Quantitative characterization of vertical zonation of Mesozoic granite weathering reservoirs in the coastal area of eastern Fujian Province,China

Weathering crust reservoirs have obvious vertical zonation,which is the focus of weathering crust reservoir research,but there is a lack of quantitative characterization indexes.To achieve the quantitative characterization of granite weathering crust reservoir and provide the basis for oil exploration of granite weathering crust buried hill reservoir,in this paper,the vertical zonation of granite weathering crust reservoir is quantitatively divided by testing and analyzing the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),magnetic susceptibility(MS),permeability,and chemical index of alteration(CIA)of the Mesozoic granite weathering crust in the coastal area of eastern Fujian.The results show that the granite weathering crust reservoir can be divided into four zones vertically:a soil zone(SZ),weathered and dissolved zone(WDZ),fracture zone(FZ),and bedrock zone(BZ).A cataclastic area is developed in the FZ and BZ,in which structural fractures are well-developed,the fracture surface density is usually greater than 200 m/m^(2),and the contribution to the fractures in the rock mass is up to about 50%,making this the sweet spot of the reservoir.In the SZ,the rocks are loose,and the pores are well-developed.The UCS is less than 10 MPa,and the average rate of change of the UCS(Δ_(σ))is 0.90.The average permeability is 2823.00 mD,and the average rate of change of the permeability(Δ_(κ))is 5.13.The average CIA is 74.9%.The average clay mineral content is 7%.The rocks in the WDZ have been significantly weathered by physical and chemical processes,and the weathering fractures and dissolution pores are well-developed.The average UCS is 18.2 MPa,and the averageΔ_(σ)is 0.70.The average permeability is 143.80 mD,and averageΔ_(κ)is 4.17.The average CIA is 65.3%.The average clay mineral content is 4%.Under the influence of tectonic movement and physical weathering,the rocks in the FZ have developed structural fractures and a few weathered fractures.The average UCS is 57.9 MPa,and the averageΔ_(σ)is 0.18.The average permeability is 5.50 mD,and the averageΔ_(κ)is 2.55.The average CIA is 61.6%.The average clay mineral content is 2%.In the BZ,the rocks are intact and hard.The average UCS is 69.9 MPa,and the average Ds is 0.13.The average permeability is 1.46 mD,and the averageΔ_(κ)is 1.43.The average CIA is 57.8%.The average clay mineral content is less than 1%.The multi-parameter combination of the UCS,Δ_(σ),permeability,Δ_(κ),CIA,and clay mineral content achieved good results in the division of the zones of the weathering crust.The UCS increases gradually from top to bottom,while Ds,permeability,Δ_(κ),CIA,and clay mineral content all decrease gradually.In addition,based on the petrophysical parameters of the rocks,including the density,resistivity,and acoustic velocity,a good division effect was also achieved,which can provide a basis for the vertical zonation of the granite buried-hill weathering crust reservoir.

Quantitative characterization of tight gas sandstone reservoirs using seismic data via an integrated rock-physics-based framework

Seismic characterizing of tight gas sandstone (TGS) reservoirs is essential for identifying promising gas-bearing regions. However, exploring the petrophysical significance of seismic-inverted elastic properties is challenging due to the complex microstructures in TGSs. Meanwhile, interbedded structures of sandstone and mudstone intensify the difficulty in accurately extracting the crucial tight sandstone properties. An integrated rock-physics-based framework is proposed to estimate the reservoir quality of TGSs from seismic data. TGSs with complex pore structures are modeled using the double-porosity model, providing a practical tool to compute rock physics templates for reservoir parameter estimation. The VP/VS ratio is utilized to predict the cumulative thickness of the TGS reservoirs within the target range via the threshold value evaluated from wireline logs for lithology discrimination. This approach also facilitates better capturing the elastic properties of the TGSs for quantitative seismic interpretation. Total porosity is estimated from P-wave impedance using the correlation obtained based on wireline log analysis. After that, the three-dimensional rock-physics templates integrated with the estimated total porosity are constructed to interpret microfracture porosity and gas saturation from velocity ratio and bulk modulus. The integrated framework can optimally estimate the parameters dominating the reservoir quality. The results of the indicator proposed based on the obtained parameters are in good agreement with the gas productions and can be utilized to predict promising TGS reservoirs. Moreover, the results suggest that considering microfracture porosity allows a more accurate prediction of high-quality reservoirs, further validating the applicability of the proposed method in the studied region.

