The concentration variation features of sea salt ions and non sea salt ions in a firn core recovered from Princess Elizabeth Land, East Antarctica

A 51.85 m firn core drilled in Princess Elizabeth Land, Antarctica, during the 1996-1997 Chinese First Antarctic Inland Expedition, has been measured for δ 18 O and major ions. Based on the high quality data of the seasonal variations of major ions, the firn core was dated with errors within ±3 years. The 51.85 m firn core record extends for 251 years (A. D. 1745-1996). The results of the glaciochemistry data of the firn core show that the mean concentrations of Cl -, Na + and Mg 2+ are similar to those reported from other coastal areas in East Antarctica. However, mean concentrations of Ca 2+ are much higher than those reported from other regions, this anomaly phenomenon may be related to the strong local terrestrial sources. It is found that the variations of three kinds of sea salt ions (Cl -, Na + and Mg 2+ ) in the past 150 years show very similarly rising trends, which may be the results the Southern Hemisphere warming in the past century.

Effects of salt ions on rheological properties of SPI-GG hybrid system

The rheological characteristic of soy protein isolate(SPI),is one of the most important properties in its application in food industry.The effects of different concentrations of guar gum(GG,polysaccharide)and sodium chloride(salt ion)on the rheological properties of SPI were studied in this research.Steady-state shear,strain sweep and frequency sweep tests(static and dynamic rheological tests)were performed,and the following phenomenon and conclusions were drawn:(1)The viscosity of the hybrid system increases with the GG addition.This trend could also be seen with the appropriate adding of salt ion;(2)As the applied frequency increases,the storage modulus G′and the loss modulus G″of the hybrid system increase at a similar rate.And the frequency sweep parameters of the hybrid system rise significantly with the increase of both GG and ionic concentration;The frequency dependence of the system varies significantly with the addition of salt ion;(3)With the concentration of the salt ion increase,the storage module G′of the hybrid system decrease indicating that salt ion destroyed the network structure of hybrid dispersion to a certain extent.

Variation of soil physical-chemical characteristics in salt-affected soil in the Qarhan Salt Lake,Qaidam Basin

Soil salinization has adverse effects on the soil physical-chemical characteristics.However,little is known about the changes in soil salt ion concentrations and other soil physical-chemical characteristics within the Qarhan Salt Lake and at different soil depths in the surrounding areas.Here,we selected five sampling sites(S1,S2,S3,S4,and S5)alongside the Qarhan Salt Lake and in the Xidatan segment of the Kunlun Mountains to investigate the relationship among soil salt ion concentrations,soil physical-chemical characteristics,and environmental variables in April 2019.The results indicated that most sites had strongly saline and very strongly saline conditions.The main salt ions present in the soil were Na^(+),K^(+),and Cl^(-).Soil nutrients and soil microbial biomass(SMB)were significantly affected by the salinity(P<0.05).Moreover,soil salt ions(Na^(+),K^(+),Ca2+,Mg^(2+),Cl^(-),CO_(3)^(2-),SO_(4)^(2-),and HCO_(3)^(-))were positively correlated with electrical conductivity(EC)and soil water content(SWC),but negatively related to altitude and soil depth.Unlike soil salt ions,soil nutrients and SMB were positively correlated with altitude,but negatively related to EC and SWC.Moreover,soil nutrients and SMB were negatively correlated with soil salt ions.In conclusion,soil nutrients and SMB were mainly influenced by salinity,and were related to altitude,soil depth,and SWC in the areas from the Qarhan Salt Lake to the Xidatan segment.These results imply that the soil quality(mainly evaluated by soil physical-chemical characteristics)is mainly influenced by soil salt ions in the areas surrounding the Qarhan Salt Lake.Our results provide an accurate prediction of how the soil salt ions,soil nutrients,and SMB respond to the changes along a salt gradient.The underlying mechanisms controlling the soil salt ion distribution,soil nutrients,and SMB in an extremely arid desert climate playa should be studied in greater detail in the future.

