Decolorization of azo dyes with high salt concentration by salt-tolerant mixed cultures under anaerobic conditions

Because the lack of detailed study of biological decolorization in high salt dye wastewater, it is still difficult to evaluate the biological treatment on high-salinity dye wastewater. The experiments were carried out to study the salt-tolerant bacteria, which is useful in the treatment of high-salinity colored wastewater. Simulated wastewater containing 5-150 g/L salt （NaCI） and 50-2000 mg/L Reactive Brilliant Red K-2BP was treated with three salt-tolerant mixed cultures （CAS, TAS, DSAS）, which were under a gradually acclimated procedure. With the increase of concentrations of salt and dye, the decolorization became low. The abilities of decolorization of dyes wastewater by three mixed cultures （CAS, TAS, DSAS） were studied, CAS and DSAS mixed cultures showed more active for the treatment of high-salinity colored wastewater than TAS mixed cultures. The results suggested that there might be a simple process for the high salt wastewater treatment, which could be incorporated into conventional activated sludge plants.

Kinetics of phenol and m-cresol biodegradation by an indigenous mixed microbial culture isolated from a sewage treatment plant

An acclimatized mixed microbial culture,predominantly Pseudomonas sp.,was enriched from a sewage treatment plant,and its potential to simultaneously degrade mixtures of phenol and m-cresol was investigated during its growth in batch shake flasks.A 22 full factorial design with the two substrates at two different levels and different initial concentration ranges(low and high),was employed to carry out the biodegradation experiments.The substrates phenol and m-cresol were completely utilized within 21 h when ...

Factors and expectations influencing concussion disclosure within NCAA DivisionⅠathletes:A mixed methodological approach

Background:Participation in sports is associated with many benefits to all aspects of health;however,it also comes with the risk of injury,particularly concussions.Self-disclosure and care seeking following a concussion are especially important because of the lack of outwardly visible signs and/or symptoms.Although recent research has explored factors affecting concussion disclosure,use of isolated methodologies limits the ability to contextualize how disclosure or nondisclosure occurs.Therefore,the purpose of this study was to describe the factors and expectations of National Collegiate Athletic Association(NCAA)athletes that may influence concussion disclosure.Methods:This mixed-methods convergent parallel research study included 25 NCAA Division I athletes representing 13 sports,all of whom completed a concussion-education session with pre-/post-test surveys and a semistructured interview.Eligible athletes were at least 18 years old and on an NCAA roster.The surveys focused on previous concussion-related disclosure behaviors,knowledge,attitudes,beliefs,norms,and intentions about disclosing concussion.Interviews focused on the athletes’experiences related to concussion disclosure.Survey data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and Mann-Whitney U tests.Interviews were analyzed using a Consensual Qualitative Research tradition.Results:Participants had good concussion knowledge(median=46.0),positive attitudes(median=38.0),strong beliefs(median=13.0),and strong intentions to disclose concussion symptoms(median=7.0).None of the constructs differed by participants’gender.Although quantitative findings were mostly positive,interview data highlighted factors that may explain why some participants are successful in disclosing concussions and why others may find disclosure difficult.Educational efforts,sport culture,and medical professional presence were the primary facilitators discussed by participants.Stigma,pressure,and a lack of team support were perceived as disclosure barriers.Conclusion:The context in which concussion disclosure occurs or does not occur is vital to the success of educational interventions.Interventions must prioritize stakeholder-and team-based perspectives on concussion to establish a network supportive to disclosure.

Bioleaching of chalcopyrite by pure and mixed culture

在饮料烧瓶的黄铜矿的 bioleaching 被使用纯 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 调查并且混合了在中国在 Yushui 和 Dabaoshan 铜矿从酸矿排水孤立的文化，象 YS 和 DB 显著分别地。混合文化主要由 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans， Acidithiobacillus thiooxidans，和 Leptospirillum spp 组成了。(Leptospirillum ferriphilum 和 Leptospirillum ferrooxians ) 。结果证明因为断然从黄铜矿增加溶解率和铜的恢复的氧化硫的文化的存在，混合文化是比纯 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans 更有效的。有黄铜矿沥滤的减少的 pH 价值减少评价，因为象在 bioleaching 期间的矿物质表面上的钝化层的 jarosite 的形成。在用混合文化的 bioleaching，低 pH 从氧化禁止的硫被得到， jarosite 的形成。铜抽取在混合文化到达 46.27% 并且 30.37% 在在为 75 d 沥滤以后的纯 Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans。

