Bacteriological safety of plastic-bagged sachet drinking water sold in Amassoma,Nigeria

Objective:To evaluate the bacteriological safety of sachet water sold in Amassoma,a rural community in Bayelsa State,Nigeria.Methods:Six samples of each of the different sachet drinking water brands were bought at random from shop shelves,markets and street vendors and were studies for microbial indicators of safety and quality.Bacterial counts Were analyzed by one-way Analysis of Variance（ANOVA） and significance of differences was tested at 5% probability.Results:Minimum and maximum.counts with regard to the sachet water samples investigated were（4.3±1.1）×106 CFU mL-1 and（8.2±1.0）×106 CFU mL-1 for heterotrophic plate counts;（0.9±0.3）×106 CFU mL-1 and（1.2±0.4）×106 CFU mL-1 for aerobic spore-former counts; （1.3±0.5）×103 CFU mL-1 and（2.5±0.8）×103 CFU mL-1 for total coliforms;（1.6±0.9）×103 CFU mL-1 and（9.5±11.2）×103 CFU mL-1 for thermotolerant coliforms.Klebsiella spp but not Escherichia coli was present in all samples of the brands;non-coliform bacteria detected in some samples were Staphylococcus,Pseudomonas and Bacillus species.Conclusions:The brands of sachet water sold（at the time of this study） in Amassoma did not meet the minimum acceptable standard for microbiologically safe drinking water as recommended by the World Health Organization.

Enumeration of microbial contaminants in sachet water: a public health challenge

Accessibility and availability of fresh clean water is a key to sustainable development and essential element in health, food production and poverty reduction. In the present study, we have collected water sachet containing CM/L number and they were analysed for physical and bacteriological nature. The organisms isolated in this study were Proteus mirabilis, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Pseudomonas vesicularis and Pseudomonas aeruginosae. The harmful effects of these isolates were evidenced by antibiotic resistance, heavy metal tolerance and antibacterial activity. They were resistant to the antibiotics like amoxiclav, methicillin, chloramphenicol and streptomycin. They showed tolerance to the heavy metals at 5 mM conc. except for lead. For antibacterial activity, they were tested against human pathogens Klebsiella pnemoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Micrococcus leuteus and Salmonella paratyphium. But at the same time these organisms could be exploited for the industrial production of amylase, protease and cellulase.

Microbiological Examination of Sachet Water Due to a Cholera Outbreak in Ibadan, Nigeria

A severe outbreak of cholera in Ibadan (Oyo state, Nigeria) occurred after a devastating flood in August, 2011, causing the death of over 18 persons and several cases of hospitalization. The project aimed at screening sachet water for mi-croorganisms related to water-borne diseases. One hundred sachet water samples were randomly collected. The pH was determined using a digital pH meter. Values ranged between 6.3 - 8.7, with 28% of the samples being above the WHO approved range of 6.4 - 7.6. No residual chlorine was detected. Gram negative isolates were 80%, while 20% were Gram positive. Faecal coliforms above the recommended WHO zero coliforms per 100 mL were 30%. Escherichia coli had the highest incidence (17%), followed by Acinetobacter sp. (12%), Enterobacter aerogenes (11%), Flavobacterium sp. (11%), Proteus mirabilis (11%), Staphyloccocus aureus (10%), Bacillus subtilis (8%), Micrococcus sp. (5%), Streptococcus faecalis (2%), Klebsiella sp. (2%) and Vibrio cholerae (1%). There is urgent need for public awareness campaigns against water-borne diseases.

Quality Assessment of Five (5) Brands of Sachet Water Marketed in Bo City

This study covers some physical, chemical, and bacteriological parameters needed to be tested for drinking water quality. The purpose of the research is to assess and compare the quality of five different brands of sachet water marketed in Bo city and to give relevant recommendation(s) were possible. The results obtained were compared to the standard set for each parameter by the World Health Organization (WHO) and the maximum contaminant level set by the United State Environment Protection Agency (USEPA). Five brands of sachets water were selected in Bo city and their physical and chemical parameters were evaluated in the Njala University Quality Control Laboratory (NUQCL), and their bacteriological evaluation was done in the Sierra Rutile laboratory. The physical parameters tested for were in accordance with the standards set by the WHO with the exception of the temperatures for each brand which were above the WHO standard. The pH of all the sachets water was in the acidic range, below the standard range and the maximum contaminant level set by the WHO and USEPA respectively. This affected the alkalinity of all the sachets water to be zero (0). None of the sachets water completely met the WHO standard and the USEPA maximum contaminant level for all the parameters tested for in this research. In this regard, none of the sachets water is completely recommended for drinking.