Theoretical Study on Quantitative Characterization of Interlayer Interference in Multi-Layer Commingled Production

X oilfield is a typical layered reservoir with a large vertical span and many oil-bearing formations. There are significant differences in reservoir types and fluid properties among various formations. The interlayer interference is severe in the development process. At present, the interlayer interference research based on dynamic monitoring data cannot meet development adjustment needs. Combined with the field test results, through the indoor physical simulation experiment method, dynamic inversion method, and reservoir engineering method, this paper analyzes the main control factors and interference mechanism of interlayer interference, studies the variation law of interference coefficient, improves and forms the quantitative characteristic Theory of interlayer interference in multi-layer commingled production, and provides theoretical guidance for the total adjustment of the middle strata division in the oilfield.

STUDY ON THE SEQUENCE STRUCTURE OF BUTADIENE-STYRENE RUBBER BY ^(13)C-NMR METHOD Ⅲ. QUANTITATIVE CHARACTERIZATION OF SEQUENCE STRUCTURE

The quantitative description of the sequence structure of emulsion-processed SBR and solution-processed SBR (by lithium catalyst)was carried out based on their spectral data Of ^(13)C-NMR.The calculating formulae which could be used to obtain diad concentration from the peak intensifies of carbon spectra, average block length, average number of block, and the microstructure composition of the molecular chain were derived. The quantitative result showed that on the molecular chain styrene unit had the tendency to attach to trans-1,4 butadiene unit. The calculated result of the microstructure was in good agreement with that obtained through IR measurement.

Research on Bribery Characterization of Property Developers in Land Market: Based on Quantitative Analysis

Taking Wuhan,Nanjing and Guangzhou as examples and using Logistic model and Moran index,this paper made a quantitative analysis on bribery characterization of developers in land market. It found that( i) bribery behavior of developers is promoted by supply and demands;( ii) bribery behavior of developers takes on regional agglomeration and difference. It reached following conclusions:( i) under the influence of macro factors and micro factors,bribery behavior of developers is rational selection after full consideration of institutional environment and corporate strength,and is passive to a certain extent;( ii) bribery behavior of developers has certain spatial correlation,and the high-high correlation characteristic is most significant.

“Second quantitative characterization”and its application in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs

The Ordovician fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs of Tarim Basin,are featured by developed vugs,caves and fractures.The strong heterogeneity results in huge uncertainty when these reservoirs are quantitatively characterized using merely static seismic data.The effective quantitative characterization of the reservoirs has been an urgent problem to be solved.This study creatively proposes the"second quantitative characterization"technique with the combination of dynamic and static data based on the primary static quantitative characterization and fully considering lots of key influence factors when conducting characterization.In this technique,dynamic analysis methods such as well testing,production rate transient analysis,dynamic reserve evaluation and dynamic connectivity evaluation are used to get understandings on this kind of reservoir.These understandings are used as statistical parameters to constrain the inversion of seismic wave impedance to improve the relationship between wave impedance and porosity and determine the fracture-vug morphology,calculate dynamic reserves,and then a more accurate fracture-vugmodel can be selected and used to calculate the oil-water contact inversely based on the results of"second quantitative characterization".This method can lower the uncertainties in the primary quantitative characterization of fracture-vug reservoirs,enhance the accuracy of characterization results significantly,and has achieved good application results in the fracture-vug carbonate reservoirs of Tarim Basin.

Transparent characterization and quantitative analysis of broken gangue's 3D fabric under the bearing compression