Study and promotion of safety culture using mixed methods research

Objective:With a positive safety culture,institutions offer the best quality and safe care to their patients.The objective of this study was to analyze patient safety culture from the perspective of the multidisciplinary team,to identify factors that influence patient safety culture,and to create/promote-jointly with the study participants-strategies for improving processes of change.Methods:The study design represented a mixed methods research approach,with a sequential explanatory design.A multidisciplinary team of workers at a general hospital was eligible for the study.To collect quantitative data,we administered the Safety Attitudes Questionnaire(SAQ).The qualitative phase was accomplished via focus groups(FGs),with participants from the first phase of the study using the principles of deliberative dialogue(DD)as a knowledge-translation strategy.The STROBE guideline was used to develop the study.Results:The overall SAQ score was positive(75.1±10.4).Negative scores were found in the fields of Safety Climate,Working Conditions,and Stress Recognition.Focus group discussions identified the aspects that create a negative impact on safety culture,such as ineffective communication,punitive approach in the event of errors,the lack of commitment and adherence to the protocols,and the non-recognition of the stress and the mistakes.Actions for the promotion of safety culture were developed and implemented during the study.Conclusions:The use of the principles of DD as a strategy for knowledge translation(KT)made it possible to identify and plan for joint actions to generate improvements in safety culture.

Efficacy of chalcopyrite bioleaching using a pure and a mixed bacterium

To determine the efficacy of chalcopyrite bioleaching using pure cultures of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans or Thiobacillus thiooxidans and a mixed culture composed of Thiobacillus ferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans, experiments were carried out in shake flasks with [Fe^2＋] 4 g·L^-1 and S 1 g·L^-1 at pH=1.80, 130 r/min and 30℃. The tests showed that the copper extraction in a mixed culture composed of Thiobacillusferrooxidans and Thiobacillus thiooxidans is higher than that in a pure culture. On the other hand, an important potential of Thiobacillus thiooxidans to leaching chalcopyrite was indicated. Thiobacillus thiooxidans can prevent jarosites accumulating on the substrate and allow further copper to dissolute through the action of ferric ion. The selection of the suitable pH in a leaching solution would be significant. Thiobacillus thiooxidans and Thiobacillus ferrooxidans play an important role in the bioleaching process. Finally, the mechanism and the reason for iron precipitation were also discussed in detail.

BIOLOGICAL NITROGEN REMOVAL FROM WASTEWATER BY DENITRIFICATION OF MIX-CULTURING FUNGI AND BACTERIA

Denitrification has been long thought to be a unique characteristic of prokaryotes, but in recent years, several filamentous fungi and yeasts were found to exhibit denitrifying activities. This paper deals with the examination of denitrification capabilities by mix-cultures of the fungus (Fusarium oxysporum) and the bacterium (Pseudomonas stutzeri TR2) in combination with a specific medium and using a synthetic wastewater of defined quality. The results revealed that P. stutzeri TR2 has strong and fast denitrifying capabilities under anaerobic conditions, and that co-denitrification of mix-cultures with F. oxysporum and P. stutzeri TR2 was more effective to remove nitrate under limited oxygen conditions. P. stutzeri TR2 was able to remove nitrate completely during cultivation for 12 hr in the specific medium and in mixed culture with F. oxysporum. A rapid N 2 evolution by mixed culture with F. oxysporum and P. stutzeri TR2 was observed in both mixed culture medium and synthetic wastewater. Using synthetic wastewater with a defined composition, about 87% of the nitrate was eliminated to form about 420μmol of N 2 from 1.0mmol of NO-3 by co-denitrification of F. oxysporum and P. stutzeri TR2 after incubation for 6days. In co-cultures of F. oxysporum and P. stutzeri TR2, N2O produced by F. oxysporum was rapidly consumed by P. stutzeri TR2. This indicated that mixed culture of F. oxysporum and P. stutzeri TR2 can be used to remove nitrate and nitrite from wastewater effectively.

