二维聚合物[MnNa(Salicylate)_2(CH_3OH)(H_2O)]_n·0.5nH_2O的合成、晶体结构与活性研究

In this paper, a novel polymeric complex [MnNa（Salicylate）2（CH3OH）（H2O）]n·0.5nH2O was obtained and characterized by IR spectra, elemental analysis and single crystal X-ray diffraction. The titled complex is crystallized in triclinic system, space group P1 with a=0.763 82（15） nm, b= 1.037 1（2） nm, c=1.290 9（3） nm, α= 103.59（3）°, β=104.65（3）°, γ=109.50（3）°, V=0.873 6（3） nm 3, Z=2, Dc=1.556 Mg/m 3, Mr=409.20, μ=0.823 mm -1, F（000）=418, R=0.0614, wR= 0.147 6. The activity in catalyzing the superoxygen anionic free radical dismutation was determinated.

Effect of sodium salicylate on oxidative stress and insulin resistance induced by free fatty acids

BACKGROUND:It has been reported that high-dose salicylates improve free fatty acids (FFAs)-induced insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction in vitro,but the mechanism remains uncertain.In insulin-resistant rats,we found that the supplementation of sodium salicylate is associated with a reduction of plasma malondialdehyde (MDA),a marker of oxidative stress.Few studies have investigated the effects of salicylates on oxidative stress levels in insulin-resistant animal models.This study aimed to assess the effect of sodium salicylate on insulin sensitivity and to explore the potential mechanism by which it improves hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance.METHODS:Intralipid+heparin (IH),saline (SAL),or intralipid+ heparin+sodium salicylate (IHS) were separately infused for 7 hours in normal Wistar rats.During the last 2 hours of the infusion,hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamping was performed with [63 H] glucose tracer.Plasma glucose was measured using the glucose oxygenase method.Plasma insulin and C-peptide were determined by radioimmunoassay.MDA levels and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) activity in the liver and skeletal muscle were measured with colorimetric kits.RESULTS:Compared with infusion of SAL,IH infusion increased hepatic glucose production (HGP),and decreased glucose utilization (GU) (P<0.05).The elevation of plasma free fatty acids increased the MDA levels and decreased the GSH-PX activity in the liver and muscle (P<0.01).Sodium salicylate treatment decreased HGP,elevated GU (P<0.05),reduced MDA content by 60% (P<0.01),and increased the GSH-PX activity by 35% (P<0.05).CONCLUSIONS:Short-term elevation of fatty acids induces insulin resistance by enhancing oxidative stress levels in the liver and muscle.The administration of the anti-inflammatory drug sodium salicylate reduces the degree of oxidative stress,therefore improving hepatic and peripheral insulin resistance.IKK-β and NF-κB provide potential pathogenic links to oxidative stress.

THE EFFECTS OF SALICYLATE ON AUDITORY EVOKED POTENTIAL AMPLITWDE FROM THE AUDITORY CORTEX AND AUDITORY BRAINSTEM

Tinnitus has often been studied using salicylate in animal models as they are capable of inducing temporary hearing loss and tinnitus. Studies have recently observed enhancement of auditory evoked responses of the auditory cortex(AC) post salicylate treatment which is also shown to be related to tinnitus like behavior in rats. The aim of this study was to observe if enhancements of the AC post salicylate treatment are also present at structures in the brainstem. Four male Sprague Dawley rats with AC implanted electrodes were tested for both AC and auditory brainstem response(ABR) recordings pre and post 250 mg/kg intraperitoneal injections of salicylate. The responses were recorded as the peak to trough amplitudes of P1-N1(AC),ABR wave V, and ABR wave Ⅱ. AC responses resulted in statistically significant enhancement of amplitude at 2 hours post salicylate with 90 dB stimuli tone bursts of 4, 8, 12, and 20 kHz. Wave V of ABR responses at 90 dB resulted in a statistically significant reduction of amplitude 2 hours post salicylate and a mean decrease of amplitude of 31% for 16 kHz. Wave Ⅱ amplitudes at 2 hours post treatment were significantly reduced for 4, 12, and 20 kHz stimuli at 90 dB SPL. Our results suggest that the enhancement changes of the AC related to salicylate induced tinnitus are generated superior to the level of the inferior colliculus and may originate in the AC.