Effects of neutral salt and alkali on ion distributions in the roots,shoots,and leaves of two alfalfa cultivars with differing degrees of salt tolerance

The effects of neutral salt and alkali on the ion distribution were investigated in two alfalfa （Medicago sativa L.） cultivars, including Zhongmu 1, a high salt-tolerant cultivar, and Algonquin, a low salt-tolerant cultivar. The alkali stress expressed more serious growth inhibition than the neutral salt stress at the same Na＋ concentration. Compared with Algonquin, Zhongmu 1 did not exhibit a higher alkali tolerance under the Na2CO3-NaHCO3 treatment with the low Na＋ concentration （50 mmol L-l）. The alkali increased the accumulation of Na＋, Ca2＋, and Mg2＋ in the root and changed the Ca2＋ and Mg2＋ balance in the entire alfalfa plant. The salt and alkali stresses decreased the K＋ and Fe3＋ contents of the roots and leaves, the root Mn2＋ content, and the shoot Zn2＋ content, but they increased the Fe3＋ accumulation of the shoots, the shoot and leaf Cu2＋ contents, and the leaf Zn2＋ content in both alfalfa cultivars. Based on the results obtained under the conditions of this experiment, we found that the salt and alkali stresses reduced the plant growth in both alfalfa cultivars, while the alkali caused a stronger stress than the neutral salt in alfalfa. Thus, we conclude that under hydroponic conditions, the deleterious effects of the alkali on plants are due to the distribution change of some trophic ion balance in the roots, shoots, and leaves of the plants by causing of Na＋, CO3^2-, and/or HCO3- stresses.

Separation of mixed salts(Cl-/SO42-) by ED based on monovalent anion selective membranes

The industrial products or wastewater rich in the mixed salts(Cl-/SO4^2-) not only causes the environmental damage, but also induces waste of resource. In this study, an ED stack with monovalent selective AEMs and conventional CEMs was employed to separate the Cl-and SO42-from simulated wastewater. The effect of current density and mass fraction percentage was investigated in order to optimize the experimental conditions during ED process. It was found that at a concentration ratio between NaCl and Na2SO4 of 95/5(wt%/wt%) and a current density of40 m A·cm^-2, a current efficiency of 72%, an energy consumption of 1.6 k W·h·kg^-1 Na Cl and a Cl-/SO4^2-concentration(67.5/3.5 g·L^-1) were obtained. Hence, it is appropriate and effective to separate Cl-and SO42-by ED using the monovalent selective AEMs.

Precise carbon structure control by salt template for high performance sodium-ion storage

Carbon materials are considered to be one of the most promising anode materials for sodium-ion batteries(SIBs),but the well-ordered graphitic structure limits the intercalation of sodium ions.Besides,the sluggish intercalation kinetics of sodium ions impedes the rate performance.Thus,the precise structure control of carbon materials is important to improve the battery performance.Herein,a 3D porous hard-soft composite carbon(3DHSC)was prepared using the NaCl as the template and phenolic resin and pitch as carbon precursors.The NaCl template restrains the growth of the graphite crystallite during the carbonization process,resulting in small graphitic domains with expanded interlayer spacing which is favorable for the sodium storage.Moreover,the Na Cl templates help to create abundant mesopores and macropores for fast sodium ion diffusion.The porous structure and the graphite crystalline structure can be precisely controlled by simply adjusting the mass ratio of Na Cl,and thus,the suitable structure can be prepared to reach high capacity and rate performance while keeping a relatively high Coulombic efficiency.Typically,a high reversible capacity(215 mA h g^(-1)at 0.05 A g^(-1)),an excellent rate capability(97 mA h g^(-1)at 5 A g^(-1)),and a high initial Coulombic efficiency(60%)are achieved.

