Multiple-dimensioned defect engineering for graphite felt electrode of vanadium redox flow battery

The scarcity of wettability,insufficient active sites,and low surface area of graphite felt(GF)have long been suppressing the performance of vanadium redox flow batteries(VRFBs).Herein,an ultra-homogeneous multipledimensioned defect,including nano-scale etching and atomic-scale N,O codoping,was used to modify GF by the molten salt system.NH_(4)Cl and KClO_(3) were added simultaneously to the system to obtain porous N/O co-doped electrode(GF/ON),where KClO_(3) was used to ultra-homogeneously etch,and O-functionalize electrode,and NH4Cl was used as N dopant,respectively.GF/ON presents better electrochemical catalysis for VO_(2)+/VO_(2)+ and V3+/V2+ reactions than only O-functionalized electrodes(GF/O)and GF.The enhanced electrochemical properties are attributed to an increase in active sites,surface area,and wettability,as well as the synergistic effect of N and O,which is also supported by the density functional theory calculations.Further,the cell using GF/ON shows higher discharge capacity,energy efficiency,and stability for cycling performance than the pristine cell at 140 mA cm^(−2) for 200 cycles.Moreover,the energy efficiency of the modified cell is increased by 9.7% from 55.2% for the pristine cell at 260 mA cm^(−2).Such an ultra-homogeneous etching with N and O co-doping through“boiling”molten salt medium provides an effective and practical application potential way to prepare superior electrodes for VRFB.

Ammonium Salt Deposition Characteristics in an Air Cooler System Based on the Coupling of Fluid Flow and Heat Transfer Simulation

The ammonium salt corrosion is a typical failure mode for the hydrogenation reaction effluent air cooler(REAC) system. In order to investigate the corrosion characteristics in the REAC system, numerical simulations were performed by using the mixture model, the heating transfer model, and the particles tracking model. The results show that the differences between the temperature and the velocity at each cross section of the first-row and second-row tubes are small. The inertia of the particles plays an important role in the particle’s deposition, and the smaller particles distribute more uniformly in the air cooler. However, for larger particles, they prefer falling from the inner side of the vertical elbow, and preferentially depositing at the inlet header and pipes before saturation. In the heat exchanger tubes, the particle deposition number is larger in the second-row tubes than that in the first-row tubes, and the high-risk tubes mainly concentrate on the middle and right side of the air cooler. The kinetic parameters of the particles are in accordance with the blocking-prone position in many real operating conditions.

Large eddy simulation of unsteady flow in gas-liquid separator applied in thorium molten salt reactor

Axial gas-liquid separators have been adopted in fission gas removal systems for the development of thorium molten salt reactors. In our previous study, we observed an unsteady flow phenomenon in which the flow pattern is directly dependent on the backpressure in a gas-liquid separator; however, the underlying flow mechanism is still unknown. In order to move a step further in clarifying how the flow pattern evolves with a variation in backpressure, a large eddy simulation(LES) was adopted to study the flow field evolution. In the simulation, an artificial boundary was applied at the separator outlet under the assumption that the backpressure increases linearly. The numerical results indicate that the unsteady flow feature is captured by the LES approach, and the flow transition is mainly due to the axial velocity profile redistribution induced by the backpressure variation. With the increase in backpressure,the axial velocity near the downstream orifice transits from negative to positive. This change in the axial velocity sign forces the unstable spiral vortex to become a stable rectilinear vortex.

市场联结与要素流动:开中盐法对明代西南边疆市场的影响

西南边疆是明代开中盐法实施的重点区域,开中盐法的推行在充溢边饷的同时也为边疆市场发展提供了重要契机。政府制定差异化的中盐则例,形成了一种市场力量,引发内地商业资本和商人群体等经济要素向边疆地区流动,为边疆市场发展注入了经济活力。在开中盐法的吸引下,有不少内地商人进入云贵地区落地生根,撬动了西南边疆粮食市场的发展,同时也培育了本地商人群体。在内地商人与本地商人这两个市场主体的共同作用下,西南边疆市场有了进一步的发展,与内地市场的联系也逐步加强。

