Design of Water Disinfection Scheme for Rural Drinking Water Safety Project

As further promotion of the rural drinking water safety project in whole country, small villages in vast countryside have been or will be equipped with safety drinking water project. We analyzed necessity of the rural drinking water disinfection, discussed disinfection method suitable for rural drinking water characteristics, and put forward disinfection schemes for different water supply sources.

Renewable Energy Powered Membrane Process for Removal of Excess Fluoride Ions and Safe Drinking Water Supply in Rural Areas in Senegal

The analysis results made on drinking water from the rural areas of Kaolack,Diourbel and Fatick central region of Senegal showed the excess of fluoride and chloride ions.Depending on the area,the fluoride concentration in the water can reach 3.5 mg/L.The values obtained are completely above of WHO(World Health Organization)limits.The objective of this study is to assess the performances of membrane filtration units powered by renewable energies for fluoride and salinity excess removal in remote village in Senegal.Many membrane filtration units have been installed in rural areas of regions such as Kaolack,Fatick and Diourbel.These membrane filtration units are equipped by the LPRO(Low Pressure Reverse Osmosis)membranes with 9 m^(2)of surface.A rejection rate of fluoride and chloride ions obtained is 99.33%and 95.25%respectively.The conversion rates are ranged from 45%to 65%.These results clearly show that membrane processes can be used in Africa,especially in isolated rural areas,with the combination of renewable energies.Currently,more than twenty membrane filtration units are installed in Senegal and provide drinking water of very good quality for populations living in rural areas.The prospect is to expand it on a larger scale,which is already underway,with the construction of a desalination plant in Dakar.

Protection Planning for Rural Centralized Drinking Water Source Areas in Chongqing

Protection planning is made for rural centralized drinking water source areas according to current situations of rural drinking water and existing problems of centralized drinking water source areas in Chongqing,and in combination with survey,analysis and evaluation of urban-rural drinking water source areas in whole city.There are engineering measures and non-engineering measures,to guarantee drinking water security of rural residents,improve rural ecological environment,realize sustainable use of water resource,and promote sustainable development of society.Engineering measures include conservation and protection of water resource,ecological restoration,isolation,and comprehensive control of pointsource and area-source pollution.Non-engineering measures include construction of monitoring system for drinking water source area,construction of security information system for rural centralized drinking water source area,and construction of emergency mechanism for water pollution accidents in rural water source areas.

Analysis and Discussion on Property Right of Rural Drinking Water Projects

Since rural drinking water projects have diversified investment subjects,complex form,and lacks property right system and policy at national level,there are many difficulties in determining property right of projects in many areas.This not only puzzles competent authorities and specific management institution,but also is unfavorable for long-term full play of project benefit.Combining related laws,regulations,and policies,this paper analyzed and discussed property right of rural drinking water projects.It proposed establishing usufructuary right to replace division of property right,in the hope of helping improve management of rural drinking water projects.

Quality and Method of Management of Drinking Water in Rural Areas in Benin: Case of Artesian Drills of Dogbo Ahomey in the Borough of Tota, Municipality of Dogbo

The objective of this study is to assess the quality of the artesian borehole water consumed by the population of the village of Dogbo Ahomey in order to prevent pathologies on the populations. Methodology and Results: The household surveys were supplemented by a campaign to analyze the water samples in the laboratory. The samples were analyzed according to the standardized methods of the American Public Health Association (APHAAWWA-WPCF, 1994). A total of twenty (20) physico-chemical parameters and four (04) microbiological parameters were used to assess the quality of the different water samples. The results of the physico-chemical analysis showed that the water samples studied present values that are below the standards recommended by the WHO and by the Beninese standards for the quality of drinking water (Standards, 2001). From a microbiological analysis point of view, of the four samples studied, two show strong pollution by germs. This could be a significant health risk for households who take water from these sources to meet their needs.

Discussion on Anti-Seepage Technologies in the Construction of Small-Scale Rural Water Conservancy Projects

In order to ensure the sustainable growth of rural economy,it is necessary to carry out further research on small-scale water conservancy projects and solve the seepage issue in rural areas.Based on the application significance of small-scale rural water conservancy projects and the analysis of anti-seepage technologies,along with specific examples,this paper specifically discusses the application of high-pressure jet technology,so as to provide reference for the development of engineering construction.

