Operatives)in Rwanda use diesel technology for backup/emergency electricity supply,taking consideration of abundant solar resources in Rwanda,having seen the viability and feasibility studies from other countries of renewable energy for different institutions(financial included);thiswork uses theHOMEREnergy Software and the electricity load profile of a typical SACCO in Rwanda to analyse the affordability and viability of on-site renewable energy generation for SACCO in Rwanda.The results reveal that a solar PV systemwith storage can be the optimal solution(with levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)of 0.713$/kWh which is cheaper than 0.73$/kWh for diesel technology)for SACCOs located in both off-grid areas and grid-connected areas(with 0.041$/kWh LCOE which is lower than the current electricity tariff in Rwanda).The findings in this work can serve as basic tools/materials for policy drafters in Rwanda on how financial institutions can contribute to climate change mitigation through self-renewable energy exploitation.展开更多
Corn harvested as grain is a relatively new crop for the province of New Brunswick. The recent availability of local corn has the potential to improve the sustainability of the dairy industry in New Brunswick, but the...Corn harvested as grain is a relatively new crop for the province of New Brunswick. The recent availability of local corn has the potential to improve the sustainability of the dairy industry in New Brunswick, but there is debate within the industry concerning the value and best use of the grain. This experiment was conducted to assess the feeding value of locally-produced corn grain stored as dry grain, ensiled high moisture corn, or ensiled as high moisture corncob meal (HMCCM, unhusked ears sometimes referred to as snaplage) relative to dry grain obtained from Ontario. Three samples of each were evaluated In Sacco. Rates and extent of digestion were similar for local and Ontario corn regardless of presentation for crude protein and starch, but acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and dry matter digestibility values were lower for HMCCM than other treatments. A 4 × 4 Latin square study was conducted with 16 Holstein cows and 28 day feeding periods. Milk production and milk protein production were higher (P < 0.05) with the locally produced dry corn than with other treatments. Energy corrected milk was lowest with the HMCCM diet. These results indicated that the value of corn produced in New Brunswick is similar to that produced in Ontario.展开更多
The experiment investigated the influence of forage drying methods on the dry-matter digestibility of foliage from Cajanus cajan varieties(ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT100/01). These leaves were harvested at wee...The experiment investigated the influence of forage drying methods on the dry-matter digestibility of foliage from Cajanus cajan varieties(ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT100/01). These leaves were harvested at week 20 of growth and either oven-or shade-dried and analysed for chemical components and rumen degradability. Three rumen fistulated lactating Holstein cows(430 ± 18 kg live weight) were used to evaluate ruminal degradation kinetics using in vitro and in sacco procedures. Samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in vitro(Ⅳ Daisy^(Ⅱ)) procedure. In the in sacco procedure, samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in the rumen of cows. Dry matter disappearance(DMD)data for both measures were fitted to the equation Y = a + b(1 -e^(-ct)), where b is the slowly degradable fraction and c is the degradation rate constant, to approximate rumen degradability characteristics of varieties. Shade dried leaves contained higher crude protein(CP)(P < 0.05) than oven dried leaves. Oven drying method increased(P < 0.05) neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen(NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen(ADIN) content of varieties. However, shade drying method gave the higher concentration of NDIN and ADIN. Drying technique had no effect(P > 0.05) on ash, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and acid detergent lignin(ADL) of varieties. Drying method did not affect(P > 0.05) calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P) concentration in the forage dry matter. Drying method had no effect(P > 0.05) on b and c of all varieties during in vitro procedure. However, shade-drying method increased(P < 0.05) b and c of all varieties during in sacco procedure. It was concluded that shade-drying, in contrast to oven-drying, would be the most suitable method as it improves the nutritive value of the forage for ruminants.展开更多
基金Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology(Grant Number:2021I0014)Fujian Provincial Department of Housing and Construction(Grant Number:2022-K-67+5 种基金Fujian Provincial Department of Education(Grant Number:JAT201518)Additionally,Authors are grateful to Quanzhou Tongjiang Scholar Special Fund for financial support throughGrant Number:(600005-Z17X0234)Quanzhou Science and Technology Bureau for financial support through Grant Number:(2018Z010)Huaqiao University through Grant Number:(17BS201)the Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology for financial support through Grant(2018J05121)Authors are also grateful for financial support from the Fujian Provincial Department of Science and Technology through Grants Numbers:2021I0014 and 2018J05121.