除盐水再生废水回用促进PTA废水厌氧污泥颗粒化工业实践

福建福海创石油化工有限公司将含有高浓度无机盐的除盐水再生废水引至精对苯二甲酸(PTA)厂区废水处理装置,把高浓度的无机盐均匀稀释,补充至PTA废水上流式厌氧污泥床(UASB)厌氧反应器,作为厌氧微生物微量元素营养剂添加。装置运行4个月后,颗粒污泥占厌氧污泥总量的60%以上,厌氧反应器化学需氧量(COD)降低率提升5百分点以上,说明除盐水再生废水对厌氧污泥颗粒化有明显促进作用。

巴西油气勘探开发历程:从陆上到超深水

21世纪以来,随着桑托斯盆地深水盐下获得一系列重大油气发现,巴西东部海域成为全球深水油气勘探与生产的热点区域。通过全面回顾巴西油气勘探开发历程,系统阐述了从陆上到海域、从浅水到深水—超深水直至盐下勘探的探索实践、战略转变、重大突破和关键理论技术。巴西国家石油公司(简称巴西国油)自1953年成立以后的15年间,在陆上古生界克拉通盆地和断陷盆地进行了勘探,并于断块和三角洲砂体圈闭获得了一些中小型油气发现。20世纪70年代,应用重力流沉积模式和高质量三维地震等勘探新技术,在坎波斯盆地浅水中发现Namorado和Enchova等油田,随后深水盐上勘探获得突破,成功发现Marlim、Roncador等大型油田。21世纪初,通过盐下含油气系统、碳酸盐岩成储成藏模式和核磁共振测井等理论技术攻关,推动桑托斯盆地下白垩统湖相碳酸盐岩陆续获得Tupi(Lula)、Buzios、Mero等世界级超深水盐下大油田的系列重大发现。在复杂的深水作业环境下,油气开发工程面临巨大挑战,巴西国油通过启动深水研发计划(PROCAP),开发并实施窄压力窗口控压钻井、加压钻井液帽钻井、多段智能完井、水下采油及浮式生产平台开发和流动保障等关键技术,显著提升了钻完井、油气田开发和输运的效率及安全性。此外,在浮式采储卸油系统建产规模受限的情况下,推进全球最大规模的CO_(2)捕集、驱油利用与埋存工程(CCUS-EOR),有效减少温室气体排放并提高了原油采收率。上述理论技术的发展和应用,也为全球深水油气勘探开发提供了宝贵经验。未来巴西油气勘探将继续聚焦深水盐下碳酸盐岩和盐上浊积岩,并在古生界天然气等勘探领域持续寻求新的发现,同时通过技术创新和战略合作,促进巴西石油天然气行业的可持续发展。

加氢装置高压空冷器的腐蚀及管系平衡设计技术研究

介绍了加氢装置高压空冷器内的腐蚀问题,并阐述了空冷器管系平衡设计理念及在实际工程设计中存在的问题。结合多年工程经验,运用计算流体力学软件CFD进行流场数值仿真,分析了空冷器管系内弯头后不同的直管段长度、三通后不同的直管段长度以及不同弯头半径对管道内流场的影响,获得了管系多种因素对直管段长度和弯头半径的影响规律。以此为依据,提出了完全平衡设计理念,对不同的管系在不同维度下的最佳直管段长度及最佳弯管半径取值进行了规定,优化了管系设计,保证了介质的均匀分布,降低了管系投资。

Study on dynamic characteristics of fission products in 2 MW molten salt reactor

In this study,a numerical flow model of the fission products(FPs)in the primary loop system of a molten salt reactor(MSR)was established and solved using Mathematica 7.0.The simulation results were compared with those of the ORIGEN-S program in the static burnup mode,and the deviation was found to be less than 10%,which indicates that the results are in good agreement.Furthermore,the FPs distribution in the primary loop system under normal operating conditions of the 2 MW MSR was quantitatively analyzed.In addition,the distribution phenomenon of the FPs under different flow rate conditions was studied.At the end of life,the FPs activity in the core region(including active region,and upper and lower plenum regions)accounted for 77.3%,and that in the hot leg #1,main pump,hot leg #2,heat exchanger,and cold leg region accounted for 1.2%,16.15%,0.99%,2.5%,and 1.9%,respectively,of the total FPs in the primary loop under normal operating conditions.The proportion of FPs in the core decreased with the increase in flow rate in the range of 2.24-22,400 cm^3 s^-1.The established analytical method and conclusions of this study can provide an important basis for radiation safety design of the primary loop,radioactive source management design,thermal-hydraulic safety analysis,and radiochemical analysis of FPs of 2 MW MSRs.