IUID Method-Mix: Towards a Systematic Approach for Intercultural User Interface Design (IUID)

A method-mix for intercultural user interface design (IUID) is explained and exemplified by application examples based on a hybrid approach covering cultural contexts in human-computer interaction (HCI) design using a model of culturally influenced HCI. Cultural influence on HCI is described using cultural variables for user interface design. Assumptions and empirical results regarding the influence of culture on HCI, considering the path of the information processing and the interaction style between Chinese and German users are explained based on cultural models. Subsequent indicators represent the relationship between culture and HCI (culturally imprinted by the user). Correlations adopted theoretically between cultural dimensions and variables for HCI design were investigated. These correlations represent relevant constituents of a model for culturally influenced HCI. Considerations applying this model and evidence for the proper application of the IUID method-mix are presented elucidating why and how cultural aspects play a role in HCI design and usability/UX engineering. The IUID method-mix serves to inspire HCI engineers in the requirement analysis phase as well as HCI designers in the design phase. The readers are thereby sensitized to the challenges of intercultural usability/UX engineering and intercultural HCI design and will be equipped with methodological knowledge relevant to the derivation of design recommendations for user interface design for and in their desired cultural contexts. Finally, implications for practitioners are shown, including HCI style scores and practical design recommendations, to prognosticate the effort and the expenditures for considering the cultural context in IUID.

在红枣汁中乳酸菌、酵母菌单一及偶联发酵特征物质差异分析

该试验以红枣为原料,研究乳酸菌、酵母菌单一及偶联发酵对枣汁总糖、总酸、总酚、黄酮和酒精含量的影响,使用液相色谱-质谱联用(Liquid Chromatograph-Mass Spectrometer,LC-MS)技术进行游离型酚酸差异分析,气相色谱-离子迁移谱联用(Gas Chromatography-Ion Migration Spectrum,GC-IMS)技术进行挥发性有机物差异分析。结果表明,原枣汁无论是单一菌种发酵还是混合菌种发酵,总糖、黄酮含量降低,总酸、总酚含量、酒精度均增加,反式阿魏酸、4-羟基苯甲酸、氢化肉桂酸、香草酸、苯甲酸、丁香酸增加;酵母菌发酵枣汁总酚、黄酮、酒精度、苯丙氨酸、儿茶素、表儿茶素、丁香酸、芥子酸含量均高于乳酸菌发酵枣汁,总酸含量低于乳酸菌发酵枣汁;经混菌偶联发酵,糖类物质降解效率、产酸效率、总酚生成率、黄酮留存率以及产酒精效率更高;游离型酚酸反式阿魏酸、反式肉桂酸、香草酸、没食子酸、对香豆酸、苯甲酸、原儿茶酸、咖啡酸、丁香酸较单菌发酵样品高;挥发性成分53种,包括11种醇类化合物、9种酯类化合物、8种酮类化合物、8种醛类化合物、2种酸类化合物、2种吡嗪吡嗪类化合物,混菌发酵样品中风味物质酯类、醇类、醛类分别占17.2%、58.2%、和1.3%,酯类和醛类显著高于乳酸菌发酵样品、酵母菌发酵样品及原枣汁,香味浓烈,因此采用酵母菌、乳酸菌混合发酵,可以有效地增强发酵枣汁的品质,丰富口感,该研究为推动混菌发酵在红枣酵素发酵生产行业的应用,提供相应的理论基础和科学实践依据。