Efficacy and mechanism of methyl salicylate in the enhancement of skin delivery of herbal medicines

Objective: To elucidate the molecular mechanism(s) by which methyl salicylate enhances the skin delivery of herbal ingredients with diverse lipophilicity.Methods: The toxicity of methyl salicylate on skin cell lines was evaluated using the MTT assay. The Franz diffusion cell method was used to measure the permeability enhancing activities of methyl salicylate for five herbal ingredients with a range of lipophilicities. The interaction between methyl salicylate and the stratum corneum(SC) was observed by using an infrared spectroscopy technique. Moreover, the solubilities and SC-vehicle partition coefficient were determined to monitor the impact of methyl salicylate on the drug thermodynamic activities and partition into the SC layer, respectively.Results: Compared with azone(1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-one), methyl salicylate showed lower toxicity to skin cells in terms of the IC50 values. The in vitro skin permeation studies showed that methyl salicylate could greatly improve the cumulative amounts or steady state flux of the selected model drugs with the exception of osthole, which indicated that methyl salicylate was prone to promote the skin delivery of hydrophilic drugs. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy studies revealed that methyl salicylate mainly interacted with SC lipids, leading to the disruption of the orderly arrangement of the SC.In addition, methyl salicylate had no obvious effect on the drug thermodynamic activity and partition into the SC.Conclusion: Methyl salicylate could effectively promote the skin delivery of relatively hydrophilic ingredients in externally used traditional Chinese medicines(TCM) without obvious cytotoxicity.

Determination of Sodium Salicylate in Milk and Milk Power by High Performance Liquid Chromatography

[Objectives]This study was conducted to explore the application of high performance liquid chromatography to detect sodium salicylate in different milk powder and milk.[Methods]A high performance liquid chromatographic(HPLC)method was established for determining the sodium salicylate in milk and milk power,with Agilent ZORBAX Eclips XDB C18 column.The recovery and precision of the method were analyzed and discussed.[Results]The experimental conditions were determined as mobile phase:methanol+0.02 mol/L ammonium acetate solution,flow rate:0.8 ml/min,detection wavelength:300 nm,and column temperature:30℃.The peak area had a good linear relationship with the standard solution in the range of 0.2-10.0 mg/L,and the correlation coefficient(R 2)was greater than 0.999.The standard was added into different matrices at four levels.The average recovery of sodium salicylate in milk powder was 90.5%-101.0%,with RSD less than 5.0%,and the average recovery of sodium salicylate in milk was 90.5%-101.4%,with RSD less than 5.0%.The limit of quantification was 1.25 mg/kg in cow milk and 5.00 mg/kg in milk powder.[Conclusions]The accuracy and precision of sodium salicylate detection in milk powder and milk samples of the experimental method met the requirements.The method is simple,accurate,and reliable,and can meet the needs of actual detection.

Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy Clearance Rate for Salicylate Toxicity in Multi-System Trauma

The management of patients with concomitant xenobiotic toxicity and multisystem trauma can be complex. While hemodialysis is generally the modality of choice for extracorporeal elimination of salicylates, the potential for large volume shifts and hypotension may pose a risk in patients with traumatic brain injury. An alternative therapy to hemodialysis is continuous renal replacement therapy, which has slower clearance rates than hemodialysis, but has decreased adverse effects in cases of traumatic brain injury. However, there are few published reports of clearance rates of salicylates using continuous renal replacement therapy. We report a case of multisystem trauma with concomitant intentional salicylate overdose in which continuous renal replacement therapy was employed. The salicylate clearance rate that was obtained in this case was 7.5 mL/minute using continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration, a form of continuous renal replacement therapy.