The influence of changes in the degree and frequency of disturbance on the annual salt marsh plant (<i>Suaeda maritima, Artemisia fukudo</i>) communities in estuarine tidal flats: A case study of the Kushida River in Mie Prefecture, Japan

In this study, we examined the influence of changes in the degree and frequency of disturbance in estuarine tidal flats on the annual salt marsh plant communities (Suaeda maritima, Artemisia fukudo) in Mie Prefecture, Japan. Suaeda maritima and Artemisia fukudo communities occur in the branch river of the Kushida River. Although the areas occupied by these communities were very small in 2006, the Suaeda maritima community expanded significantly to 3609 m2 in 2008, and the Artemisia fukudo community expanded significantly to 2726 m2 in 2008 and 10,396 m2 in 2010. Before the onset of the investigation period in 2006, the overflow warning water level (3.5 m) and the flood fighting corps standby water level (3.0 m) each occurred on one day in August 2004 and October 2004, respectively;at those times, the water volume exceeded 1000 m3·s-1 and 1500 m3·s-1, respectively. We suggest that because much of the estuarine tidal flat erodes when the water volume exceeds 1000 m3·s&#451, the establishment of the Suaeda maritima and Artemisia fukudo communities is delayed until sufficient substrate is formed by the deposition of new sediment. In contrast, a water level of 2 - 3 m was observed on one day each in 2005, 2007 and 2009, with average water volumes of 488.5, 566.4 and 690.1 m3·s-1, respectively. We suggest that following the repeated disturbances caused by water levels of 1 - 3 m and flow volumes of 500 - 700 m3·s-1 over the bare ground exposed after flooding and erosion, Suaeda maritima is a pioneer species that colonizes on bare ground deposited by sediment transported from upstream and the sea during high tides, and following the same level of disturbance, Artemisia fukudo is secondary colonizer that has germinated and grown on the sediment deposited on the Suaeda maritima community.

The Cementing Techniques Of Salt Formation

This paper analyzes mechnasim of casing failure and collapse by salt formation,discusses cementing techniques of salt zone about casing programme, casing design, preparation of well condition, mud and slurry properties required, cementing technology, and puts forward the measures for solving problems posed when cementing through salt sequences, and illustrates with examples.

Rheological properties of salt-tolerant HPAM solutions with ultrahigh molecular weight

The rheological properties of salt-tolerant partially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide(HPAM)solutions with molecular of 2.5×107 g/mol at different concentrations were measured in steady-state shear flow mode by Haake Rheostress 150 rheometer.Three constitutive equations(Oldroyd four constant model,Guesekus model and FENE-P model) were used for describing the apparent viscosity and first normal stress difference.The apparent viscosity of salt-tolerant HPAM solutions appears a first Newtonian zone when the shear rate is approximately lower than 0.2 s-1.At high shear rate,the HPAM solutions show shear-thinning and elasticity.The results show that the FENE-P model has the best agreement between theoretical and experimental data within the available shear rate range.The material parameters are useful for numerical analysis of polymer solution flow fields.

Quantifying water quality and flow in multi-branched urban estuaries for a rainfall event with mass balance method

