Intestinal microbiota of healthy and unhealthy Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L. in a recirculating aquaculture system

The present study sampled the intestinal content of healthy and unhealthy Atlantic salmon( Salmo salar L.), the ambient water of unhealthy fish, and the biofilter material in the recirculating aquaculture system(RAS) to understand differences in the intestinal microbiota. The V4–V5 regions of the prokaryotic 16 S r RNA genes in the samples were analyzed by Mi Seq high-throughput sequencing. The fish were adults with no differences in body length or weight. Representative members of the intestinal microbiota were identified. The intestinal microbiota of the healthy fishincluded Proteobacteria(44.33%), Actinobacteria(17.89%), Bacteroidetes(15.25%), and Firmicutes(9.11%), among which the families Micrococcaceae and Oxalobacteraceae and genera S phingomonas, Streptomyces, Pedobacter, Janthinobacterium, Burkholderia, and Balneimonas were most abundant. Proteobacteria(70.46%), Bacteroidetes(7.59%), and Firmicutes(7.55%) dominated the microbiota of unhealthy fish, and Chloroflexi(2.71%), and Aliivibrio and Vibrio as well as genera in the family Aeromonadaceae were most strongly represented. Overall, the intestinal hindgut microbiota differed between healthy and unhealthy fish. This study off ers a useful tool for monitoring the health status of fish and for screening the utility of probiotics by studying the intestinal microbiota.

Establishment and Characterization of a Fin Cell Line Derived from the Atlantic Salmon Salmo salar and Its Application to Fish Virology Study

Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar)is an important economic fish that is seriously threatened by various viruses.A cell line designated as ASF derived from the caudal fin tissue of Atlantic salmon was established and characterized in this study.ASF cells grew well in Dulbecco’s modified Eagle’s medium(DMEM)containing 20%fetal bovine serum at 20℃.DNA sequencing and comparative analysis of the cytochrome B gene verified that the ASF cell line originated from Atlantic salmon.Chromosome analysis indicated that the modal chromosome number of ASF cells was 58.Viral susceptibility test showed that ASF cells were susceptive to two important fish viruses,viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus(VHSV)and red-spotted grouper nervous necrosis virus(RGNNV).Viral replication in ASF cells was further confirmed by qRT-PCR and transmission electron microscopy.Moreover,VHSV and RGNNV infections could induce the cellular responses in ASF cells,as indicated by the differential expression of cellular antiviral response-related genes,interferon-1 and Mx-1.In conclusion,the newly established ASF cell line can be applied as an in vitro tool in fish virology and immunity studies.

复合益生菌制剂对大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)生长、消化酶和非特异性免疫指标的影响

选取体质健康、均重为(180±28)g的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)420尾,随机分成4组(对照组和3个不同菌剂水平的实验组),每组3个重复,每个重复35尾。对照组投喂基础饲料,实验组分别投喂添加1%、3%和5%芽孢杆菌和酵母菌复合益生菌制剂(BSCP)的基础饲料42 d。结果发现,大西洋鲑投喂1%–5%的BSCP后生长性能得到明显改善,增重率显著升高(P<0.05),饵料系数和死亡率显著降低(P<0.05);饲料蛋白质的表观消化率呈升高的趋势,5%组蛋白质消化率具有显著性差异(P<0.05),但其脂肪表观消化率显著降低(P<0.05);实验组肠道和肝脏蛋白酶和脂肪酶活性有不同程度的升高,但其中5%组肝脏脂肪酶活性显著降低(P<0.05);实验组肝脏免疫指标表现出不同程度的改善,但其血清免疫指标无明显变化,仅中高剂量组SOD活性显著降低(P<0.05)。结果表明,BSCP可以显著提高大西洋鲑的生长性能,提高部分消化酶活性和蛋白质的消化率,并在一定程度上促进大西洋鲑的非特异性免疫能力,其饲料中适宜添加水平为3%。