Effect of Storage on the Quality of Sachet-Vended Water in the Tamale Metropolis, Ghana

Sachet water was introduced in Ghana to provide safe, hygienic and affordable instant drinking water to the general public. The aim of the study was to examine the effect of storage on the quality of sachet-vended water produced in the Tamale Metropolis. Two brands of sachet water were sampled freshly after production (Six packs or bags), transported to the laboratory and analysed. Samples of freshly prepared sachet water were then stored at ambient room temperature (at 27°C), in a refrigerator (at 4°C) and in the sun (at 40°C). Samples from these three storage methods were collected and analysed on a weekly and monthly basis for a period of three months. The physico-chemical parameters were within World Health Organization limits regardless of the mode of storage. The pH of sachet water ranged from 6.69 to 7.89 with a mean of 7.38 ± 0.31. There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the physico-chemical parameters for the sachet water under the different storage conditions over the period. The concern however was the low concentration of these major ions, sodium, potassium, total hardness, calcium and magnesium which seem to pose direct health concerns. The counts of total heterotrophic bacteria ranged from 0.0 to 73 cfu/1ml with a mean of 19.16 (SD = 21.61) of the sachet water samples. Total heterotrophic bacteria regrowth was observed on the third week in all brands stored and gradually deceased numerically throughout the study period. Total coliform regrowth ranged from 0.0 to 5 cfu/100 ml. There was significant difference (p Based on the findings of this study, it is recommended that Food and Drugs Authority and Ghana standard Board should ensure minerals concentrations of sachet water are improved to meet the general dietary requirement.

Mechanism prediction analysis of an epidemic prevention sachet in preventing new coronavirus pneumonia

Objective:To explore the prevention mechanism of an anti-epidemic sachet on the new coronavirus pneumonia(COVID-19)based on the network pharmacology and molecular docking method.Methods:The chemical constituents and action targets of wormwood leaves,white peony,borneol,Rhizoma atracylodis,and Herba pogostemonis in the epidemic-preventive sachet were retrieved in TCMSP database.Query the genes of targets through the Uniprot database,and then use Cytoscape 3.7.2 software to build a medicinal drugs-active ingredients-targets(genes)network for visualization.Then we used DAVID to perform gene ontology(GO)function enrichment analysis and genome encyclopedia(KEGG)pathway analysis to predict the mechanisms of action.Draw histograms and bubble charts for visualization with Excel software and Omicshare database.The crystal structure of ACE2 was searched in the RCSB PDB database,and the compounds and proteins were molecularly docked with the help of PyMOL,AutoDockTool,and Vina software.Results:Sixty-seven effective chemical components in the anti-epidemic sachet were screened and a drugs-chemical components-targets network was constructed to obtain 948 targets,and 18 core targets and 28 core target pathways were predicted.6 compounds in Folium artemisiae argyi,13 compounds in Radix angelicae dahuricae,3 compounds in Rhizoma atracylodis,4 compounds in Fructus tsaoko,8 compounds in Herba pogostemonis,and 3 compounds in Rhizoma acori talarinowii have less binding energy with 1R42 than the ligand.Conclusion:It is predicted that the anti-epidemic sachet has prevention effects on new coronavirus pneumonia.

重组人干扰素α-1b治疗小儿轮状病毒感染性肠炎的效果及安全性

目的:观察重组人干扰素α-1b治疗小儿轮状病毒感染性肠炎的效果及安全性。方法:选取2022年6月—2023年6月枝江市人民医院收治的186例小儿轮状病毒感染性肠炎,依据随机数表法分为对照组和观察组,各93例。对照组采用临床常规治疗及布拉氏酵母菌散,观察组在对照组基础上采用重组人干扰素α-1b,持续治疗3 d。比较两组治疗3 d后临床疗效,临床症状缓解情况,治疗前、治疗3 d后的肠黏膜损伤指标、肠道菌群、免疫功能,以及研究期间安全性。结果:治疗3 d后,观察组总有效率高于对照组;观察组腹痛消失时间、止泻时间、热退时间早于对照组;治疗3 d后,两组乳杆菌、双歧杆菌和大肠埃希菌菌落数较治疗前均升高,观察组高于对照组,两组粪肠球菌菌落数较治疗前均降低,观察组低于对照组;治疗3 d后,两组血清晚期糖基化终末产物(AGEs)、内毒素(ET)、二胺氧化酶(DAO)水平与治疗前相比均降低,观察组低于对照组;治疗3 d后,两组外周血CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)与治疗前相比均升高,观察组高于对照组,外周血CD8^(+)较治疗前均降低,观察组低于对照组;研究期间观察组不良反应发生率低于对照组;上述各指标比较,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:在小儿轮状病毒感染性肠炎的临床治疗中,应用重组人干扰素α-1b,能明显改善患儿的临床症状,改善肠道菌群,增强机体免疫力,缓解肠道黏膜损伤,安全性较高,且疗效显著。