Broken gangue has been extensively used in rockfill dams,subgrade,embankment,foundation cushion and other engineering construction.The deformation characteristics of broken gangue under the bearing compression play a decisive role in the firmness,stability and safety of these structures(buildings),and the meso-fabric change of broken gangue under the bearing compression significantly affects its macro deformation.In this study,the transparent characterization and quantitative analysis of 3D fabric of broken gangue under the bearing compression were performed through CT scanning test,image processing and 3D reconstruction technology,and the influence mechanism of internal fabric of broken gangue on its macro deformation was revealed.The results show that:In the loading stage of 0–2 MPa,the sharp corners,thin edges on the blocks and the bar-shaped and blade-shaped blocks with poor regularity are broken first under the bearing compression;in the loading stage of 2–8 MPa,a large number of larger particles in the sample are crushed in the mode of fragmentation;in the loading stage of 8–10 MPa,the breakage degree of samples is relieved.The axial displacement of the block inside the sample occurs,as well as the lateral displacement of the block converging to the central axis of the sample.In the rapid deformation stage,the macro deformation of the broken gangue is mainly caused by the rearrangement and adjustment of the block structure and the breakage of the block;in the slow deformation stage,it is mainly caused by the breakage of the block;in the stable deformation stage,it is mainly caused by the optimization and adjustment of the bearing skeleton in the sample.

Quantitative Characterization and Genesis Analysis of Complex Modals of Pore Structure in Alluvial-Fan Sandy Conglomerate Reservoirs

新疆油田冲积扇砂砾岩储层岩石类型多样,颗粒大小混杂,分选极差,储层孔隙结构具有典型的多种模态特征,即单模态、双模态与复模态等。利用铸体薄片、压汞、恒速压汞资料定量表征了七东1区砂砾岩储层复杂模态孔隙特征以及连通特征,利用多元回归分析法建立复杂模态孔隙结构储层的识别模型。以此为基础,分析了冲积扇砂砾岩储层孔隙结构复杂模态成因机制。研究表明:单模态储层主要以Ⅰ类储层为主,双模态储层以Ⅱ、Ⅲ类储层为主,复模态储层以Ⅲ类储层为主。从单模态类型到复模态孔喉组合类型,孔隙发育由好变差,由连通较好的网状到连通较差的星点状,面孔率降低,平均孔径减小,孔喉配位数减小。利用已有147块样品统计发现,七东1区下克拉玛依组储层中单模态储层占19%、双模态储层占48%、复模态储层占33%。由此提出不同模态判断标准,建立了储层孔隙结构预测模型,揭示了储层构型、成岩后作用及注水(聚)开发中后期的系列变化等多因素是导致形成复杂模态的原因。

Studies on a Novel Characteristic Atom-pair Holographic Code Applied to Quantitative Structure-chromatographic Retention Relationship of Organic Compounds

6 Atomic fragment types of organic compound have been defined, and the multilevel atom-pair frequency matrix has been constructed according to the occurrence number in pairs of atomic fragments with different bond lengths in the molecule. On the basis of them, a novel molecular coding technique： characteristic atom-pair holographic code （CAHC）, is obtained. To some extent, this method exhibits a large number of benefits at the same time. For example, it can calculate 2D molecular topological descriptor easily, operate without difficulty and possess definite physicochemical meaning of 3D molecular structural characterization methods, and may fetch the complicated information of molecule, etc. Therefore, it is appropriate for the study on quantitative structure-property/activity relationship （QSPR/QSAR） of medicines and biological molecules. We attempt in this paper to utilize the method of CAHC to the quantitative prediction of reversed-phase liquid chromatogram （RPLC） retention data of 33 purine derivatives and 24 steroids. The fitting multiple correlation coefficient R2, cross-validated multiple correlation coefficient Q2 and predicted ability Q^2 pred over test set＇s samples of obtained partial least-square （PLS） regression model are respectively 0.990, 0.893 and 0.977, 0.897, 0.941.

Triple three-dimensional MS/MS spectrum facilitates quantitative ginsenosides-targeted sub-metabolome characterization in notoginseng