改性粘土絮凝法对大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)存活及生理生化的影响初探

本文以平均体重为(388.00±41.11)g的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)为实验对象,探究了改性粘土絮凝过程对养殖水体水质以及大西洋鲑存活、组织形态和氧化应激反应的影响。在本实验条件下,添加改性粘土的实验组水质得到一定程度的改善,其中磷酸盐、铵盐、亚硝酸盐浓度相较于对照组有明显降低的趋势(P<0.05)。添加远高于现场可有效去除赤潮生物用量(4-10g/m^2)的改性粘土并没有导致大西洋鲑出现死亡现象,显微观察结果显示,实验组与对照组中大西洋鲑鱼鳃、消化道组织特征无明显差别。对大西洋鲑鳃、肝脏、消化道的丙二醛(MDA)含量、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性测定结果表明,改性粘土未对大西洋鲑造成显著的氧化胁迫(P>0.05)。本研究结果说明,在远高于现场有效用量条件下,改性粘土未对大西洋鲑产生不良影响,该研究结果将为改性粘土治理有害藻华技术在国内外养殖海域的应用提供科学依据。

Effects of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon Salmo salar in recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS)

Artificial lighting regimes have been successfully used to inhibit sexual maturity of Atlantic salmon in confinement.However,when these operations are applied in commercial recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) using standard lighting technology,sexual maturation is not suppressed.In this study,an L_9(3~3) orthogonal design was used to determine the effects of three factors(spectral composition,photoperiod,and light intensity) on the gonadal development of Atlantic salmon in RAS.We demonstrated that the photoperiod at the tested levels had a much greater effect on the gonadosomatic index and female Fulton condition factor than spectral composition and light intensity.The photoperiod had a significant effect on the secretion of sex steroids and melatonin(P<0.05),and a short photoperiod delayed sex steroid and melatonin level increases.The three test factors had no significant effects on the survival rate,specific growth rate,relative weight gain,and male Fulton condition factor(P>0.05).The optimum lighting levels in female and male Atlantic salmon were LD 8:16,455 nm(or 625 nm),8.60 W/m^2;and LD 8:16,8.60 W/m^2,455 nm respectively.These conditions not only delayed gonadal development,but also had no negative effects on Atlantic salmon growth in RAS.These results demonstrate that a combination of spectral composition,photoperiod and light intensity is effective at delaying the gonadal development of both male and female salmon in RAS.

Effects of feeding and stocking density on digestion of cultured Atlantic salmon Salmo salar L.

The combined effects of feeding rate(0.8%,1.0%,and 1.2%initial body weight/day),feeding frequency(two,three,and four times/day) and stocking density(10,15,and 20 kg/m3) in recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) on growth performance,digestion and waste generation of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) were investigated in an 8-week orthogonal experiment(L9(3)3) with a constant daily water renewal at 7.50%of total volume.No mortality occurred during the experimental period.Feed conversion ratio(FCR) varied from 0.90 to 1.13 and specific growth rate(SGR) ranged from 0.48%to 0.69%/day.SGR,thermal growth coefficient(TGC) and FCR were not significantly(P>0.05) affected by the three factors,while net protein utilization(NPU) was significantly(P<0.05) affected.Apparent digestibility coefficients(ADC) of dry matter in the present study were in the range 66.12%-73.55%.ADC in protein,lipid and energy were statistically different among all treatments and in the range of 90.07%-93.67%,81.54%-89.15%,and67.55%-71.87%,respectively.The proportion of mean total ammonia nitrogen excreted ranged from 1.37%to 1.64%of feed nitrogen at steady state,and the concentration of nitrogenous and phosphorus compounds were differently correlated to the three factors.The results will provide valuable reference data for culture management decisions in the Atlantic salmon farming industry.