Rural Water Supply Management and Sustainability: The Case of Adama Area, Ethiopia

Wise utilization of water resources is becoming very important as world faces water crises. The main objective of this study was to investigate the rural water supply systems with case study in Adama area, in central Ethiopia. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected and analyzed. Four sample water schemes were selected and totally 148 (63 were female) representative households were selected for answering the questionnaires. Key informant interviews and group discussions were also conducted. The study assessed issues such as community participation, water committee empowerment, management and governance of water supply schemes, women participation, functional status of water supply scheme, sanitation and hygiene issues, external support, and monitoring system of water supply schemes. The findings indicated that the community participation in planning and implementation was very good while monitoring mechanism of operation and management as well as community participation on choice of technology was poor. The water schemes were located at reasonable distances i.e. less than 2 km in most cases and the time taken for round trip to fetch water from source was less than or equal to 30 minutes in most cases, however the queuing time was more than an hour. The water supply was inadequate as only about 15% of beneficiaries could get 20 liters of water per day per capita. The water sources were exposed in many cases to human waste, wild life, livestock and uncontrolled flooding. Sanitary practices in the study area were poor as only about 3.4% had ventilated and improved pit latrine and open pit and/or open field defecation were widely practiced.

不同乡村地域类型农户生计资本和生计策略特征及影响因素——以于桥水库流域为例

农户生计方式不仅决定了农户的收入,还对区域环境产生了深刻的影响。不同乡村地域类型是影响农户生计资本和生计策略的重要因素。本研究通过参与式农村评估和问卷调查获取于桥水库流域512份农户生计的一手数据,构建了农户生计资本评价指标体系,依据收入结构划分农户生计策略,分析不同乡村地域类型的农户生计资本和生计策略特征,并利用多元回归方程解析生计资本对生计策略的影响。结果表明:流域内农户生计非农化成为普遍现象,纯非农型和非主农辅型生计策略占比分别为29.5%和42.6%。不同生计策略农户的生计资本存在显著差异:纯非农和非主农辅农户的总生计资本、人力资本、社会资本和金融资本显著高于纯农业和农主非辅农户,纯农业和农主非辅农户的自然资本显著高于纯非农型农户。不同乡村地域类型农户的生计资本水平和生计策略选择具有明显差异。经济作物区农户的总生计资本、自然资本显著高于其他地区,传统粮产区的金融资本最低。水库周边区生计策略主要为纯非农型,山地林木区和城镇周边区主要是非主农辅型,传统粮产区和经济作物区主要是纯非农型和非主农辅型,文化旅游区主要是非主农辅型和农主非辅型。人均耕地面积、人均林地面积、耕地破碎化程度、土壤肥力、劳动力占比、家庭人口平均年龄、交通工具和家庭人均收入等指标对农户生计策略选择具有显著影响。不同乡村地域类型生计资本和生计策略差异主要与地理区位、自然资源、社会资源和政策相关。最后,提出基于乡村地域特征的农户生计的针对性优化策略,为促进农户生计可持续发展提供参考。

2018—2022年重庆市巴南区农村饮用水监测结果分析

目的分析2018—2022年重庆市巴南区农村生活饮用水的卫生情况,了解该地区饮用水水质的变化趋势,并为水质管理和规划改善提供理论依据。方法收集整理2018—2022年巴南区农村生活饮用水的监测信息,根据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2006)判断其达标情况。采用卡方检验或Fisher精确检验分析重庆市巴南区农村饮用水在不同年份、水期、水样、水源类型以及消毒方式下的达标率差异。结果2018—2022年,重庆市巴南区共监测农村饮用水460份,达标率为81.30%。5年内水样达标率存在差异(χ^(2)=13.05,P=0.011),但没有明显的上升趋势(P趋势=0.083)。不同水期和水样类型下的达标率差异均无统计学差异(P>0.05)。不同水源类型(χ^(2)=16.89,P<0.001)、不同消毒方式(χ^(2)=12.22,P=0.002)的水样达标率存在明显差异。在丰水期,江河水源的生活饮用水达标率(96.88%)普遍高于来自水库(85.06%)和其他类型水源(包括沟塘和深井水)(54.17%)的水样达标率(χ^(2)=14.52,P<0.001)。在枯水期使用液氯和次氯酸钠消毒的生活饮用水明显高于二氧化氯消毒的水源(χ^(2)=14.03,P<0.001)。同一水源中,使用复合二氧化氯消毒的达标率在枯水期(90.63%)高于丰水期(81.25%)(χ^(2)=4.66,P=0.031)。在所有检验指标中,微生物指标的合格率较低,为83.26%。结论2018—2022年重庆市巴南区农村饮用水的卫生安全有待提高,其中微生物指标是其主要影响因素。该地区应加强对农村饮用水从“源头”到“水龙头”的监管和保护,从根本上提高饮用水质量,以保障居民的健康。