In this study,field observations were conducted after a heavy rainfall event in the Sumida and Shakujii rivers in Tokyo,Japan.The flow dynamics and fluxes of salt,suspended sediment(SS),and dissolved oxygen(DO)were investigated with the mass balance method.The fractions of fresh water and saltwater in seaward and landward flows were separated.The maximum salt flux in the Shakujii River was 53.8 kg/s during the flood tide,and those in the Sumida River were 680.3 kg/s at the upstream station and 703.7 kg/s at the downstream station.The trends of SS and DO fluxes were similar in both rivers.In the Shakujii River,the highest SS(3.1 kg/s)and DO(0.4 kg/s)fluxes appeared during the flood tide after rainfall.In the Sumida River,the maximum SS fluxes(6.1 and 6.3 kg/s at the upstream and downstream stations,respectively)and DO fluxes(1.15 and 1.21 kg/s at the upstream and downstream stations,respectively)appeared during the ebb tide.The mass balance method was used to estimate discharge,salinity,SS concentration,and DO concentration at a station with missing data.The results show that the estimated salinity and SS concentration had a significant correlation with the on-site observations,with correlation coefficients(R)of 0.950 and 0.835,respectively,but not for DO concentration(R?0.638).The disparity between the computed and measured data may be explained by the differences in velocity,salinity,topography,sedimentation,and the presence of organic matter.The analysis based on the advective salt transport components found a lower salt flux per unit width in the Shakujii River(0.36 kg/(m·s))in comparison with that in the Sumida River(2.88 kg/(m·s)).This indicates a higher probability for salt retention in the Shakujii River.©2020 Hohai University.Production and hosting by Elsevier B.V.This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

熔盐集热塔风致响应研究

为研究熔盐集热塔风荷载作用下的结构响应,基于计算流体动力学(Computational fluid dynamics,CFD)技术建立了熔盐集热塔结构数值风洞,开展了单向和双向流固耦合分析。通过风场计算域尺寸、湍流模型及初始风速条件的合理设置,获得了风场速度、风场压力和集热塔响应分布规律。集热塔在风荷载作用下以第一振型为主。集热塔位移、速度和加速度前期变化幅度较大,后期呈现稳定衰减趋势。顺风向基底剪力是结构总剪力的主导部分。分析结果可以为集热塔的设计和相关研究提供依据。

基于热传递过程的薄层水流流速测量方法及装置

基于薄层水流中的热传递过程,提出测量水流流速的示踪方法,并设计对应的测量系统。在室内试验坡面上,设计不同试验工况(坡度为5°,10°,20°,流量为2,5,8 L/min),以盐示踪法为对照,研究热示踪测量薄层水流流速的可行性及其影响因素。结果表明,测量系统能准确地测得热示踪剂的运移过程;热与盐2种示踪剂测得流速范围为0.408~1.522 m/s,线性拟合斜率为1.006,R~2为0.993,表明两者具有显著的线性关系,热示踪法具有较高的可靠性;由于物理属性差异,部分水力工况下示踪剂的释放方式对盐和热的测量结果影响显著,表明此时2种示踪剂测量流速的代表性不同;可采用盐与热联合示踪的方法,取二者测量结果的均值作为薄层水流的平均流速,以提高测量结果的代表性。研究结果可为复杂下垫面、盐渍化和禁用化学成分等特殊坡面上薄层水流流速的准确测量提供新方法和理论参考。薄层水流流速的准确测量对地表水文和土壤侵蚀领域的研究具有重要意义。

水平弯管盐泥流动磨损仿真分析

盐泥为工业制盐流程中卤水净化工艺后产物,盐泥随意排放不仅污染环境,也会对资源造成极大浪费,需对盐泥进行无害化资源化处理。盐泥为固液两相流流体,对盐泥的无害化资源化处理需要管路的输送,为了探究盐泥在弯管中流动时对管道的冲蚀磨损速率,利用Fluent仿真软件对其进行分析。选用RNG k-ɛ湍流模型和DPM模型,盐泥对弯管的冲蚀模型和颗粒碰撞恢复模型采用E/CRC冲蚀磨损模型和GrantandTabaoff壁面碰撞恢复函数,考虑液固两相之间的耦合,对盐泥在水平弯管中的流动进行研究。研究结果表明:盐泥对水平弯管弯头压力分布场呈现为外侧压力大、内侧压力小,而速度分布场则与压力场恰好相反。盐泥颗粒与弯管内壁发生首次碰撞的部位在弯头外侧的出口段,一些颗粒还会发生多次碰撞。弯管内壁存在冲蚀磨损弯,弯头外侧磨损速率显著大于弯头内侧,而且磨损最严重的部位发生在弯头出口20°附近。