Evaluation of Feed and Feeding Regime on Growth Performance, Flesh Quality and Fecal Viscosity of Atlantic Salmon(Salmo salar L.) in Recirculating Aquaculture Systems

The effects of different feeds and feeding regimes on growth performance, flesh quality and fecal viscosity of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar L.) in recirculating aquaculture systems(RAS) were investigated. Fish(initial body weight of 1677 g ± 157 g) were fed with four commercial feeds(Nosan salmon-NS, Aller gold-AG, Skretting salmon-SS and Han ye-HY) in two feeding regimes(80% and 100% satiation) for 78 d. The results showed that salmon specific growth ratio(SGR) and weight gain ratio(WGR) were significantly affected by feed type and feeding regime(P < 0.05). Feed conversion ratio(FCR) varied between 0.93 and 3.40, which was significantly affected by feed type(P < 0.05), and slightly improved with increased satiation degree. The activities of digestive enzymes including protease, lipase and amylase were also significantly affected by feed type and feeding regime(P < 0.05), increasing with satiation degree. Flesh qualities for vitamin E, hydroxyproline(HYP), liquid loss and muscle p H among all groups showed significant differences(P < 0.05), ranging from 26.67 to 29.67, while no obvious difference was found in flesh color. Fecal viscosity for different treatments showed no significant difference, though improvement was found in 100% satiation group. From present experiment, it was concluded that both feed type and feeding regime can affect the important quality attributes of Atlantic salmon.

Comparison of time-restricted and ad libitum self-feeding on the growth,feeding behavior and daily digestive enzyme profiles of Atlantic salmon

Although it has been hypothesized that a predictable feeding regime in animals allows physiological variables to be adjusted to maximize nutrient utilization and,hence,better growth performance,the assumption has rarely been tested.This study compares the effects of time-restricted versus free access self-feeding on the growth,feeding behavior and daily digestive enzyme rhythms of Atlantic salmon(Salmo salar).In an experiment that lasted 6 weeks,fish(109.9 g) were divided into two groups:group 1 had free access to a self-feeder(FA);group 2 received three meals per day(2 h per meal) at dawn,midday and dusk via a time-restricted self-feeder(TR).At the end of the experiment,the fish were sampled every 3 h over a24-h period.The results showed that the TR fish quickly synchronized their feeding behavior to the feeding window and their blood glucose showed a significant postprandial increase,while FA fish displayed no statistically significant rhythms(P>0.05).Pepsin activity of TR fish also showed a significant daily rhythm(P<0.05) with the acrophase at the second feed and a decrease over the next 12 h.Average daily trypsin,lipase and amylase levels of FA fish were significantly lower than those of TR fish(P<0.01);however,the growth performance of both groups was similar(P>0.05).In conclusion,the study failed to confirm a link between the entrainment of daily digestive enzyme profiles and growth performance,with the TR group showing comparatively poor blood glucose regulation.

Rearing Performance of Atlantic Salmon Grown in Circular Tanks with Vertically-Suspended Environmental Enrichment

Environmental enrichment is the incorporation of materials into hatchery tanks to simulate a more natural rearing environment. This study investigated the use of a vertically-suspended plastic conduit array as enrichment in 3.63 m circular tanks during Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) rearing. After 168 days, feed conversion ratio was significantly improved for salmon reared in tanks with enrichment compared to the barren control tanks. Final tank weights and weight gain were not significantly different, although the difference in mean gain of 182.0 kg in the enriched tanks compared to 162.9 kg in the control tanks approached significance. There were no significant differences in individual fish length, weight, or condition factor between the treatments, likely because of large variances in body size due to sexual dimorphism and small sample sizes. The suspended array did not interfere with the hydraulic self-cleaning of the circular tanks. The results of this study support the use of vertically-suspended structures to improve the hatchery rearing performance of Atlantic salmon in circular tanks.