2014—2022年黄河流域甘肃段农村饮用水水质卫生状况分析

目的通过对甘肃省境内黄河流域地区的农村饮用水水质卫生状况分析,识别影响黄河流域甘肃省段农村饮用水安全的主要因素。方法通过“全国饮用水水质卫生监测信息系统”收集2014—2022年甘肃省境内黄河干流及较大支流流经的58县(区)的农村饮用水水质监测数据,采用卡方检验和多因素Logistic回归分析影响黄河流域甘肃段农村饮用水水质的因素。结果2014—2022年共监测黄河流域甘肃段农村饮用水水样38076份,达标率为63.3%;影响达标率的主要指标为总大肠菌群,达标率为76.7%。多因素Logistic回归分析结果显示,不同区域、水期、水源类型、供水类型及消毒与否均会影响农村饮用水水质达标率,其中与集中式供水、消毒、枯水期、地表水水样相比,分散式供水、不消毒、丰水期、地下水水样达标率较低,OR(95%CI)分别为1.794(1.601,2.011)、1.650(1.564,1.740)、1.317(1.262,1.374)和1.123(1.065,1.183);与黄土高原沟壑区相比,甘南高原草原区、黄土丘陵沟壑区水样达标率较高,OR(95%CI)分别为:0.795(0.756,0.835)、0.663(0.607,0.725)。结论黄河流域甘肃段农村饮用水水质有待改善,微生物污染是其主要卫生问题,供水类型及消毒与否作为影响水质状况的重要因素应引起重视,建议应因地制宜,多措并举保障农村饮水卫生安全。

引江补汉工程取水口饮用水水源保护区划分

引江补汉工程是南水北调中线工程的后续水源,为保障汉江中下游干流水质安全和湖北省补水区城乡生活供水安全,有必要在工程取水口周边划定饮用水水源保护区。在充分考虑水质保护要求、交通航运、港口建设发展、应急响应需求等因素的基础上,针对三峡调度运行不同水位情况、工程引水代表流量和相应水质条件设计工况情景,基于水动力水质模型计算和应急响应时间估算结果,提出引江补汉工程龙潭溪取水口水源保护区范围建议,为将来保护区划定提供技术支撑。计算结果表明,以龙潭溪取水口为中心划分饮用水水源保护区的径向距离应≥1.3 km。

2017-2022年陕西省某市农村生活饮用水中5种金属及类金属健康风险

目的评估2017-2022年陕西省某市农村生活饮用水中砷(As)、镉(Cd)、铬(VI,Cr^(6+))、铅(Pb)及汞(Hg)5种金属及类金属的健康风险。方法分析陕西省某市2017-2022年间4153份农村生活饮用水监测数据,应用美国环境保护局(US EPA)推荐的健康风险评估模型计算不同暴露水平下不同暴露水平下5种金属及类金属经饮水途径对当地居民所致的健康风险。结果陕西省某市2017-2022年农村饮用水中5种金属及类金属在一般暴露水平下经饮水途径所致的总危害指数(HI)为0.344,总致癌风险(R_(T))为3.99×10^(-4);高暴露水平下经饮水途径所致的HI为1.81,R_(T)为1.99×10^(-3)。浓度分层分析表明Cd、Cr^(6+)和Hg的浓度在枯水期均高于丰水期;江河水中As、Cd、Cr^(6+)和Pb的浓度均高于其他类型水源水,浅井水中Hg的浓度较高;部分处理水样中5种金属及类金属的浓度均高于未处理和完全处理水样。健康风险分层分析表明,经饮水途径摄入5种金属及类金属,男性的健康风险高于女性、儿童高于成人。结论陕西省某市2017-2022年农村饮用水中5种金属及类金属一般暴露水平下的非致癌风险及总危害指数均未超过可接受风险值,高暴露水平下总危害指数超出可接受风险值;Cr^(6+)无论是一般暴露水平还是高暴露水平,其致癌风险均略高于最大可接受风险(10^(-6)~10^(-4)),在风险管理中应重点关注。

浅析智慧水务系统在农村饮水安全工程管理中的应用

文章科学论述了智慧水务系统在农村饮水安全工程管理中的实际应用价值,强调了智慧水务系统依托现代信息技术提高农村饮水安全工程管理的自动化、数字化、智能化水平,保证了农村饮水水质达标、水量充足、管理精细化与低成本化。同时,从架构设计、网络结构设计、功能模块设计等层面阐述了农村饮水安全工程管理中智慧水务系统的应用体系与应用场景,有效解决农村饮水安全监管任务重、监控水平低下、综合水质差等诸多问题,切实提升农村饮水安全管理水平、服务质量与综合保障能力。

农村供水工程中生物慢滤净水工艺数字孪生实践

在新形势下,国家大力推进数字孪生技术在农村供水工程管理中的应用。我国西南丘陵山区农民居住较为分散,水源多样,生物慢滤技术因其构造简单、对水质适应性强而被广泛应用,但在日常运行过程中存在维护不及时、无法准确判断出水是否达标等问题,对供水安全构成威胁。生物慢滤技术实施数字孪生建设,通过在关键节点安装监控设备,监测供水过程的浊度、滤速和水质等参数,监测数据由无线遥感终端汇集至数据分析系统,对超出阈值的实时数据发出报警,通知管水员实地检查。三峡库区秭归县水田坝乡工程实践结果表明,农村供水工程进行智慧化改造能够改变人工现地管理传统方式,减轻了管水员的工作压力,供水水质得到保障。从实践的效果来看,生物慢滤净水工艺数字孪生是农村供水工程智慧化供水的一次有益尝试。