Although serving as the workhorse,MS/MS cannot fully satisfy the analytical requirements of quantitative sub-metabolome characterization.Because more information intrinsically correlates to more structural and concentration clues,here,efforts were devoted to comprehensively tracing and deciphering MS/MS behaviors through constructing triple three-dimensional(3×3D)-MS/MS spectrum.Ginsenosides-targeted metabolomics of notoginseng,one of the most famous edible medicinal plants,was employed as a proof-of-concept.Serial authentic ginsenosides were deployed to build the correlations between 3×3D-MS/MS spectra and structure/concentration features.Through assaying ginsenosides with progressive concentrations using QTOF-MS to configure 1st 3D spectrum,the generations of MS1 spectral signals,particularly multi-charged multimer anions,e.g.,[2Me2H]^(2-) and[2M+2HCOO]^(2-) ions,relied on both concentration and the amount of sugar chains.By programming progressive collision energies to the front collision cell of Qtrap-MS device to gain 2^(nd) 3D spectrum,optimal collision energy(OCE)corresponding to the glycosidic bond fission was primarily correlated with the masses of precursor and fragment ions and partially governed by the glycosidation site.The quantitative relationships between OCEs and masses of precursor and fragment ions were utilized to build large-scale quantitative program for ginsenosides.After applying progressive exciting energies to the back collision chamber to build 3^(rd) 3D spectrum,the fragment ion and the decomposition product anion exhibited identical dissociation trajectories when they shared the same molecular geometry.After ginsenosides-focused quantitative metabolomics,significant differences occurred for sub-metabolome amongst different parts of notoginseng.The differential ginsenosides were confirmatively identified by applying the correlations between 3×3D-MS/MS spectra and structures.Together,3×3D-MS/MS spectrum covers all MS/MS behaviors and dramatically facilitates sub-metabolome characterization from both quantitative program development and structural identification.

Study on Quantitative Character for Anatomy in Tomato Seedling Stem

The results of quantitative characters for anatomy in stems of three varieties tomatoes seedlings showed that the cell population between vascular bundle and epidermis, the cellular layers among vascular bundles and the cell population in an unit area （mm^2） of no vascular bundle areas were similar and there had small difference among three varieties. On the foundation of these studies, the developmental mechanism of tomato seedling stem was discussed.

Ecological Coupling Analysis and Genetic Effect Evaluation of Quantitative Characters in Lonicera edulis

Lonicera edulis is a perennial berry shrub that prefers the cold and wet climate, with high nutritional and medicinal value. In this study, ecological cou- pling capability of L. edulis with light, heat, water and soil resources in cold regions was investigated to analyze comprehensively ecological effects of quantitative characters and genetic effects of parents, aiming at providing a theoretical basis for the breeding, introduction and domestication of fine varieties of L. edulis in cold regions of China. The results showed that fruit characters in L. edulis exhibited certain variations among different habitat types. To be specific, fruit vertical diame- ter varied slightly, fruit horizontal diameter varied greatly and seed number varied maximally, with the average variance coefficients of 9.38%, 11.92% and 20. 64%, respectively; in addition, fruit characters in L. edtdis exhibited moderate herilability, moderate genetic gain and low level of genetic differentiation; the heritability of fruit vertical diameter, fruit horizontal diameter and seed number was 0.825, 0. 559 and 0. 627, respectively; the genetic gain of these three fruit characters was 7.53%, 5.72% and 11. 94%, respectively, resulting in significant economical benefits.

Revisiting support optimization at the Driskos tunnel usinga quantitative risk approach

With the scale and cost of geotechnical engineering projects increasing rapidly over the past few decades,there is a clear need for the careful consideration of calculated risks in design.While risk is typically dealt with subjectively through the use of conservative design parameters,with the advent of reliability-based methods,this no longer needs to be the case.Instead,a quantitative risk approach can be considered that incorporates uncertainty in ground conditions directly into the design process to determine the variable ground response and support loads.This allows for the optimization of support on the basis of both worker safety and economic risk.This paper presents the application of such an approach to review the design of the initial lining system along a section of the Driskos twin tunnels as part of the Egnatia Odos highway in northern Greece.Along this section of tunnel,weak rock masses were encountered as well as high in situ stress conditions,which led to excessive deformations and failure of the as built temporary support.Monitoring data were used to validate the rock mass parameters selected in this area and a risk approach was used to determine,in hindsight,the most appropriate support category with respect to the cost of installation and expected cost of failure.Different construction sequences were also considered in the context of both convenience and risk cost.

Study on the Quantitative Structure-toxicity Relationships for the Selected Esters by Using Molecular Electronegativity Interaction Vector (MEIV)

The molecular electronegativity interaction vector （MEIV） was used to describe the molecular structure of 30 selected esters. Two excellent QSTR models were built up by using multiple linear regression （MLR） and partial least-squares regression （PLS）. The correlation coefficients （R） of the two models were 0.945 and 0.941, respectively. The models were evaluated by performing the cross validation with the leave-one-out （LOO） procedure. The cross-verification correlation coefficients （RCV） of the two models were 0.921 and 0.919, respectively. The results showed that the models constructed in this work could provide estimation stability and favorable predictive ability.