辟瘟香囊干预医务人员感冒的前瞻性随机对照研究

目的:评价辟瘟香囊干预医务人员感冒的疗效。方法:选取我院160位医务人员,随机分为干预组和对照组,每组80例。干预组佩戴辟瘟香囊,对照组不佩戴辟瘟香囊,持续观察4个月。观察感冒发病率、症状体征以及睡眠质量。结果:干预组感冒发病率及症状体征较对照组明显减少(P<0.05),睡眠质量较对照组明显改善(P<0.01)。结论:辟瘟香囊可以扶正祛邪、改善睡眠、提高机体抵抗力,有效预防感冒。

甘草锌联合布拉氏酵母菌散对轮状病毒性腹泻患儿心肌酶谱和免疫应答的影响

目的探讨甘草锌联合布拉氏酵母菌散对轮状病毒性腹泻患儿心肌酶谱和免疫应答的影响。方法选取2022年6月至2023年6月青海红十字医院收治的150例轮状病毒性腹泻患儿,根据随机数字表法分为对照组(n=75)、研究组(n=75)。对照组采用甘草锌联合双歧杆菌四联活菌片治疗,研究组采用甘草锌联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗,比较两组的治疗总有效率、心肌酶谱、免疫应答指标。结果研究组治疗总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05);研究组治疗后的肌酸激酶、肌酸激酶同工酶、乳酸脱氢酶水平均低于对照组(P<0.05);研究组治疗后的CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)水平均高于对照组,CD8^(+)水平低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论甘草锌联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗轮状病毒性腹泻患儿可改善心肌酶谱,调节免疫应答,值得推广。

降逆止呕中药香囊预防骨关节科腰硬联合麻醉患者术后恶心呕吐的效果观察

目的探讨降逆止呕中药香囊预防骨科关节腰硬联合麻醉患者术后恶心呕吐(PONV)发生效果。方法将60例腰硬联合麻醉下骨关节术后患者随机分为观察组和对照组,各30例。对照组在常规护理基础上于术后使用柠檬进行嗅闻干预,观察组在常规护理基础上于术后使用降逆止呕香囊进行干预。评估和对比两组术后24 h内恶心呕吐发生率、严重程度以及患者舒适度。结果观察组发生PONV 5(16.67%)例,对照组发生PONV 14(46.67%)例,两组差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组PONV严重程度较对照组轻,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察组舒适度评分(66.67±4.71)分,高于对照组(59.16±7.41)分,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论降逆止呕中药香囊能有效预防骨关节科腰硬联合麻醉术后患者24 h内恶心呕吐,减轻患者症状,提高患者舒适度。

香囊的药理研究和临床应用进展

香囊是一种广泛应用于临床的辅助治疗方式,且有丰富的历史文化背景。香囊中芳香中药的挥发性成分具有抗炎、镇痛、抗抑郁等药理作用。中药香囊在防治传染性疾病、抗抑郁以及缓解焦虑等方面有显著的临床疗效;还有帮助睡眠、提高免疫力和清新空气等作用。中药香囊的有效性已有大量药理研究和临床应用实例,有巨大的应用和开发潜力,但是有待更深入的药理和临床研究。

基于GC-MS分析避疫驱蚊香囊挥发油成分及抗氧化、抗菌活性

目的:对避疫驱蚊香囊挥发油成分及其体外抗氧化、抗菌活性进行分析研究。方法:通过GC-MS、NIST标准谱库和文献检索筛选避疫驱蚊香囊的挥发油成分,以DPPH、ABTS自由基评价其抗氧化活性,并以3种常见致病菌评价其抗菌活性。结果:GC-MS共鉴定出香囊挥发油中48个化合物(含量≥0.2%、匹配度>800),主要化合物为单萜类(41.28%)和倍半萜类(25.33%),含量较高的是α-Asarone(16.44%),Eucalyptol(10.72%),Patchouli alcohol(9.44%);香囊挥发油对自由基ABTS清除能力较强[IC_(50)=(180.5±0.9)μg/mL],并对枯草杆菌(MIC=100μg/mL)有较好的抗菌活性。结论:本研究明确了避疫驱蚊香囊的挥发油成分及体外抗氧化、抗菌活性,为进一步研究该香囊的药效物质基础提供科学依据。