基于生物质谱的蛋白质组学分析大西洋鲑中生物标志性肽段及过敏原特异性肽段

基于蛋白质组学自下而上研究策略,采用纳升液相色谱-四极杆-静电场轨道阱高分辨质谱联用法(Nano-UHPLC-Q/Exactive-HRMS)和超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UHPLC-MS/MS)筛选、鉴定大西洋鲑中生物标志性肽段和过敏原β-小清蛋白特异性肽段,并提出了UHPLC-MS/MS测定其含量的方法。称取5 g处理好的样品,加入10 mL正己烷除脂,离心,于沉淀中加入5 mL磷酸盐缓冲溶液(提取剂),涡旋,于60℃水浴加热30 min,再用20 mL冷丙酮富集、纯化,得到的蛋白提取液经胰蛋白酶酶解后,采用Nano-UHPLC-Q/Exactive-HRMS初步筛选大西洋鲑生物标志性肽段与过敏原β-小清蛋白特异性肽段,用UHPLC-MS/MS对初筛的肽段进行多反应监测(MRM)模式验证。在酶解后的溶液中加入内标,采用UHPLC-MS/MS测定,内标法定量。结果显示:筛选出3条可用于定量的大西洋鲑生物标志性肽段VAVNVEETK、VAPLSEDFK、LTEIQSLER和1条过敏原β-小清蛋白特异性肽段TFFHTIGFASK;VAVNVEETK、VAPLSEDFK、LTEIQSLER标准曲线的线性范围在5.00μmol·L^(-1)以内,TFFHTIGFASK标准曲线的线性范围在10.00μmol·L^(-1)以内,检出限(3S/N)为0.32~1.55μg·g^(-1);空白样品中4条肽段的加标回收率为90.2%~105%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.5%~4.6%;方法用于测定大西洋鲑贮存过程中VAVNVEETK、VAPLSEDFK、LTEIQSLER、TFFHTIGFASK的含量,LTEIQSLER和TFFHTIGFASK含量没有发生明显变化,而VAVNVEETK和VAPLSEDFK含量随着贮存天数的延长逐渐降低,其中VAPLSEDFK适用于大西洋鲑新鲜度评价。

基于蛋白质/肽组学的三文鱼物种溯源

不同三文鱼在外观和物种亲缘关系上都十分相近,本研究旨在建立一种大西洋鲑鱼、大马哈鱼和虹鳟鱼的物种溯源方法。基于质谱鸟枪法蛋白质组学,在95%置信水平上共鉴定得到912个蛋白质。经过对不同三文鱼特征蛋白质相应肽段的检测特异性和物种特异性筛选分析,得到潜在的物种特征肽段生物标志物。通过多反应监测的靶向肽组学,进一步验证物种特征肽段生物标志物,得到了大西洋鲑鱼10条物种特征肽段、大马哈鱼2条物种特征肽段和虹鳟鱼3条物种特征肽段,并对市售的商品三文鱼产品进行了方法应用。结果显示,该方法操作方便、准确可靠、特异性好、适用性强,可在常规分析实验室对商品三文鱼产品进行有效的鉴别分析。

大西洋鲑杀鲑气单胞菌无色亚种的分离鉴定和致病性研究

杀鲑气单胞菌为气单胞菌属(Aeromonas)革兰阴性短杆菌,可导致鲑鳟鱼类发生疖疮病或溃疡病。患病鱼的典型症状表现为体侧或尾部形成特征性脓肿,严重时脓肿部位溃烂形成溃疡,剖检可见肝脏、脂肪组织出现点状出血[1]。已有研究表明,杀鲑气单胞菌包括多个亚种如无色亚种(Achromogenes)、杀鲑亚种(Salmonicida)、杀日本鲑亚种(Masoucida)、史氏亚种(Smith)和溶果胶亚种(Pectinolytica)等[2],