中国史前漆器溯源初探

展示了史前漆器的出土概况,提出了漆器发明的四大要素,对史前重要漆器文物进行简介,分析论证史前用漆文献材料,最后对史前漆器做了综述总结。

乳酸菌的乙醇耐受机制及其在食醋生产中的应用

传统固态发酵食醋因其丰富的菌群在风味、品质等方面有着不可比拟的优势,乳酸菌作为固态食醋发酵中重要的功能微生物,广泛应用于食品、生物等领域。然而,食醋在发酵过程中乳酸菌会受到高乙醇环境的胁迫,因此探究乳酸菌如何在高乙醇环境下生存具有积极意义。该研究选择耐乙醇副干酪乳杆菌(PC-5)和不耐乙醇植物乳杆菌(PR-7)作为实验对比菌株,通过检测生物指标发现:在体积分数为8%的乙醇环境下,PC-5的多糖含量占比和细胞膜通透性分别提高至0.56%和75%,且显著高于PR-7。此外,代谢途径中的己糖激酶(Hexokinase,HK)、6-磷酸果糖激酶(6-Phosphofructokinase,PFK)、丙酮酸激酶(Pyruvate Kinase,PK)的活性均高于PR-7,并分别提高至99.82、2.78、3.43 U/mg。最后,在食醋不同发酵阶段中加入PC-5使其与酵母菌实现共同发酵,结果发现:共发酵食醋体系中多酚的生成和总抗氧化能力比单菌发酵分别提升了32.14%和55.56%。因此乳酸菌对食醋发酵有着良好的促进作用,为乳酸菌参与食醋共发酵提供了良好的理论依据。

复配发酵剂对发酵香肠的品质及挥发性风味的影响

为评判植物乳杆菌(L77)和木糖葡萄球菌(S120)复配发酵剂的优良特性,本研究以不接菌为空白对照组,采用顶空固相微萃取/气相色谱-质谱联用(HS-SPME/GC-MS)等技术分析比较了L77-S120组和L77组对发酵香肠的常规理化和微生物指标、主体挥发性风味化合物数量含量及香型、感官品质的影响。结果显示,L77-S120组的TBARS值、亚硝酸盐含量和肠杆菌数量均显著低于空白组和L77组(P<0.05);L77-S120组的主体挥发性风味物质的数量和含量最多,有10种醛类、3种醇类、2种酯类、1种酸类,4种其他类,差异风味化合物包括庚醛、(E)-2-庚烯醛、蘑菇醇、2-戊基呋喃、反-2-辛烯醛、反-2,4-癸二烯醛、反-2-十一烯醛、2-乙基丁酸、癸酸乙酯、戊醛和壬醇,并且主体挥发性风味物质产油脂香、奶油香和花果香的能力最强。结合感官评价,植物乳杆菌L77和木糖葡萄球菌S120复配组合更适合作为发酵香肠的产香型发酵剂。

复合菌发酵对非油炸方便面品质的影响

通过酵母菌、保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌发酵制备非油炸方便面,通过复水测试、质构分析、电子鼻分析、扫描电子显微镜观察等探讨复合菌发酵工艺对非油炸方便面品质的影响。结果表明,酵母菌主要对样品的复水性和质构产生影响,保加利亚乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌主要对风味起到改善作用。一次发酵工艺有利于维持非油炸方便面的耐泡性,二次发酵工艺有利于改善复水性和风味。经过二次发酵,非油炸方便面的最佳复水时间可缩短到4.0 min,复水后样品的R(2)、R(7)的响应值高达2.8和2.9。由扫描电子显微镜观测结果可知,复合菌发酵能够赋予非油炸方便面疏松多孔的内部结构,其中二次发酵样品的孔隙分布更为均匀。综合评价非油炸方便面的品质,一次发酵、二次发酵工艺中复合菌的适宜添加量均为1.5%酵母菌+0.075%保加利亚乳杆菌+0.075%嗜热链球菌。