复方中草药香包吸入改善大学生痛经的随机对照研究

目的探讨吸入复方中草药香包改善大学生寒凝血瘀型痛经的疗效及安全性。方法将100名寒凝血瘀型痛经大学生采用分层随机分组法分为对照组和试验组各50名。对照组给予健康教育和安慰剂香包吸入,试验组给予健康教育和复方中草药香包吸入,每晚睡觉时将香包悬挂于侧墙且距鼻30 cm处,持续3个月经周期。结果对照组46名、试验组48名大学生完成本研究。组间比较,干预后腹痛视觉模拟量表、Cox痛经症状评分表、疼痛灾难化量表评分及疗效差异有统计学意义(均P<0.05);两组在研究过程中均未报告不良反应。结论复方中草药香包吸入有利于减轻寒凝血瘀型痛经大学生腹痛程度、缓解痛经症状、降低疼痛灾难化水平。

蒙脱石散联合布拉氏酵母菌散对婴幼儿急性腹泻患儿CRP水平的影响

目的探究婴幼儿急性腹泻采用蒙脱石散联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗的临床效果及对患儿C反应蛋白(CRP)水平的影响。方法62例婴幼儿急性腹泻患儿,采用双盲抽签病历号分为研究组和对照组,每组31例。两组均行基础对症治疗,在此基础上,对照组患儿增加蒙脱石散治疗,研究组患儿增加蒙脱石散联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗。比较两组患儿临床症状改善时间、炎性因子水平、细胞免疫学指标、临床效果、不良反应发生情况。结果研究组患儿腹泻、呕吐、腹痛、大便异常改善时间分别为(2.11±0.52)、(1.19±0.38)、(2.09±0.52)、(3.28±1.05)d,均短于对照组的(4.09±0.97)、(2.25±0.64)、(3.96±0.87)、(5.74±1.73)d(P<0.05)。治疗6 d后,两组CRP、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)、降钙素原(PCT)均低于治疗前,且研究组患儿CRP(3.94±1.07)mg/L、IL-6(92.51±4.73)ng/L、PCT(1.19±0.42)μg/L均低于对照组的(11.86±2.74)mg/L、(122.86±7.96)ng/L、(1.85±0.61)μg/L(P<0.05)。治疗6 d后,研究组CD3^(+)、CD4^(+)、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)高于治疗前,CD8^(+)低于治疗前,且研究组患儿CD3^(+)(69.84±5.26)%、CD4^(+)(48.22±5.29)%、CD4^(+)/CD8^(+)(1.98±0.55)水平高于对照组的(65.19±3.04)%、(43.15±2.79)%、(1.42±0.26),CD8^(+)(25.68±2.05)%水平低于对照组的(29.77±3.45)%(P<0.05)。研究组患儿临床总有效率为96.8%,高于对照组的77.4%(χ^(2)=5.167,P=0.023<0.05)。两组患儿用药后均未发生无法耐受的严重不良反应,每组均有2例(6.5%)患儿发生皮疹,两组不良反应发生率比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论婴幼儿急性腹泻患儿采用蒙脱石散联合布拉氏酵母菌散治疗起效迅速,可减轻炎症反应,提高免疫功能,临床疗效显著,用药安全,具有推广应用价值。

文旅融合背景下“校地合作”促进庆阳香包文化产业发展的路径与方法研究

庆阳香包作为非物质文化遗产,是推动当地文化和旅游产业融合发展的关键。“校地合作”能为地方经济和文化产业的发展注入了新的活力和动能。本研究基于实地考察和调研庆阳香包与产业发展的现状,针对产业链不完整,集群优势不明显;传承困难,设计创新不足;营销模式单一,缺乏品牌意识等方面存在的问题,建议通过“校地合作”的方式,从政策层面,构建“政、校、企”合作协同机制;在操作层面,实现“产品——产业”的转化,提出“香包+”拓宽香包的应用场景、“设计+”赋能香包产业创新、“展会+”扩大香包产业影响力三大发展路径,为实现庆阳香包产业的高质量发展,落实地方应用型高校产教融合、协同育人理念提供思路与对策。