Synthesis and Structural Study of Triphenylbismuth Bis (Salicylate)

The crystal of triphenylbismuth bis (Salicylate) pentavalent was synthesized from the reaction of triphenylbismuth dichloride with salicylic acid dissolved in methylene chloride at room temperature. The molecular and crystal structures of triphenylbismuth bis (Salicylate) were determined by X-ray diffraction analysis. This compound crystallizes in the triclinic space group with crystallographic parameters: a = 11.2937 (3) , b = 14.6516 (3) , c = 17.8253 (4) , α = 78.2958 (7)o, β = 76.232 (6)o, γ = 85.351 (6)o, u=6.332mm, V = 2803.59 (11) , Z=2, Dc=1.693g/cm, F(000)=1392, T=293(2)K. The final residual factor is 0.0602 for 5806 reflexions with . The bismuth atom of the compound has a distorted trigonal-bipyramidal configuration.

Catalytic Synthesis of Salicylate Esters over Cordierite Honeycomb Coated with Mo (VI)/ZrO₂

Solid acids such as ZrO2 & Mo (VI)/ZrO2 were coated on a honeycomb monolith by impregnation method. These catalytic materials were characterized by NH3-TPD, PXRD and SEM techniques. Salicylate esters were synthesized via transesterification of methyl salicylate with different alcohols over these catalytic materials. An excellent yield of Salicylate esters was obtained under specific reaction conditions. A correlation between the surface acidity, PXRD phase and catalytic activity of Mo (VI)/ZrO2 was observed. The thermally regenerated catalytic material was reused repeatedly with a consistent high yield of salicylate esters. The honeycomb coated with zirconia catalysts were found to be economical, efficient and ecofriendly (3E concept).

Genome-wide identification of the CONSTANS-LIKE(COL)family and mechanism of fruit senescence regulation by PpCOL8 in sand pear(Pyrus pyrifolia)

Pyrus pyrifolia Nakai‘Whangkeumbae'is a sand pear fruit with excellent nutritional quality and taste.However,the industrial development of pear fruit is significantly limited by its short shelf life.Salicylic acid(SA),a well-known phytohormone,can delay fruit senescence and improve shelf life.However,the mechanism by which SA regulates CONSTANS-LIKE genes(COLs)during fruit senescence and the role of COL genes in mediating fruit senescence in sand pear are poorly understood.In this study,22 COL genes were identified in sand pear,including four COLs(Pp COL8,Pp COL9a,Pp COL9b,and Pp COL14)identified via transcriptome analysis and 18 COLs through genome-wide analysis.These COL genes were divided into three subgroups according to the structural domains of the COL protein.Pp COL8,with two B-box motifs and one CCT domain,belonged to the first subgroup.In contrast,the other three Pp COLs,Pp COL9a,Pp COL9b,and Pp COL14,with similar conserved protein domains and gene structures,were assigned to the third subgroup.The four COLs showed different expression patterns in pear tissues and were preferentially expressed at the early stage of fruit development.Moreover,the expression of Pp COL8 was inhibited by exogenous SA treatment,while SA up-regulated the expression of Pp COL9a and Pp COL9b.Interestingly,Pp COL8 interacts with Pp MADS,a MADS-box protein preferentially expressed in fruit,and SA up-regulated its expression.While the production of ethylene and the content of malondialdehyde(MDA)were increased in Pp COL8-overexpression sand pear fruit,the antioxidant enzyme(POD and SOD)activity and the expression of Pp POD1 and Pp SOD1 in the sand pear fruits were down-regulated,which showed that Pp COL8 promoted sand pear fruit senescence.In contrast,the corresponding changes were the opposite in Pp MADS-overexpression sand pear fruits,suggesting that Pp MADS delayed sand pear fruit senescence.The co-transformation of Pp COL8 and Pp MADS also delayed sand pear fruit senescence.The results of this study revealed that Pp COL8 can play a key role in pear fruit senescence by interacting with Pp MADS through the SA signaling pathway.