储气库干化盐析效应量化表征及干化扩展范围预测方法

储气库注采过程中存在近井地带干化盐析的问题,不仅影响储气库的注采能力,甚至影响储气库稳定运行及运行年限。文中基于BL经典分流理论及气水渗流规律,建立了储气库干化盐析效应量化表征数学模型及盐堵损伤量化评估方法,解决了储气库干化问题关键参数的量化表征及干化扩展范围的预测难题。研究结果表明:理论推导的盐饱和度、盐析出量是评估储层盐堵的重要表征参数,与储层温压条件、流体性质及气水相对渗透率等有密切的关系;储气库注采循环过程会导致干化扩展范围逐渐由近井向远井发展,仅依靠注入端短时间注水来解除近井堵塞,可能无法有效恢复地层孔隙度、渗透率及天然气注采能力;基于文中建立的数学模型得到的研究结论与前人实验研究结论具有较好的一致性。文中研究成果不仅具有较好的现场应用价值,而且对干化盐析现象的理论研究以及干化盐析机理的认识具有指导意义。

太阳能热发电熔盐槽式集热回路流量分配特性研究

在太阳能热发电站中,抛物面槽式集热系统多回路的流量分配特性对集热工质出口温度和电站运行性能具有重要影响。传统U型集热回路采用调节阀可实现各回路流量的平衡分配,但对系统的控制水平要求较高,且建设成本较大。该文以熔盐槽式集热系统为研究对象,提出采用Z型布置结合母管变径的新型集热回路,以实现多回路流量自平衡;通过开展流量分配的理论设计计算,以及基于Apros软件搭建的集热系统动态仿真模型,研究太阳直接法向辐射DNI、入口质量流量变化以及云遮扰动工况下,Z型集热回路的流量分配、出口温度和回路压降的稳态和动态变化规律。研究结果表明,槽式集热回路Z型布置结合母管变径的方式在稳态和瞬态工况下都具有较好的流量自平衡特性。

蛇形流场电控离子交换装置用于选择性提锂

通过交替、对称地堆叠带孔的锰酸锂(LiMn2O4)基膜电极和导电炭黑(C)基膜电极,组装了单通道的蛇形流场电控离子交换(ESIX)装置,并将其用于从高镁锂比模拟卤水(Mg/Li约500)中选择性提取锂离子。基于这种自下而上的蛇形流场,增加膜组件中腔室的数量可以使模拟卤水中更多的锂离子被捕获。相较于常规的恒电压驱动模式,恒电流-恒电压耦合驱动模式能有效地提升ESIX装置的提锂性能。在0.8 mA·cm^(-2)-1 V的耦合驱动模式下,该装置在120 min内对锂离子的提取率高达97.6%。此外,X射线衍射(XRD)证明,通过冲洗膜电极表面可以去除大部分吸附的镁离子。因此,这种新型的ESIX装置具有从高镁锂比盐湖卤水中选择性分离锂离子的工业应用潜力。

盐热联合示踪表征薄层水流剖面流速分布

坡面薄层水流流速是重要的水动力学参数之一,研究其分布规律对于理解坡面土壤侵蚀机理具有重要意义。该研究采用盐与热联合示踪的方法,对不同粗糙下垫面的坡面薄层水流流速进行测量,探究下垫面对薄层水流剖面流速分布的作用规律。在3种坡度(5°、10°和20°)下,以下垫面条件(有机玻璃、80目即0.16 mm砂纸和24目即0.53 mm砂纸)、流量(2、5和8 L/min)和示踪剂类型(盐和热)为试验因素,以每个坡长(2、3和4 m)处的水流流速为试验指标进行多因素间的完全试验。结果表明,当下垫面一定,水深为粗糙高度的2~4倍,且水流为层流流态时,盐与热联合示踪的方法可用于表征薄层水流的剖面流速分布;下垫面粗糙高度和水深对薄层水流剖面流速分布具有显著影响(P<0.05)。3种垫面下,2种示踪剂测得流速具有显著的线性相关关系,其线性拟合直线斜率分别为1.015、1.094和1.078,决定系数R2分别为0.892、0.824和0.760。随下垫面粗糙度增加,2种示踪剂测得流速差异呈增大的趋势;床面粗糙高度的增加,加大了对水流的扰动作用,增加了水流的紊动程度,进而影响盐与热2种示踪剂测量水流流速差异性。研究结果可为进一步理解坡面薄层水流的动力过程提供参考。