The deep aquifers in Jordan contain non-renewable and fossil groundwater and their extraction is quasi a mining process, which ends in the depletion of these resources. Although aquifers in the majority of groundwater...The deep aquifers in Jordan contain non-renewable and fossil groundwater and their extraction is quasi a mining process, which ends in the depletion of these resources. Although aquifers in the majority of groundwater basins in Jordan are vertically and horizontally interconnected stratification in different water quality horizons with generally increasing water salinity with the depth is observed. Many officials and planners advocate the extraction of deep salty and brackish water to be desalinated and used in household, industrial, and agricultural uses. In this article, the quality of the groundwater in the different deep aquifers and areas in Jordan is discussed. The results of this study show that the consequences of the deep groundwater exploitation are not restricted to depletion of the deep aquifers but also that the overlying fresh groundwater will, due to vertical and horizontal interconnectedness of the different aquifers, percolate down to replace the extracted deep groundwater. This will cause the down-percolating fresh groundwater to become salinized in the deep saline aquifers, which means that extracting the deep brackish and saline groundwater is not only an emptying process of the deep groundwater but also it is an emptying process of the fresh groundwater overlying them. The results allow to conclude that any extraction of the deep groundwater in areas lying to the north of Ras en Naqab Escarpment will have damaging impacts on the fresh groundwater in the overlying fresh groundwater aquifers. This article strongly advises not to extract the deep brackish and saline groundwater, but to conserve that groundwater as a base supporting the overlying fresh groundwater resources, and that will help in protecting the thermal mineralized water springs used in spas originating from these deep aquifers. The increasing water needs of the country can be covered by the desalination of seawater at Aqaba, which is the only viable option for Jordan at present and in the coming decades.展开更多
The Songliao Basin, one of the biggest continental petroliferous basins in eastern China, is a Mesozoic- Cenozoic fault-depressed and fault-subsided basin developed on the Hercynian fold basement. Generally, rearrange...The Songliao Basin, one of the biggest continental petroliferous basins in eastern China, is a Mesozoic- Cenozoic fault-depressed and fault-subsided basin developed on the Hercynian fold basement. Generally, rearranged hopanes are considered to be formed by clay- mediated acidic catalysis under oxic or suboxic environment, whereas high abundance of rearranged hopanes were found in hydrocarbon source rocks and crude oils that are derived from salty environment in the Songliao Basin. This phenomenon rarely happens all over the world.展开更多
The main oil source in western Qaidam Basin is the Paleogene saline lacustrine source rocks.Traditionally,it was considered that these source rocks were characterized by low abundance and poor type of organic matter a...The main oil source in western Qaidam Basin is the Paleogene saline lacustrine source rocks.Traditionally,it was considered that these source rocks were characterized by low abundance and poor type of organic matter as well as limited oil generation potential,but this poor source rock condition was very inconsistent with good hydrocarbon exploration results.A previous study has just confirmed that this area develops high-quality source rocks,which is of great significance for recognizing potential of hydrocarbon resource and consolidating confidence to search large and medium-sized oil and gas fields in western Qaidam Basin.Based on fine geochemical analysis of source rocks,petrology,element geochemistry and organic geochemistry are applied to discuss development conditions of high-quality source rocks in this area.The results showed that the saline lacustrine sediments in western Qaidam Basin were deposited in relatively shallow and quiet water with relatively high salinity and low nutrient content;influenced by the drought and cold climate,the terrigenous supply of fresh water was limited,and few aquatic organisms were developed.Good preservation condition is favorable for rapid preservation of oil generating biomass(such as aquatic organisms),to form source rocks rich in hydrogen element with high soluble organic matter content;but relatively lower paleo-productivity makes organic matter abundance lower than that in the eastern saline lacustrine basins.The semi-deep lake,with relatively low salinity and abundant nutrients,is the most favorable are for development of high-quality source rocks;the source rocks have large thickness in the sedimentary depression areas,but due to high water salinity and far away from the provenance area,the water stratification was obvious,so it have moderate to high organic matter abundance.展开更多
文摘The deep aquifers in Jordan contain non-renewable and fossil groundwater and their extraction is quasi a mining process, which ends in the depletion of these resources. Although aquifers in the majority of groundwater basins in Jordan are vertically and horizontally interconnected stratification in different water quality horizons with generally increasing water salinity with the depth is observed. Many officials and planners advocate the extraction of deep salty and brackish water to be desalinated and used in household, industrial, and agricultural uses. In this article, the quality of the groundwater in the different deep aquifers and areas in Jordan is discussed. The results of this study show that the consequences of the deep groundwater exploitation are not restricted to depletion of the deep aquifers but also that the overlying fresh groundwater will, due to vertical and horizontal interconnectedness of the different aquifers, percolate down to replace the extracted deep groundwater. This will cause the down-percolating fresh groundwater to become salinized in the deep saline aquifers, which means that extracting the deep brackish and saline groundwater is not only an emptying process of the deep groundwater but also it is an emptying process of the fresh groundwater overlying them. The results allow to conclude that any extraction of the deep groundwater in areas lying to the north of Ras en Naqab Escarpment will have damaging impacts on the fresh groundwater in the overlying fresh groundwater aquifers. This article strongly advises not to extract the deep brackish and saline groundwater, but to conserve that groundwater as a base supporting the overlying fresh groundwater resources, and that will help in protecting the thermal mineralized water springs used in spas originating from these deep aquifers. The increasing water needs of the country can be covered by the desalination of seawater at Aqaba, which is the only viable option for Jordan at present and in the coming decades.
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(grant No.41272170)
文摘The Songliao Basin, one of the biggest continental petroliferous basins in eastern China, is a Mesozoic- Cenozoic fault-depressed and fault-subsided basin developed on the Hercynian fold basement. Generally, rearranged hopanes are considered to be formed by clay- mediated acidic catalysis under oxic or suboxic environment, whereas high abundance of rearranged hopanes were found in hydrocarbon source rocks and crude oils that are derived from salty environment in the Songliao Basin. This phenomenon rarely happens all over the world.
基金The work was supported by the Petrochina Science and Technology Major Project(2016E-0101).
文摘The main oil source in western Qaidam Basin is the Paleogene saline lacustrine source rocks.Traditionally,it was considered that these source rocks were characterized by low abundance and poor type of organic matter as well as limited oil generation potential,but this poor source rock condition was very inconsistent with good hydrocarbon exploration results.A previous study has just confirmed that this area develops high-quality source rocks,which is of great significance for recognizing potential of hydrocarbon resource and consolidating confidence to search large and medium-sized oil and gas fields in western Qaidam Basin.Based on fine geochemical analysis of source rocks,petrology,element geochemistry and organic geochemistry are applied to discuss development conditions of high-quality source rocks in this area.The results showed that the saline lacustrine sediments in western Qaidam Basin were deposited in relatively shallow and quiet water with relatively high salinity and low nutrient content;influenced by the drought and cold climate,the terrigenous supply of fresh water was limited,and few aquatic organisms were developed.Good preservation condition is favorable for rapid preservation of oil generating biomass(such as aquatic organisms),to form source rocks rich in hydrogen element with high soluble organic matter content;but relatively lower paleo-productivity makes organic matter abundance lower than that in the eastern saline lacustrine basins.The semi-deep lake,with relatively low salinity and abundant nutrients,is the most favorable are for development of high-quality source rocks;the source rocks have large thickness in the sedimentary depression areas,but due to high water salinity and far away from the provenance area,the water stratification was obvious,so it have moderate to high organic matter abundance.