OsbZIP53 Negatively Regulates Immunity Response by Involving in Reactive Oxygen Species and Salicylic Acid Metabolism in Rice

The basic region/leucine zipper(bZIP)transcription factors play important roles in plant development and responses to abiotic and biotic stresses.OsbZIP53 regulates resistance to Magnaporthe oryzae in rice by analyzing APIP5-RNAi transgenic plants.To further investigate the biological functions of OsbZIP53,we generated osbzip53 mutants using CRISPR/Cas9 editing and also constructed OsbZIP53 over-expression transgenic plants.Comprehensive analysis of phenotypical,physiological,and transcriptional data showed that knocking-out OsbZIP53 not only improved disease resistance by inducing a hypersensitivity response in plants,but also regulated the immune response through the salicylic acid pathway.Specifically,disrupting OsbZIP53 increased H2O2 accumulation by promoting reactive oxygen species generation through up-regulation of several respiratory burst oxidase homologs(Osrboh genes)and weakened H2O2 degradation by directly targeting OsMYBS1.In addition,the growth of osbzip53 mutants was seriously impaired,while OsbZIP53 over-expression lines displayed a similar phenotype to the wild type,suggesting that OsbZIP53 has a balancing effect on rice immune response and growth.

Overexpression of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid gene MdIAA24 enhances Glomerella leaf spot resistance in apple(Malus domestica)

Auxin is throughout the entire life process of plants and is involved in the crosstalk with other hormones,yet its role in apple disease resistance remains unclear.In this study,we investigated the function of auxin/indole-3-acetic acid(IAA)gene Md IAA24 overexpression in enhancing apple resistance to Glomerella leaf spot(GLS)caused by Colletotrichum fructicola(Cf).Analysis revealed that,upon Cf infection,35S::Md IAA24 plants exhibited enhanced superoxide dismutase(SOD)and peroxidase(POD)activity,as well as a greater amount of glutathione(reduced form)and ascorbic acid accumulation,resulting in less H_(2)O_(2)and superoxide anion(O_(2)^(-))in apple leaves.Furthermore,35S::Md IAA24 plants produced more protocatechuic acid,proanthocyanidins B1,proanthocyanidins B2 and chlorogenic acid when infected with Cf.Following Cf infection,35S::Md IAA24 plants presented lower levels of IAA and jasmonic acid(JA),but higher levels of salicylic acid(SA),along with the expression of related genes.The overexpression of Md IAA24 was observed to enhance the activity of chitinase andβ-1,3-glucanase in Cfinfected leaves.The results indicated the ability of Md IAA24 to regulate the crosstalk between IAA,JA and SA,and to improve reactive oxygen species(ROS)scavenging and defense-related enzymes activity.This jointly contributed to GLS resistance in apple.

FaSnRK1a mediates salicylic acid pathways to enhance strawberry resistance to Botrytis cinerea

Strawberry is a major fruit crop worldwide because its nutritional and health benefits to human health,but its productivity is limited by Botrytis cinerea.Sucrose nonfermentation 1-related protein kinase 1(SnRK1)has a defense function against pathogens,but the function of SnRK1 in the defense response to B.cinerea in plants is still unclear.In this study,FaSnRK1a-OE and RNAi fruits were constructed and then inoculated with B.cinerea.The result reveals a positive role of Fa SnRK1a in the regulation of resistance to gray mold.FaSnRK1a affects SA content by regulating FaPAL1 and FaPAL2 expressions.The genes related to the SA signaling pathway(FaTGA1 and FaTGA2.1)were significantly increased/decreased in FaSnRK1a-OE or FaSnRK1a-RNAi fruit,respectively.FaSnRK1a interacted with the FaWRKY33.2 protein and negatively regulated FaWRKY33.2 expression,and FaWRKY33.2 acts as a repressor of disease resistance to B.cinerea.Finally,FaSnRK1a regulates the expression of six PR genes and the activities of antioxidant enzymes to boost defense response after B.cinerea inoculation.Our findings showed that FaSnRK1a increases the resistance of strawberry fruit to B.cinerea via SA signaling pathway and interaction with the FaWRKY33.2 transcription factor.