The Influence of Nitrate Salts and Complex Metal Ion to Regio-Selective Synthesis of 2-Nitro-5,10,15,20-Tetra- (4-Methoxyphenyl)Porphyrinato Metal

A series of 2\|nitro\|5,10,15,20\|tetra(4\|methoxyphenyl) porphyrinato metals were regioselectively synthesized with nitrate salts as nitrating reagent in acetic acid/acetic anhydride for preparation of 2\|substituted porphyrin. The influence of nitrate salts and complex metal ion to the reaction were investigated. The extent of 2\|nitration increased with the electronegativity of the central metal. When Cu(NO 3 ) 2 · 3H 2O was used as nitrating reagent, almost quantitative yields of 2\|nitro porphyrin were obtained in the case of Cu(Ⅱ) or Ni(Ⅱ) chelates, while Zn(Ⅱ) or Mn(Ⅲ) chelates gave 50% and 30% yields respectively. If Zn(NO 3 ) 2 ·10H 2 O was used as nitrating agent, no product was found for Cu(Ⅱ) or Ni(Ⅱ) chelates, 12% was found for Zn(Ⅱ) chelates. The other metal ion and nitrate salts were also found in quite different influence.

Effects of Sea Salts on Induction of Cell Proliferation in Liquid Cultures of Mangrove Plants, Sonneratia caseolaris and S. alba

The effects of five salt ingredients of sea water, KCl, NaCl, CaCl2, MgCl2 and MgSO4, on induction of cell prolif-eration in Sonneratia caseolaris were investigated. Proliferation was examined in tissue explants derived from such as leaves, cotyledons, and hypocotyls using a small-scale liquid culture method. Addition of 12.5-25 mM of MgCl2 was unique in stimulating cell proliferation in all tissues of S. caseolaris. Otherwise, different effects of salts were observed among the three tissues. In hypocotyl culture, 25-50 mM of NaCl and CaCl2 stimulated cell divisions. Tolerance to 100 mM of MgSO4 was observed in leaves. Three osmotically active compounds commonly used in tissue culture, sorbitol, mannitol and glycinebetaine, were also tested to assess the importance of osmotic effects on cell proliferation. No significant stimulation by these was observed over a wide range of concentrations. Data were compared with those of cotyledon cultures of another mangrove, S. alba, which exhibits no stimulation by MgCl2, stimulation by KCl and tolerance to NaCl. Mechanisms for adaptation of mangrove plants to various and high salts were discussed by comparing the differences in reaction to salts in cultures of two Sonneratia mangrove species of the same genera growing different salt environment.

The Effect of Mixed Iodide Salts on the Conductivity Behavior in Ag2O-V2O5-B2O3 Superionic Glass System

A superionic mixed metal iodide glass system [(PbI2 –CuI ) - Ag2O- V2O5- B2O3] has been prepared by splat quenching technique. The prepared glass samples are characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and differential scanning calo- rimetry (DSC). The effect of mixed metal iodide salts concentration on electrical properties has been investigated by the complex impedance spectroscopy (CIS). AC conductivity analysis is carried out in the frequency range of 2MHz-1Hz at different temperatures and an enhancement in the conductivity with iodide salts is the main feature of the observed re- sults with an anomaly at 20 mole % of PbI2 –CuI.

Salt－Water Dynamics in Soils：IV．Changes of Ionic Composition in Soil Profiles During Water Evaporation and Infiltration

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Effects of Salt Stress on Growth and Ion Distribution in Seedlings of Asparagus officinalis L.

An Asparagus officinalis L. cultivar NJ978 was used to study the growing rate, salt ion content and mineral ion uptake and distribution in plants under salt stress. The results showed that salt stress significantly inhibited seedling growth and there was a negative relationship between seedling growth and salt concentration. The seedlings growth showed no significant decrease under low salt stress （NaCl≤50 mmol/L）, while high concentrations of NaCl led to detrimental effects on the growth of A. officinalis L.. With the increase of NaCl concentration, the Na ＋ content increased gradually in A. officinalis L. roots, stems and leaves while the K^＋ and Ca^2＋ contents had slow decreases. Under low salt stress, the seedlings of A. officinalis L. could prevent Na ＋ from transporting to aerial part by withholding Na ＋ in root, which could keep the balance of ions in aerial part, but under high salt stress （NaCl 〉 100 mmol/L）, the aerial part of seedlings accumulated superabundance of Na ＋, which limited the uptake of K^＋ and Ca^2＋ , so seedlings were damaged heavily, which manifested as the gradual decrease of K^＋/Na ＋ and Ca^2＋ /Na ＋ in the roots and aerial part of the seedlings. The selective absorption of K^＋, Ca^2＋ and Na ＋ （AS K,Na and AS Ca,Na ） was significantly increased with increased salinity, while the selective transportation （TS K,Na and TS Ca,Na ） increased at first and then decreased with the increased salinity. Therefore, the strong ability of salt exclusion and the regionalized distribution of ions in roots, stems and leaves could be one of the salt tolerance mechanisms of A. officinalis L.