农村饮用水水源地保护措施研究

水是人类赖以生存和发展的资源,饮用水安全是人民群众身体健康、生活安定的重要基础。然而在部分农村,由于特殊的环境和资源条件的影响,饮用水安全问题长期存在,尤其是随着城市化进程的加快和农业生产的发展,农村饮用水安全问题愈发突出,加强农村饮用水安全管理刻不容缓。基于此,本文指出农村饮用水管理存在的问题,提出农村饮用水水源地保护的措施,以供参考。

兴宁市农村饮用水水源地的铁与锰本底分析

以兴宁市农村饮用水水源地为研究对象,收集历史例行监测数据,筛选有代表性的水源地,制定监测方案开展序列月度监测,形成本底值数据库,通过正态检验、异常值剔除等数理统计方法计算最小值、最大值、5%分位数、95%分位数和中位数,对水源地的铁与锰本底值进行表征。基于本底值研究成果,水源地达标考核时剔除本底影响,达到客观评价水源地水环境质量的目的,为后续优化水源地水环境管理和评价提供技术支撑。

2020-2022年抚顺市农村饮用水水质卫生监测结果分析

目的:了解2020—2022年抚顺地区农村饮用水水质卫生状况,为政府制定相关政策提供基础数据。方法:收集2020—2022年抚顺地区农村饮用水监测数据,并进行统计分析。结果:2020—2022年共采集农村饮用水水样899份,其中合格水样602份,合格率为66.96%,明显低于城市饮用水水样合格率(91.91%),差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=36.664,P<0.05);2020—2022年农村饮用水水样合格率呈逐年上升趋势,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=11.259,P<0.05);丰水期农村饮用水水样合格率明显低于枯水期,差异有统计学意义(χ^(2)=66.880,P<0.05);出厂饮用水水样合格率略高于末梢水,差异无统计学意义(χ^(2)=0.066,P>0.05);微生物指标合格率低于毒理学指标及感官性状和一般化学指标,差异有统计学意(χ^(2)=418.263,P<0.05)。结论:抚顺市农村饮用水水质卫生状况待提高,微生物污染严重,相关部门需积极采取针对性措施,进一步提高本地区农村饮用水水质,保障居民用水安全。

民勤县农村饮水安全治理问题探究

甘肃省民勤县素有“中国沙乡”之称,是典型的资源性缺水地区,农村饮水安全问题日益凸显。本文深入分析民勤县农村饮水安全治理中存在的水质恶化严重、水资源短缺、基础设施老化和维护不到位、资金投入不足等突出问题,并提出加强水污染综合治理、守护农村饮用水源,树立节水优先理念、缓解水资源供需矛盾,加快供水设施提档升级、健全工程运行管护机制,创新投融资方式、加强农村饮水安全投入保障等优化对策,以期提升民勤县农村饮水安全治理水平。

农村饮水安全工程运行管理存在的问题及策略探究

农村饮水安全是“一安全、三保障、两不愁”指标之一,却存在重建设、轻管理问题,难以发挥工程预期效果。基于此,本文简要阐述了农村饮水安全工程运行管理的意义,以广西玉林市容县农村饮水安全工程为例,对现存的多方参管协同不佳、管理队伍建设不力、工程商业化不彻底问题进行分析,并提出提高农村饮水安全工程运行管理水平的策略,以期为相关工作者提供参考。

阳谷县农村地区枯水期和丰水期生活饮用水微生物检测结果分析

目的:了解阳谷县农村地区枯水期和丰水期生活饮用水微生物检测情况。方法:根据《生活饮用水标准检验方法第12部分:微生物指标》(GB/T 5750.12-2023)对阳谷县农村地区丰水期和枯水期的饮用水进行微生物检测,依据《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749-2022)对微生物污染情况进行评价。结果:72份生活饮用水水样中,微生物检测合格率为88.89%,超标率为11.11%,大肠菌群合格率为91.67%,超标率为8.33%,菌落总数合格率为94.44%,超标率为5.56%;丰水期微生物检测合格率为94.44%,枯水期微生物检测合格率为86.11%,丰水期与枯水期微生物检测合格率无统计学意义(P>0.05);出厂水微生物检测合格率为91.67%,末梢水微生物检测合格率为87.50%,出厂水与末梢水微生物检测合格率无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论:虽然阳谷县农村地区饮用水微生物安全状况整体较好,但仍需要关注微生物检测超标情况,并针对性地进行风险评估和管理。