EFFECTS OF SODIUM SALICYLATE ON THE FEBRILE RESPONSE AND INCREASED LEVELS OF CYCLIC AMP IN CEREBRO-SPINAL FLUID DURING ENDOGENOUS PYROGEN-INDUCED FEVER IN RABBITS

To further evaluate the causality between endogenous pyrogen (EP)-induced fever andcyclic adenosine- 3’, 5’- monophosphate (cyclic AMP) level. the effects of sodium salicylate(SS) on the febrile response and increased levels of cyclic AMP in both cerebrospinal fluid(c.s.f.) and plasma during EP- induced fever in rabbits were observed. The results suggestthat cyclic AMP is probably involved in the central mediation of EP-induced fever and thatincreased concentration of cyclic AMP in c.s.f. associated with EP- induced fever is not theresult of temperature elevation but appears to be caused by the increased synthesis in the cen-tral nervous system. In addition it is confirmed that blood is impossibly a contributorysource of increased cyclic AMP in c.s.f. during EP fever, and that SS may act subsequentto the increase in cyclic AMP.

Effect of Sodium Salicylate on Calcium Currents and Exocytosis in Cochlear Inner Hair Cells:Implications for Tinnitus Generation

Sodium salicylate is an anti-inflammatory medication with a side-effect of tinnitus.Here,we used mouse cochlear cultures to explore the effects of salicylate treatment on cochlear inner hair cells(IHCs).We found that IHCs showed significant damage after exposure to a high concentration of salicylate.Whole-cell patch clamp recordings showed that 1–5 mmol/L salicylate did not affect the exocytosis of IHCs,indicating that IHCs are not involved in tinnitus generation by enhancing their neuronal input.Instead,salicylate induced a larger peak amplitude,a more negative half-activation voltage,and a steeper slope factor of Ca^(2+)current.Using noise analysis of Ca^(2+)tail currents and qRT-PCR,we further found that salicylate increased the number of Ca^(2+)channels along with CaV1.3 expression.All these changes could act synergistically to enhance the Ca^(2+)influx into IHCs.Inhibition of intracellular Ca^(2+)overload significantly attenuated IHC death after 10 mmol/L salicylate treatment.These results implicate a cellular mechanism for tinnitus generation in the peripheral auditory system.

Ultrasensitive methyl salicylate gas sensing determined by Pd-doped SnO_(2)

Efficient chemicalwarfare agents(CWAs)detection is required to protect people from the cWAs in war and terrorism.In this work,a Pd-doped SnO_(2)nanoparticles-based gas sensor was developed to detect a nerve agent simulant named methyl salicylate.The sensing measurements of methyl salicylate under different Pd doping amounts found that the 0.5 at.%Pd-doped SnO_(2)exhibited a significant improvement in the detection of methyl salicylate at the ppb(1ppb=10-9)level,and the response value to 160 ppb methyl salicylate is 0.72 at 250℃.Compared with the pure SnO_(2),the response value is increased by 4.5 times,which could be attributed to the influence of the noble metal Pd on the oxygen state and its catalytic effect.In addition,the 0.5at.%Pd-doped SnO_(2)sensor still has an obvious response to 16ppb methyl salicylate with a response value of 0.13,indicating the lower detection limit of the sensor.