挪威大西洋鲑鱼工业化养殖现状及对中国的启示

挪威大西洋鲑鱼养殖起步于20世纪60年代,通过建立养殖许可证、最大生物许可量、环境信号灯等制度和规则,经过将近60 a的发展,目前已跃居成为全球大西洋鲑鱼第一大主产国。统计结果显示,2018年挪威养殖大西洋鲑鱼出口量110万t,出口额82.3亿美元;总销售量中Salmar、Cermaq、Marine Harvest等十大养殖企业占比63.9%;全国海上养殖场数量共986个,繁育和养殖从业人员共7499人。挪威大西洋鲑鱼养殖是陆海接力工业化生产的典型代表。从亲本产卵到规格苗种培育阶段主要采用循环水方式在陆基工厂化养殖车间内完成,然后转运至海上养殖场利用深水网箱进行养成。随着近岸水质和气候环境的变化以及对生产作业和管理更高的要求,挪威大西洋鲑养殖业正经历着从开放式网箱养殖向封闭式网箱、从近岸养殖朝深远海养殖发展的阶段。中国海水鱼养殖产业存在产业组织化程度低、养殖品种多样化、主养模式与产业技术亟待升级等问题。借鉴挪威大西洋鲑鱼养殖产业发展中碰到的问题和采取的对策,提出中国海水鱼养殖业发展应提高行业准入门槛,加强过程监督和环境影响评估;尽快建立针对不同养殖品种的市场发展策略,加快渔业结构升级转型;引进水产苗种工业化繁育技术体系;拓展深远海,建立陆海统筹的养殖新模式等建议。

光环境因子对循环水养殖系统中大西洋鲑生长和摄食的影响

采用正交实验法,研究了不同光色(白光,A1;蓝光,A2;红光,A3)、光周期(24L︰0D,B1;12L︰12D,B2;8L︰16D,B3)和光强(0.88 W/m2,C1;4.55 W/m2,C2;8.60 W/m2,C3)对循环水养殖系统中体质量(850.97±82.77)g的大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)生长和摄食的影响。实验设A1B1C1(1)、A1B2C2(2)、A1B3C3(3)、A2B1C2(4)、A2B2C3(5)、A2B3C1(6)、A3B1C3(7)、A3B2C1(8)、A3B3C2(9)9个处理组,在相应设定条件下饲养180 d。结果表明,在光色为红光、光周期为12L︰12D和光强8.60 W/m2条件下大西洋鲑的成活率最高,但光色、光周期和光强对成活率的影响差异不显著(P>0.05);实验期间各组鱼的相对增重率和肥满度差异均不显著(P>0.05);至第120天,2、5、6组鱼的体长特定生长率显著高于1组(P<0.05);至第180天,1、2、4、7、8组鱼的体质量特定生长率显著高于6组(P<0.05),1、2、3、4、7、8、9组鱼的日增重显著高于6组(P<0.05),9组鱼的体质量变异系数显著低于7组(P<0.05)。9组鱼血浆中生长激素显著高于1、2、3、4、6、7和8组(P<0.05);摄食率、饲料转化效率和饲料系数最佳时的光照条件为:红光、12L︰12D、8.60 W/m2,但光色、光周期和光强对摄食率、饲料转化效率及饲料系数的影响差异不显著(P>0.05)。本实验条件下,较为适宜的光照条件是:红光、12L:12D、8.60 W/m2。

贝藻混养对大西洋鲑养殖废水的生物滤除

养殖废水的综合利用与无公害化处理排放是实现水产养殖业健康可持续发展的重要保障。作者采用太平洋牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)及龙须菜(Gracilaria lemaneiformis)混养和单养的方式处理大西洋鲑工业化循环水养殖系统排放的废水,设置贝类组、藻类组、贝藻组3组处理,探讨了贝藻混养方式和贝类、藻类单养对废水中主要水质因子(N、P营养盐、化学需氧量(COD)和总悬浮颗粒物(TSS))的处理效率,实验周期为30 d。结果表明,牡蛎和龙须菜混养的方式处理养殖废水效果较好,其对氮、磷营养盐、COD及TSS的去除效率分别为:总氨态氮41.67%±8.82%、硝酸盐氮33.96%±0.34%、总磷7.18%±0.03%、COD 78.87%±1.82%和TSS 70.50%±1.65%,而亚硝酸盐氮出现一定的积累。综合分析,牡蛎和龙须菜混养的方式处理养殖废水的效率优于牡蛎和龙须菜的单独处理。