基于Ecopath模型的淡水虾蟹池塘多营养层级养殖模式

【目的】研究在淡水虾蟹多营养层级养殖模式内添加罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)对系统的影响,并估算罗氏沼虾最适放养密度,为虾蟹多营养层级养殖模式应用及推广提供依据。【方法】以中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinesis)-罗氏沼虾-日本沼虾(Macrobrachium nipponense)混养实验组和传统中华绒螯蟹-日本沼虾养殖对照组为研究对象,通过全年实测数据和参考资料,采用Ecopath with Ecosim(EwE)6.5软件,分别建立Ecopath模型,分析系统内营养结构和能量流动特征。【结果】实验组的生态营养效率(Ecotrophic efficiency,EE)为0.940,显著高于对照组的0.789(P <0.05),表明系统中增加罗氏沼虾,能提高池塘饲料利用率。实验组二级生态营养效率值为0.203,高于对照组的0.187,表明随罗氏沼虾加入,提高了系统内的次级生产利用率。实验组的联结指数、杂食性指数和香农多样性指数分别为0.395、0.227和1.318,均高于对照组的0.390、0.214和1.243,表明在系统中加入罗氏沼虾,丰富了食物网和能量传递路径,提高了系统的稳定性和成熟性,增加了系统多样性。通过调节实验组罗氏沼虾生物量,估算其生态容量,当罗氏沼虾生物量增加至当前的1.35倍时,罗氏沼虾达到生态容量36.32 t/km^(2)。【结论】在虾蟹池塘内添加罗氏沼虾形成的多营养层级养殖系统成熟度和稳定性上优于传统虾蟹混养系统,罗氏沼虾的最适放养密度为303.75 kg/hm^(2)。

类装配体的构建方法及应用

背景:近年来,许多研究证实类装配体可弥补类器官无法完全重现细胞与细胞、细胞与基质间的互作关系的缺点,但处于发展初期的类装配体构建方式种类繁多,更无统一标准。目的:综述目前类装配体的构建方法、应用和优缺点,为促进体外细胞模型的发展和完善提供指导。方法:以“assembloids,organoids,tumor microenvironment,organoids AND assemble,organoids AND microenvironment”为英文检索词,以“类装配体、类器官、类组装体、肿瘤微环境、类器官重组、多细胞模型”为中文检索词,检索PubMed、中国知网及万方数据库,在排除无关文章及去重后筛选出94篇文章进行综述。结果与结论:①根据细胞来源的不同,可将类装配体的构建方法分为自体组装、直接组装及混合组装3种;根据细胞培养方式的差异,又可分为悬浮培养法、“基质”培养法、器官芯片培养法和3D生物打印法。②自体组装过程涵盖细胞和组织的发育等早期过程,因此,在器官发育和发育障碍等领域有广阔的前景,而分化成熟细胞的功能相对较完善,由它们直接组装成的类装配体在功能障碍及细胞损伤性疾病的研究中更具潜力;自体组装或在器官移植方面更胜一筹,直接组装将更适用于组织损伤的修复,混合组装综合了前两者的优势,多用于探索微环境中细胞的生理和病理机制以及药物筛选等领域。③虽然不同的类装配体各具优势,但都面临脉管系统不完善的难题;每种类装配体构建方法也存在各自的局限性,如自体组装形成的类装配体中细胞分化程度与体内的差异,直接组装模型的细胞种类固定、无法完全反映复杂的体内微环境等均是亟待解决的难题。④将来随着类装配体培养技术的不断完善,研究者们可以在体外组装出具有更复杂组织结构的仿生类器官,为研究人类组织和器官生理及病理过程提供无限趋近真实的模型。

AI主讲课程开发的教师减负效应:一项试验研究

教师负担过重问题日益尖锐,党和国家专门颁布实施了教师减负政策,藉以凸显在教育智能化发展背景里AI主讲课程开发的教师教学减负成效问题。本研究采用融通型混合方法,考察了AI主讲课程开发的教师教学减负成效问题和助理AI执教与独自执教两类教师教学减负话语的差异问题。研究结果显示,基于文化整体论的动态时空融合结构模型观照教师教学减负话语,形成了时间负担、体力负担、情感负担与认知负担的融合型教学负担新概念,为教师教学负担与减负研究提供了新的理论框架;使用文化性话语分析法,在整体层面厘清了AI主讲课程的教师教学减负成效,包括时间减负、体力减负、情感减负和认知减负,其中时间减负成效特别显著,而在具体层面则揭示了助理AI执教和独自执教两类教师对减负效应感受与解释的文化差异并建构了三层环形的“教师教学减负话语结构”整体模型。显然,这些成果对未来教师负担与减负、教师研究者角色发展以及高质量课堂教学创新等课题,无论在实践上还是在研究上,都具有重要的启发意义。