Salicylate increased ascorbic acid levels and neuronal activity in the rat auditory cortex

Importance: Clinical observations have implied a central origin for tinnitus and potential therapeutic effects of ascorbic acid (AA);however, the detailed mechanisms remain undetermined. Objective: To investigate changes in the AA levels and neural activity in the auditory cortex (AC) during salicylate-induced tinnitus. Methods: Rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: (1) saline group, which received an intraperitoneal saline injection;(2) SS group, which received an intraperitoneal sodium salicylate (SS) injection (350 mg/kg);and (3) SS+Lido group, which received an intraperitoneal SS injection (350 mg/kg) and lidocaine delivered to the AC by microdialysis. For each group, we firstly used an in vivo microdialysis technique to investigate the concentrations of AA in the AC;and secondly, we recorded the neural activity in the AC using a single-unit recording technique. Results: The AA concentration in the SS group significantly increased after SS injection, whereas that of the saline group did not change. The AA concentration in the SS+Lido group also showed an increasing trend but was significantly lower than that in the SS group. In the electrophysiological study, the spontaneous firing rate of the SS group was significantly higher than that of the saline group. In addition, the proportion of short interval discharges was also higher in the SS group than in the saline group. Both differences were reversed by lidocaine treatment. Interpretation: Our data suggest that the elevation of AA levels in the AC may be related to increased neuronal activity, which may represent the mechanism underlying salicylate-induced tinnitus.

Role of foliar spray of plant growth regulators in improving photosynthetic pigments and metabolites in Plantago ovata (Psyllium) under salt stress–A field appraisal

Salinity is one of the major abiotic factors that limit the growth and productivity of plants.Foliar application of plant growth regulators(PGRs)may help plants ameliorate the negative impacts of salinity.Thus,a field experiment was conducted at the Botanical Garden University of Balochistan,Quetta,to explore the potential role of PGRs,i.e.,moringa leaf extract(MLE;10%),proline(PRO;1μM),salicylic acid(SA;250μM),and thiourea(TU;10 mM)in ameliorating the impacts of salinity(120 mM)on Plantago ovata,an important medicinal plant.Salinity hampered plant photosynthetic pigments and metabolites but elevated oxidative parameters.However,foliar application of PGRs enhanced photosynthetic pigments,including Chl b(21.11%),carotenoids(57.87%)except Chl a,activated the defense mechanisms by restoring and enhancing the metabolites,i.e.,soluble sugars(49.68%),soluble phenolics(33.34%),and proline(31.47%),significantly under salinity stress.Furthermore,foliar supplementation of PGRs under salt stress led to a decrease of about 43.02%and 43.27%in hydrogen peroxide and malondialdehyde content,respectively.Thus,PGRs can be recommended for improved photosynthetic efficiency and metabolite content that can help to get better yield under salt stress,with the best and most effective treatments being those of PRO and MLE to predominately ameliorate the harsh impacts of salinity.

SsRSS1 mediates salicylic acid tolerance and contributes to virulence in sugarcane smut fungus

Sugarcane smut caused by Sporisorium scitamineum is a destructive disease responsible for significant losses in sugarcane production worldwide.However,the mechanisms underlying the pathogenicity of this fungus remain largely unknown.In this study,we found that the disruption of the SsRSS1 gene,which encodes a salicylic acid(SA)sensing regulator,does not affect phenotypic traits such as the morphology,growth rate,and sexual mating ability of haploid basidiospores,but rather reduces the tolerance of basidiospores to SA stress by blocking the induction of SsSRG1,a gene encoding a SA response protein in S.scitamineum.SsRSS1 deletion resulted in the attenuation of the virulence of the fungus.In addition to a significant reduction in whip formation,a portion of plantlets(18.3%)inoculated with theΔSsRSS1 strains were found to be infected but failed to produce whips for up to 90 days post-inoculation.However,the development of hyphae and teliospore from theΔSsRSS1-infected plants that formed whips seemed indistinguishable from that in the wild-type-infected plants.Combined,our findings suggested that SsRss1 is required for maintaining fungal fitness in planta by counteracting SA stress.