冷藏大西洋鲑背腹部鱼片脂肪氧化变化规律及货架期模型的建立

为探究大西洋鲑背部、腹部鱼片在冷藏过程中的脂肪氧化变化规律,建立基于脂肪氧化指标的货架期预测模型,实验定期取样,测定与脂肪氧化相关的AV、POV、TBA值及进行感官评价。研究表明,大西洋鲑背部、腹部鱼片的AV值、POV值以及TBA值都随贮藏时间延长而呈现增加的趋势,感官评价得分一直降低,腹部鱼片比背部鱼片变化更加明显,且温度越高脂肪氧化指标变化越显著。将冷藏大西洋鲑背部、腹部鱼片的脂肪氧化指标用一级化学反应动力学模型拟合后发现,POV值、TBA值与一级化学反应动力学模型有很好的拟合效果(R2>0.90);AV值与一级化学反应动力学模型有较好的拟合效果(R2>0.82)。用Arrhenius方程建立冷藏温度下大西洋鲑背部、腹部鱼片AV值、POV值、TBA值与贮藏时间、贮藏温度的动力学模型具有很高的拟合精度(R2>0.90)。建立的动力学方程中背部AV值、POV值和TBA值的活化能EA分别为47.309、81.611和35.560 k J/mol,腹部的活化能EA分别为77.628、55.686和19.399 k J/mol。建立的大西洋鲑背部、腹部鱼片的预测货架期模型经验证后发现,脂肪氧化指标的预测值与实际值相对误差在±10.60%内,因此该模型能很好地预测冷藏温度下大西洋鲑片的货架期。

环介导等温扩增技术快速检测大西洋鲑的研究

为探究环等温扩增技术(LAMP)在鲑科鱼类物种鉴定方面的应用,以大西洋鲑为研究对象,针对其线粒体CR区段设计特异性的LAMP引物,并通过单因素试验和正交试验研究反应体系中d NTP Mix、Mg^(2+)、甜菜碱终浓度对LAMP扩增结果的影响。结果表明,大西洋鲑LAMP扩增的最优条件为:引物SS-CR-F3/SS-CR-B3各0.2 m M,SS-CR-FIP/SS-CR-BIP各1.6 m M,dNTP Mix 1.4 m M,Mg^(2+)6 m M,甜菜碱0.8M,Bst DNA聚合酶8 U,扩增温度为65℃,反应时间60 min。在此条件下LAMP扩增产物电泳检测特异性强、稳定性好,对大西洋鲑DNA的检出限达0.01 ng·μL^(-1),并可对混合样本进行检测。本研究结果为大西洋鲑快速物种鉴定提供了一种重要技术手段,该技术可应用于鲑科鱼类物种鉴别的日常检验检疫和市场监管工作中。