文摘Renewable energy exploitation is among the development strategies set by the government of Rwanda on the roadmap to 2023/2024 universal electricity access and theUnitedNations plans by 2030.Numerous previous studies oncleanenergy technologies inRwandahavemostly focusedonhouseholds’usagebut there are currentlynostudies describing the feasibility of clean energy technologies for financial institutions.The skepticism on renewable energy in Africa was previously reported by some personnel.Having realized that most SACCOs(Savings and Credit Co-Operatives)in Rwanda use diesel technology for backup/emergency electricity supply,taking consideration of abundant solar resources in Rwanda,having seen the viability and feasibility studies from other countries of renewable energy for different institutions(financial included);thiswork uses theHOMEREnergy Software and the electricity load profile of a typical SACCO in Rwanda to analyse the affordability and viability of on-site renewable energy generation for SACCO in Rwanda.The results reveal that a solar PV systemwith storage can be the optimal solution(with levelized cost of electricity(LCOE)of 0.713$/kWh which is cheaper than 0.73$/kWh for diesel technology)for SACCOs located in both off-grid areas and grid-connected areas(with 0.041$/kWh LCOE which is lower than the current electricity tariff in Rwanda).The findings in this work can serve as basic tools/materials for policy drafters in Rwanda on how financial institutions can contribute to climate change mitigation through self-renewable energy exploitation.
文摘Corn harvested as grain is a relatively new crop for the province of New Brunswick. The recent availability of local corn has the potential to improve the sustainability of the dairy industry in New Brunswick, but there is debate within the industry concerning the value and best use of the grain. This experiment was conducted to assess the feeding value of locally-produced corn grain stored as dry grain, ensiled high moisture corn, or ensiled as high moisture corncob meal (HMCCM, unhusked ears sometimes referred to as snaplage) relative to dry grain obtained from Ontario. Three samples of each were evaluated In Sacco. Rates and extent of digestion were similar for local and Ontario corn regardless of presentation for crude protein and starch, but acid detergent fiber, neutral detergent fiber and dry matter digestibility values were lower for HMCCM than other treatments. A 4 × 4 Latin square study was conducted with 16 Holstein cows and 28 day feeding periods. Milk production and milk protein production were higher (P < 0.05) with the locally produced dry corn than with other treatments. Energy corrected milk was lowest with the HMCCM diet. These results indicated that the value of corn produced in New Brunswick is similar to that produced in Ontario.
基金the National Research Foundation of South Africa-Research and Technology Fund Grant 98715 for financial support
文摘The experiment investigated the influence of forage drying methods on the dry-matter digestibility of foliage from Cajanus cajan varieties(ICEAP 00557, ICEAP 01514 and CIMMYT100/01). These leaves were harvested at week 20 of growth and either oven-or shade-dried and analysed for chemical components and rumen degradability. Three rumen fistulated lactating Holstein cows(430 ± 18 kg live weight) were used to evaluate ruminal degradation kinetics using in vitro and in sacco procedures. Samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in vitro(Ⅳ Daisy^(Ⅱ)) procedure. In the in sacco procedure, samples were incubated for 0, 4, 8, 12, 24, 30 and 48 h in the rumen of cows. Dry matter disappearance(DMD)data for both measures were fitted to the equation Y = a + b(1 -e^(-ct)), where b is the slowly degradable fraction and c is the degradation rate constant, to approximate rumen degradability characteristics of varieties. Shade dried leaves contained higher crude protein(CP)(P < 0.05) than oven dried leaves. Oven drying method increased(P < 0.05) neutral detergent insoluble nitrogen(NDIN) and acid detergent insoluble nitrogen(ADIN) content of varieties. However, shade drying method gave the higher concentration of NDIN and ADIN. Drying technique had no effect(P > 0.05) on ash, neutral detergent fiber(NDF), acid detergent fiber(ADF) and acid detergent lignin(ADL) of varieties. Drying method did not affect(P > 0.05) calcium(Ca) and phosphorus(P) concentration in the forage dry matter. Drying method had no effect(P > 0.05) on b and c of all varieties during in vitro procedure. However, shade-drying method increased(P < 0.05) b and c of all varieties during in sacco procedure. It was concluded that shade-drying, in contrast to oven-drying, would be the most suitable method as it improves the nutritive value of the forage for ruminants.