In vitro and in silico studies of salicylic acid on systemic induced resistance against bacterial leaf blight disease and enhancement of crop yield

Salicylic acid(SA)is an effective elicitor to promote plant defenses and growth.This study aimed to investigate rice(Oryza sativa L.)cv.Khao Dawk Mali 105 treated with salicylic acid(SA)-Ricemate as an enhanced plant protection mechanism against bacterial leaf blight(BLB)disease caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv.oryzae(Xoo).Results indicated that the use of SA-Ricemate as a foliar spray at concentrations of more than 100 mg L^(-1)can reduce the severity of BLB disease by 71%.SA-Ricemate treatment also increased the hydrogen peroxide(H_(2)O_(2))content of rice leaf tissues over untreated samples by 39–61%.Malondialdehyde(MDA)in rice leaves treated with SA-Ricemate also showed an increase of 50–65%when comparing to non-treated samples.The differential development of these defense compounds was faster and distinct when the SA-Ricemate-treated rice was infected with Xoo,indicating plant-induced resistance.Besides,SA-Ricemate elicitor at a concentration of 50–250 mg L^(-1)was correlated with a substantial increase in the accumulation of total chlorophyll content at 2.53–2.73 mg g^(-1)of fresh weight which suggests that plant growth is activated by SA-Ricemate.The catalase-and aldehyde dehydrogenase-binding sites were searched for using the CASTp server,and the findings were compared to the template.Chemsketch was used to design and optimize SA,which was then docked to the catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase-binding domains of the enzymes using the GOLD 3.0.1 Software.SA is shown in several docked conformations with the enzymes catalase and aldehyde dehydrogenase.All three catalase amino acids(GLN7,VAL27,and GLU38)were discovered to be involved in the creation of a strong hydrogen bond with SA when SA was present.In this mechanism,the aldehyde dehydrogenase amino acids LYS5,HIS6,and ASP2 were all implicated,and these amino acids created strong hydrogen bonds with SA.In field conditions,SA-Ricemate significantly reduced disease severity by 78%and the total grain yield was significantly increased which was an increase of plant height,tiller per hill,and panicle in three field trials during Aug–Nov 2017 and 2018.Therefore,SA-Ricemate can be used as an alternative elicitor on replacing harmful pesticides to control BLB disease with a high potential of increasing rice defenses,growth,and yield components.

Salicylic Acid Application Mitigates Oxidative Damage and Improves the Growth Performance of Barley under Drought Stress

Drought is a severe environmental constraint,causing a significant reduction in crop productivity across the world.Salicylic acid(SA)is an important plant growth regulator that helps plants cope with the adverse effects induced by various abiotic stresses.The current study investigated the potential effects of SA on drought tolerance efficacy in two barley(Hordeum vulgare)genotypes,namely BARI barley 5 and BARI barley 7.Ten-day-old barley seedlings were exposed to drought stress by maintaining 7.5%soil moisture content in the absence or presence of 0.5,1.0 and 1.5 mM SA.Drought exposure led to severe damage to both genotypes,as indicated by phenotypic aberrations and reduction of dry biomass.On the other hand,the application of SA to drought-stressed plants protected both barley genotypes from the adverse effects of drought,which was reflected in the improvement of phenotypes and biomass production.SA supplementation improved relative water content and proline levels in drought-stressed barley genotypes,indicating the osmotic adjustment functions of SA under water-deficit conditions.Drought stress induced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species(ROS),such as hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)and superoxide(O_(2)•^(−)),and the lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde(MDA)in the leaves of barley plants.Exogenous supply of SA reduced oxidative damage by restricting the accumulation of ROS through the stimulation of the activities of key antioxidant enzymes,including superoxide dismutase(SOD),peroxidase(POD),catalase(CAT),ascorbate peroxidase(APX)and glutathione peroxidase(GPX).Among the three-applied concentrations of SA,0.5 mM SA exhibited better mitigating effects against drought stress considering the phenotypic performance and biochemical data.Furthermore,BARI barley 5 showed better performance under drought stress than BARI barley 7 in the presence of SA application.Collectively,our results suggest that SA played a crucial role in improving water status and antioxidant defense strategy to protect barley plants from the deleterious effects of water deficiency.