脂肪和蛋白质营养对工业化养殖大西洋鲑相关代谢酶和生长基因表达的影响

为探究主要脂肪和蛋白质水平对工业化养殖大西洋鲑(Salmo salar)成鱼脂肪相关代谢酶和生长相关基因表达的影响,本实验采用3×2双因素随机实验设计,设置3个脂肪水平:18%、21%、24%(分别以F18、F21、F24表示),2个蛋白质水平:38%、48%(分别以P38、P48表示)。组合为6个实验处理组,每组3个重复,每重复40尾鱼。实验在室内封闭循环水养殖系统中进行,实验鱼初始体重(650.0±45.50)g,实验期56 d。结果表明:(1)工业化养殖实验鱼的脂肪需求较国外深海网箱养殖明显降低,蛋白质需求相近。P48F21组增重率显著最佳,较其他各组提高22.23%~125.86%(P<0.05);P48F24组饲料系数显著最低,较其他各组降低16.24%~30.00%(P<0.05)。(2)单因素高脂肪显著提高肝体比(P<0.05),高蛋白极显著降低肥满度(P<0.01);P48F24组肝体比较其他各组显著提高10.92%~28.16%(P<0.05),P48F18组肥满度较其他各组显著降低10.24%~12.31%(P<0.05);并创新提出了600~900 g大西洋鲑形体营养调控初步方案。(3)单因素高、中脂肪显著提高肝脂肪分解酶(HL、LPL和总酯酶)活力,高蛋白显著提高LPL和总酯酶活力;P48F21和P48F24组饲粮显著提高肝脂肪分解酶活力,其中LPL活力比P38F18组分别提高46.51%、48.84%(P<0.05)。实验处理主要对肝脂肪分解酶产生作用,显现了两组优良饲粮改善生长性能的脂肪生理代谢机制。(4)单因素中脂肪极显著增加肌肉和肝IGF-I基因表达量(P<0.01);高蛋白极显著增加肌肉GH、IGF-I及肝IGF-I基因表达量(P<0.01);GHR基因表达量,随脂肪或蛋白水平升高均有显著下降特征(P<0.05)。P48F21和P48F24组试鱼肌肉GH、IGF-I及肝IGF-I基因表达量显著提高(P<0.05),肌肉和肝GHR基因表达量显著降低(P<0.05)。初步的新发现是,GH和IGF-I与GHR存在相互制约的负相关内在调控关系,以自身控制鱼类生长和生殖活动处于相对稳定和可控状态下。本研究初步确定,P48F21和P48F24组是工业化养殖大西洋鲑成鱼的主要营养素优良组合饲粮,其中以显著降低脂肪水平和饲料成本的P48F21组合饲粮更佳。

人工养殖陆封型大西洋鲑的生物学特性

2000年3月从美国缅因州格兰特湖(GrantLake)引进陆封型大西洋鲑(Salmosalar)发眼卵,从孵出仔鱼开始,在人工养殖条件下,采用实验生态学方法,观察其形态特征、年龄、生长、食性、性腺发育、繁殖生态等生物学特性,研究其生长发育所需条件,分析养殖环境因子对其生长发育及繁殖生理的影响。结果表明,陆封型大西洋鲑3龄组体重(W)与叉长(L)相关方程为W=0.0131L2.9949;可完全投喂用人工颗粒饲料;在淡水中饲养3年(11783度日)性腺可发育成熟。统计980尾性成熟雌鱼的产卵率可达98%以上,成熟个体平均相对怀卵量为1885粒/kg体重。成熟雄性精子数量为200亿/mL,人工繁殖时雌雄比为2∶1,受精率75%～92%。

超声成像技术在大西洋鲑早期性别及发育期鉴别的应用研究

采用KX-5100便携式B超机（7.5MHz高频线阵探头）对273尾1龄或2龄大西洋鲑（Salmo salar）的性别及性腺发育阶段进行了检测,同时对检测的大西洋鲑进行了解剖和取样,利用组织学观察法验证了超声成像技术对大西洋鲑雌雄性别和发育阶段的鉴别结果。研究结果显示：利用超声成像技术鉴别雌、雄大西洋鲑的平均准确率为86%,且鉴别雌鱼的准确率（93%）较雄鱼（81%）高。超声成像技术鉴别Ⅱ期＋Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期卵巢的准确率分别为87%、92%和100%,鉴别Ⅱ期、Ⅲ期、Ⅳ期、Ⅴ期精巢的准确率分别为64%、71%、86%和84%。总体看来,超声成像技术鉴别早期性腺（Ⅱ期~Ⅲ期）发育的准确率较低,仅为75%,而对晚期性腺（Ⅳ期~Ⅴ期）发育鉴别的准确率较高,达到89%。