遗产旅游地文化传承式创新对游客行为的多重影响——整合社会和市场视角

文化传承式创新是关乎遗产旅游地文化可持续发展的重要实践,但目前学术界缺乏对其构成及影响效应的探讨。文章通过扎根理论提炼遗产旅游地文化传承式创新的结构维度,并生成相应测量量表,进而整合社会与市场视角构建了一个文化传承式创新对游客行为的多重影响模型,利用结构方程模型进行实证检验。结果显示:首先,遗产旅游地文化传承式创新由4个维度(即文化存真生产、文化创意传播、文化活态展示和文化转化创造)和13个要素构成;其次,遗产旅游地文化传承式创新兼具社会与市场效应,通过体验质量和文化依恋的链式中介作用促进游客遗产保护、价值共创和目的地忠诚。研究结果不仅揭示了遗产旅游地文化传承式创新影响游客多重行为的理论过程,为旅游地文化创新及可持续发展研究提供了综合视角和方法工具,还推动了中国遗产旅游地文化传承式创新的本土化理论与实践发展,为管理者有效发挥遗产旅游地文化传承式创新的积极效应提供理论参考。

不同温度单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌混合培养生物被膜的形成

自然条件下,食品通常会污染多种食源性病原菌,形成由不同病原菌组成的混合菌种生物被膜,从而危及食品安全。因此,采用结晶紫法、MTT法、荧光显微观察、扫描电镜和激光共聚焦显微镜研究了不同温度(4,25,37℃)单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌混合培养生物被膜形成情况。结果表明,4℃培养时,单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长缓慢,混合培养培养时,基本没有生物被膜形成,单增李斯特菌是优势菌;25℃培养时,单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长良好,混合培养时,小部分菌体聚集成团,堆叠在一起形成生物被膜;37℃培养时,单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生长旺盛,混合培养时,大部分菌体聚集成团,堆叠在一起,连成一片形成生物被膜。25℃和37℃混合培养,生物被膜中金黄色葡萄球菌远多于单增李斯特菌。研究为评估食品生产环境中单增李斯特菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的混合菌种生物被膜污染风险和制定高效清除方案提供依据。

废弃有机物用于混合菌群合成PHA的利用现状与挑战

聚羟基脂肪酸酯(polyhydroxyalkanoates,PHA)是一种可完全生物降解材料,具有与传统塑料相似的机械性能,有望替代石油基塑料从源头上解决塑料危机。混合菌群利用廉价的废弃有机物合成PHA,对降低PHA的生产成本,实现废弃有机物的减量化和资源化具有重要意义。底物多样化是混合菌群PHA合成工艺的鲜明特点。本文首先剖析了混合菌群PHA合成系统中底物类型的重要性,进而综述了混合菌群利用不同类型废弃有机物合成PHA的现状,指出废弃有机物基质复杂易造成代谢偏移、产品产量及性能难以精准调控等关键问题。并对混合菌群利用废弃有机物合成PHA的研究进行了展望,需在明晰废弃有机物基质组分基础上,针对性优化底物水解酸化工艺、开发PHA产物性能调控技术和绿色低损耗的产物提纯工艺,最终构建高效能的PHA混合菌群工艺系统。

基于菌藻混合培养合成天然类胡萝卜素的工艺研究及转录组水平分析

为突破单菌培养在微生物类胡萝卜素生产中产率低的问题,采用5 L发酵罐等体积接种高活性粘红酵母和小球藻,研究菌藻混合培养工艺的可行性,进一步从转录水平分析混合体系特定时间的菌藻协同代谢分子机制。结果表明,混合培养可获得最大生物量、残糖利用率、类胡萝卜素产量分别为51.7 g/L、83.3%和29.8 mg/L,实验组类胡萝卜素产量比菌藻纯培养组分别提高了21.5%和77.2%,且混合培养可获得7种类胡萝卜素,提高了玉米黄质和虾青素的占比;发酵36 h时取样测定分析转录组数据发现,实验组与菌藻对照组对比分别获得85个和2858个差异表达基因,GO聚类和KEGG代谢通路分析表明,小球藻可通过强化光合作用和特定类胡萝卜素合成相关基因的上调,实现兼养和改变类胡萝卜素种类的占比。