Determination of Salt Impurities in MDEA Solution Used in Desulfurization of Highly Sulphurous Natural Gas

The foaming phenomenon of N-methyldiethanolamine(MDEA) solution used in desulfurization process occurs frequently in the natural-gas purification plant. The foaming phenomenon has a strong impact on operation of the process unit. The salt impurities are the main reason for causing the foaming of MDEA solution, so the full analysis of salt impurities is necessary. A method for comprehensive analysis of salt impurities in MDEA solution used in desulfurization process was established. Anions and non-metallic cations of MDEA solution were determined by different conditions of ion chromatograph, respectively. Metallic cations of the solution were detected by atomic absorption spectrophotometer with the N2O-C2H2 flame absorption. The analytical results of salt impurities in the desulfurization solution can provide a theoretical basis for an accurate analysis of the factors affecting the foaming of MDEA to unveil further control measures.

Syntheses and Application of All-lithium Salts of Heteropolyacid as Electrolyte of Lithium-ion Battery

The all-lithium salts of heteropoly acid Li_xXM_ 12O_ 40(HPA-Li)(X=P, Si; M=Mo, W) were obtained via ion exchange and characterized by means of IR and UV spectroscopies, TG and elemental analyses. The conductivity of the electrolytic solution consisting of Li_3PW_ 12O_ 40 and PC/DME mixing solvent(1/2.5, volume ratio) is up to 7.2×10 -2 S/cm, being higher than that of LiClO_4 as the electrolyte. The all-lithium salts were used as electrolytes in secondary lithium-ion batteries. The discharge capacity of the PAS/Li batteries with Li_3PW_ 12O_ 40 electrolyte solutions reaches to 148 (mA·h)/g and the cyclic life is up to 380 times, much better than those of commercialized products with LiClO_4 and LiAsF_6 as electrolytes.

Lithium Ion Extraction from the High Ration Mg/Li Salt Lake Brine with Ionic Liquid in Triisobutyl Phosphate and Kerosene

1 Introduction As the lightest metal with the unique properties of energy production and storage,lithium is regarded as the new century energy metal.Lithium and its compounds were widely used in various industrial fields,especially in

Synthesis and Structural Characterizations of a New Lithium Salt for Lithium-ion Batteries

A novel crystal [（CH3O）2CO]3Li2[C2BF2O4]2 was synthesized and fully characterized by FT-IR and single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. It crystallizes in monoclinic system, P2Jn space group, with a = 8.1749（2）, b = 10.7449（2）, c = 12.8665（3） A, βl = 94.654（2）°, V= 1126.45（4） A3, Z = 2, Dc = 1.644 g/cm, F（000） = 568, p = 1.498 mm^-1, Mr= 557.77 g/mol, the final R = 0.0334 and wR = 0.0903. The structure analysis revealed that each Li atom is three-coordinated and adopts 1.5 O atoms of two different dimethyl carbonates and one O atom of C2BF2O4-. Thermal stability and infrared spectra analysis were studied and discussed.