Quantitative characterization of filamentous fungal promoters on a single-cell resolution to discover cryptic natural products

Characterization of filamentous fungal regulatory elements remains challenging because of time-consuming transformation technologies and limited quantitative methods.Here we established a method for quantitative assessment of filamentous fungal promoters based on flow cytometry detection of the superfolder green fluorescent protein at single-cell resolution.Using this quantitative method,we acquired a library of 93 native promoter elements from Aspergillus nidulans in a high-throughput format.The strengths of identified promoters covered a 37-fold range by flow cytometry.P_(zipA) and P_(sltA)were identified as the strongest promoters,which were 2.9-and 1.5-fold higher than that of the commonly used constitutive promoter P_(gpdA).Thus,we applied P_(zipA)and P_(sltA)to activate the silent nonribosomal peptide synthetase gene Afpes1 from Aspergillus fumigatus in its native host and the heterologous host A.nidulans.The metabolic products of Afpes1 were identified as new cyclic tetrapeptide derivatives,namely,fumiganins A and B.Our method provides an innovative strategy for natural product discovery in fungi.

Research on Characters of Leaf Epidermal Cells' Quantities of Solanaceous Vegetable Crops

Tomatoes, peppers and eggplants＇ seedings were used as experiment materials to study the leaf development mechanism of solanaceous vegetable crops by using blot observation method. Results showed that an increasing trend was presented at the density of cells and stomata in upper and lower epidermis, but a declined trend was presented at the cells＇ diameters and the size of stomata with the joint position rising. At the same joint position, no matter in adaxial side or abaxial side, there were some differences among cells diameters, size of stomata, density of cells and stomata.

页岩基质孔隙油微观赋存及可动性定量表征——以东营凹陷沙河街组为例

页岩基质孔隙油微观赋存特征及可动性是制约陆相页岩油高效开采的关键要素。本文针对页岩基质孔隙内不同相态油的含量、比例、分布及可动性开展定量化表征研究,从理论上提出了页岩油吸附量、游离量、可动量评价模型以及吸附油占比评价模型(即吸附比例方程),建立了基于饱和—离心—核磁共振联合实验的孔隙油微观赋存及可动性评价方法。上述模型与方法在渤海湾盆地济阳坳陷东营凹陷沙河街组页岩油储层中进行了应用,揭示了实验条件(20℃、常压)下页岩基质孔隙中轻质油(正十二烷)微观赋存与可动性特征。结果显示:(1)富有机质页岩吸附油、游离油含量普遍大于含有机质页岩,吸/游比主体介于1~2,不同类型页岩中吸附油、游离油赋存空间具有差异性。(2)富有机质页岩吸附油平均密度(0.8331 g/cm^(3))略大于含有机质页岩(0.8067 g/cm^(3)),富有机质页岩吸附油平均厚度(1.7475 nm)约为含有机质页岩(0.5734 nm)的3倍,富有机质页岩具有更强的油—岩相互作用。(3)游离油赋存孔隙直径下限(d_(min))数值上等于吸附油平均厚度与孔隙形状因子的乘积,富有机质页岩d_(min)介于3.5~10.5 nm,开始主要富集游离油的孔隙直径约为100 nm;含有机质页岩d_(min)介于1.1~3.4 nm,开始主要富集游离油的孔隙直径约为30 nm。(4)富有机质页岩孔隙油可动性相对更好,其可动性指数(平均6.24 mg·g^(-1)·MPa^(-1))高于含有机质页岩(平均5.20 mg·g^(-1)·MPa^(-1)),孔隙油吸/游比约为1.5时具有较好可动性。(5)以油—岩相互作用为纽带,构建了页岩含油性、储集性及页岩油可动性之间的耦合关系,并数学描述了它们之间的内在联系,为寻找优质页岩油储层奠定了理论基础。