香佩疗法联合穴位贴敷治疗小儿过敏性鼻炎临床研究

目的:观察香佩疗法联合穴位贴敷对小儿过敏性鼻炎的临床疗效。方法:选取70例过敏性鼻炎患儿,按随机数字表法分为试验组与对照组各35例,2组各有4例患儿脱落,最终各纳入31例患儿。对照组在三伏天接受穴位贴敷治疗,试验组在对照组基础上加用香佩疗法治疗。治疗从夏季头伏开始,10 d治疗1次,4次为1个疗程,治疗1个疗程后对2组患儿进行疗效观察。比较2组患儿治疗前、1个疗程结束后及1疗程结束半年后随访时症状评分的变化,比较2组临床疗效及不良反应发生情况。结果:治疗后、随访时,2组鼻塞、流涕、喷嚏、鼻痒及总分均较治疗前下降(P<0.05),试验组治疗后鼻塞评分低于对照组(P<0.05)。2组治疗后其余症状评分及总分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组治疗前、随访时各症状评分、总分比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。试验组临床疗效总有效率为87.1%,对照组总有效率为77.4%,2组比较,差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。2组患儿治疗期间出现3例皮肤红斑、瘙痒,佩戴中药香囊无明显不适,均可通过缩短贴敷时间自行缓解。结论:香佩疗法联合穴位贴敷治疗小儿过敏性鼻炎可有效改善患儿鼻塞的症状,安全性高。

中药香囊化学成分及其应用研究进展

中药香囊源自中医衣冠疗法,是一种颇具中国传统文化特色的随身饰物,具有多方面的功能,特别是其防疫应用价值备受关注。本文通过整理中药香囊相关文献,对中药香囊的起源及发展历史、组方、主要挥发性成分及其功效、香囊应用等进行归纳总结,以期为更好地发挥、发掘中药香囊的价值提供参考,为中药香囊的深度研发提供依据。

非遗传承视角下江苏省中医药刺绣香囊推广保护研究

中医药具有丰富的医疗保健作用,文章将中医药与刺绣技艺相结合,制作中医药刺绣香囊,从非遗传承的视角探索发扬国粹的途径,通过相关文献与实践探索,提出通过苏绣与中药香囊的创新与融合实现生产性保护,从优化产品设计、文旅融合提升消费体验、充分应用新媒体营销优势和适度产业化发展层面寻找推广保护策略。

布拉氏酵母菌散联合赖氨葡锌颗粒治疗小儿腹泻的临床效果及对肠道激素的影响

目的探讨布拉氏酵母菌散联合赖氨葡锌颗粒治疗小儿腹泻的临床效果及对肠道激素的影响。方法选取2022年6月至2023年5月德州市陵城区人民医院收治的80例腹泻患儿作为研究对象,按照随机数字表法分为对照组(40例)与观察组(40例)。对照组采用赖氨葡锌颗粒治疗,观察组采用布拉氏酵母菌散联合赖氨葡锌颗粒治疗。比较两组治疗效果、肠道菌群及胃肠激素水平。结果观察组总有效率高于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组乳杆菌、肠球菌属数量高于对照组,真杆菌数量低于对照组(P<0.05)。治疗后,观察组血管活性肠肽、胰高血糖素、神经肽Y水平均低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论布拉氏酵母菌散联合赖氨葡锌颗粒能够有效改善腹泻患儿的肠道菌群、胃肠激素水平,提高治疗效果,临床可推广应用。

中医外治法预防新型冠状病毒高危人群的调查分析

目的:观察中药香囊对新型冠状病毒高危人群的临床预防效果。方法:选择自愿参加的医院在职医务人员或疑似/确诊新冠感染病例的社区人员佩戴辟瘟香囊3周,并配合填写调查问卷,观察受试者感染新型冠状病毒的情况。结果:完成本项目的1220例受试者中,佩戴香囊前(第0周)有不适症状者共244例。针对244名受试者建立有效数据集,佩戴香囊前后症状计分比较采用重复测量方差分析,校正后(P=0.000<0.05),提示佩戴香囊前后受试者不适症状改善情况有显著意义,且受试者佩戴香囊后第1周及第2周症状改善更为显著,提示症状改善情况可能并不与佩戴时间的明显延长成正相关。截止2020年11月初,参与完成本项目的1220名受试者均未发生新冠病毒感染。结论:佩戴中药香囊可能对新冠病毒的感染起到一定的预防作用。