NdF_(3)在LiF熔盐中的溶解及离子结构

LiF-NdF_(3)熔盐体系中离子的构成形式对解析电解钕工艺的电解过程至关重要,本文采用冰点降低法分析LiF-NdF_(3)熔盐体系的离子结构。通过Temkin和Flood模型及热力学计算分析熔盐体系内可能存在的离子团簇,结果表明,NdF_(3)在LiF中的溶解模型符合TemkinⅠ、TemkinⅡ、TemkinⅥ、TemkinⅦ和FloodⅡ、FloodⅥ、FloodⅦ,在LiF-NdF_(3)熔盐体系中主要形成含有1~2个Nd^(3+)的分子团簇,NdF_(3)在LiF内溶解主要形成游离的Nd^(3+)、F-、Li^(+)以及Li^(+)·[NdF_(4)]^(-)、Li^(+)·[Nd2F7]-、2Li^(+)·[Nd_(2)F_(8)]^(2-)分子团簇。

Distinctive electrochemical performance of novel Fe-based Li-rich cathode material prepared by molten salt method for lithium-ion batteries

For constructing next-generation lithium-ion batteries with advanced performances,pursuit of highcapacity Li-rich cathodes has caused considerable attention.So far,the low discharge specific capacity and serious capacity fading are strangling the development of Fe-based Li-rich materials.To activate the extra-capacity of Fe-based Li-rich cathode materials,a facile molten salt method is exploited using an alkaline mixture of LiOH–LiNO3–Li2O2 in this work.The prepared Li1.09(Fe0.2Ni0.3Mn0.5)0.91O2 material yields high discharge specific capacity and good cycling stability.The discharge specific capacity shows an upward tendency at 0.1 C.After 60 cycles,a high reversible specific capacity of ~250 m Ah g-1is delivered.The redox of Fe3+/Fe4+and Mn3+/Mn4+are gradually activated during cycling.Notably,the redox reaction of Fe2+/Fe3+can be observed reversibly below 2 V,which is quite different from the material prepared by a traditional co-precipitation method.The stable morphology of fine nanoparticles(100–300 nm)is considered benefiting for the distinctive electrochemical performances of Li1.09(Fe0.2Ni0.3Mn0.5)0.91O2.This study demonstrates that molten salt method is an inexpensive and effective approach to activate the extra capacity of Fe-based Li-rich cathode material for high-performance lithium-ion batteries.

双通道离子色谱法测定陶质文物表面结晶盐中有机酸根和无机阴阳离子

对双通道离子色谱同时测定陶质文物表面结晶盐中的CH_(3)COO^(-)、HCOO^(-)、F^(-)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)等9种阴离子和Li^(+)、Na^(+)、K^(+)等6种阳离子的测定方法进行优选。通过优化色谱条件,确定采用Metrosep A Supp7色谱柱为阴离子分析柱,3 mmol/L碳酸钠为阴离子淋洗液,流速为0.7 mL/min;Metrosep C4型色谱柱为阳离子分析柱,0.8 mmol/L吡啶二羧酸-1.6 mmol/L硝酸为阳离子淋洗液,流速为0.7 mL/min。在此方法下,净化后的滤液一次进样,电导检测器检测,各离子峰形好,分离时间适中,分离效果很好。各离子的标准曲线相关系数R>0.999,具有良好的线性关系,检出限在0.005~0.05 mg/L之间,加标回收率在96%~106%之间,相对标准偏差为0.1%~4%(n=5)。结果表明,瓦当表面结晶盐中主要含有Ca^(2+)、Na^(+)、CH_(3)COO^(-)、Cl^(-)、SO_(4)^(2-)、NO_(3)^(-)。该方法简单快速、准确度高,可有效分离文物表面结晶盐中的常见有机酸根离子和无机阴阳离子。

聚乙烯醇纤维改性混凝土及抗盐蚀研究

针对普通混凝土耐久性和抵抗恶劣环境差的问题,提出通过聚乙烯醇纤维对混凝土进行改性,并研究了纤维对混凝土的改性效果。试验结果表明,当聚乙烯醇纤维掺量为12%时(PVA12样品),混凝土坍落度较基础混凝土下降了约45%。在28 d龄期,PVA12混凝土抗压强度约为65 MPa,较基础混凝土抗压强度提升了约28%;抗折强度达到了8.5 MPa,较基础混凝土提升了约55%;剩余强度较PVA6混凝土剩余强度增加了约210%;电阻率较基础混凝土大18.6Ω·cm;氯离子迁移系数与基础混凝土较为接近,满足抗氯离子渗透能力极高的标准要求。改性混凝土表现出良好的工作性能、力学性能和抗氯离子渗透能力。