激光诱导击穿光谱技术对钕铁硼永磁材料中多元素的定量表征

“磁王”钕铁硼是现今性能最为优异的永磁体,因其优异的磁性能被广泛应用于工业互联网、新能源、 5G通讯等诸多高新科技领域。目前研究钕铁硼材料中元素成分的主要分析方法有电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)和X射线荧光光谱(XRF),其中ICP-OES是湿法分析,样品前处理复杂,测试周期长,而XRF法可实现直接分析,但受制于其轻元素的检测能力很难满足对钕铁硼材料中主要轻元素B的分析需求。激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)技术具有分析效率高,样品前处理简单,多元素直接分析,适用于现场分析、在线分析等技术优点,使其在快速定量表征方面展现出其独有的优势。运用LIBS分析技术开展对钕铁硼材料中多元素定量表征的直接、快速分析的方法研究,首先针对钕铁硼材料中定量表征的九个元素Nd、 Co、 B、 Dy、 Tb、 Pr、 Cu、 Al、 Ga完成特征谱线的筛选,通过对系统激光器电压、激光剥蚀方式等因素在不同条件下对钕铁硼材料光谱信号稳定性的影响分析,优化并确立了分析条件,最终选用720V的激光器电压,15个预剥蚀脉冲15个剥蚀脉冲的激光剥蚀方式为钕铁硼样品的分析条件;其次,选取8个通过ICP-OES法定值的烧结钕铁硼样品,样品具有元素成分的梯度差异化特征,作为建立分析方法的标准样品,采用标准曲线法通过相对强度与浓度的关联方式,建立钕铁硼样品中Nd、 Co、 B、 Dy、 Tb、 Pr、 Cu、 Al、 Ga九个元素的定量分析校准曲线;最后选取两个烧结钕铁硼试样,运用建立的定量分析方法完成九个元素的定量表征,分析时间小于30 s,其定量结果与ICP-OES法测定结果的比对,具有较好的一致性。运用激光诱导击穿光谱分析技术实现了对钕铁硼材料中多元素成分的直接、同时、快速定量表征,为钕铁硼材料的快速定量表征提供了新的技术思路和表征方法。

膨胀型钢结构防火涂层隔热性能的研究进展

隔热性能的准确量化是防火涂层厚度设计的关键。膨胀型钢结构防火涂层的隔热性能在高温下受升温速率的影响,投入使用后其隔热性能会发生退化,这些特点给膨胀型钢结构防火涂层的厚度设计提出了挑战。总结了膨胀型钢结构防火涂层隔热性能的定量表征方法,分析了隔热性能的影响因素以及这些因素的作用机理和规律,提出了膨胀型钢结构防火涂层厚度设计涉及的关键科学问题及解决方法。

下扬子地区荷塘组细粒沉积岩岩相划分及微观孔隙发育特征

下扬子地区下寒武统荷塘组细粒沉积岩岩相微观孔隙发育特征不清楚制约了页岩气的勘探开发。基于普通薄片观察、氩离子抛光扫描电镜(SEM)分析、物性测试、X射线衍射全岩矿物及黏土矿物含量分析、N_(2)及CO_(2)等温吸附实验、聚焦离子束扫描电镜(FIBSEM)分析等实验资料,建立了荷塘组细粒沉积岩岩相划分方案,分析了不同岩相的微观孔隙结构特征。研究表明:①荷塘组细粒沉积岩主要发育块状硅质泥岩相、纹层状硅质页岩相、块状含黏土硅质泥岩相、块状硅/灰混合质泥岩相和块状混合灰质泥岩相5种岩相类型。②荷塘组不同细粒沉积岩岩相孔隙度和渗透率差异较大。孔隙类型主要为粒间孔、晶间孔、粒内孔、有机质孔和微裂缝,以微米-纳米级孔隙为主。介孔孔径为2.0~10.0 nm,微孔孔径为0.4~0.9 nm。③块状硅/灰混合质泥岩相有机质和脆性矿物含量高,粒间孔与微裂缝发育,孔隙度和渗透率较大、孔隙连通性较好、比表面积较大,为荷塘组最有利的页岩气勘探开发细粒沉积岩岩相。块状含黏土硅质泥岩相孔隙比表面积和孔体积较高,脆性指数、孔隙度和渗透率低于块状硅/灰混合质泥岩相,为次要的有利岩相。