A saltmarsh has developed rapidly on the mudflat of Andong Shoal,in southern Hangzhou Bay,over the last decade since embankment.The saltmarsh vegetation changes are driven by both sediment dynamic conditions and the c...A saltmarsh has developed rapidly on the mudflat of Andong Shoal,in southern Hangzhou Bay,over the last decade since embankment.The saltmarsh vegetation changes are driven by both sediment dynamic conditions and the competition between the exotic species Spartina alterniflora(S.alterniflora) and the native species Scirpus mariqueter(S.mariqueter).This study attempted to investigate large-scale spatial variations in the exotic and native species,by analyzing and interpreting a time series(2016-2018) of high-resolution(less than 1 m) remote sensing images.The total area of the saltmarsh increased at a rate of 1.07 km^2/year,due to the accretion of the whole tidal flat.The spatial patterns revealed a new bimodal pattern for S.alterniflora invasion.S.alterniflora expanded over the upper to middle saltmarsh at a rate of1.68 km2/year.However,the S.alterniflora patches at the seaward edge expanded at a negative rate of-0.005 km^2/year,indicating a different pattern in competition:S.alterniflora had more advantages in the upper saltmarsh,while S.mariqueter had more advantages in the pioneer zone with low elevation.Consequently,S.alterniflora mainly established new habitats by invading S.mariqueter in the middle saltmarsh,but S.mariqueter occupied the bare mudflat for tradeoff.Our results aindicated that the interspecific competition result between S.alterniflora and S.mariqueter depended on elevation,and low elevation might create a favorable environment for S.mariqueter to win the competition with exotic species.This finding could be applied to future invasive species control and saltmarsh management.展开更多
Background:Animals need to adjust their vigilance strategies when foraging between physically contrasting veg-etated and non-vegetated habitats.Vegetated habitats may pose a greater risk for some if vegetation charact...Background:Animals need to adjust their vigilance strategies when foraging between physically contrasting veg-etated and non-vegetated habitats.Vegetated habitats may pose a greater risk for some if vegetation characteristics function as a visual obstruction but benefit others if they serve as protective shelter.Variation in group size,presence of similar species,along with variation in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance can also influence vigilance investment.Methods:In this study,we quantified the vigilance behaviour of two large-bodied,sympatric migratory curlew species-Far Eastern Curlew(Numenius madagascariensis)and Eurasian Curlew(N.arquata)-in vegetated Suaeda salsa saltmarsh and non-vegetated mudflat habitat in Liaohekou National Nature Reserve,China.We used linear mixed models to examine the effects of habitat type,season,tide time,flock size(conspecific and heterospecific),and human disturbance on curlew vigilance investment.Results:Both species spent a higher percentage of time under visual obstruction in S.salsa habitat compared to mudflat habitat but in response,only Far Eastern Curlew increased their percentage of vigilance time,indicating that visual obstruction in this habitat is only a concern for this species.There was no evidence that S.salsa vegetation served as a form of cryptic background colouration since neither species decreased their vigilance effect in S.salsa habitat in spring compared to the autumn migration season.The effect of curlew social environment(i.e.flock size)was habitat dependent since percentage of vigilance time by curlews in saltmarsh increased with both the number of individual curlews and number of other birds present,but not in mudflat habitat.Conclusions:We conclude that both migratory curlew species exhibit a flexible vigilance adjustment strategy to cope with the different environmental and social conditions of adjacent and sharply contrasting coastal habitats,and that the trade-off between the risks of foraging and the abundance of prey may be a relatively common phenom-enon in these and other shorebird populations.展开更多
滨海盐沼的碳库变化可为蓝碳碳汇核算提供依据。为量化短时间尺度(季节到年际尺度)内滨海盐沼碳库的固碳速率,基于高分辨率的地表高程监测系统,于2022年在杭州湾南岸典型滨海盐沼开展了季节性的观测和采样分析。研究结果表明,在观测期间...滨海盐沼的碳库变化可为蓝碳碳汇核算提供依据。为量化短时间尺度(季节到年际尺度)内滨海盐沼碳库的固碳速率,基于高分辨率的地表高程监测系统,于2022年在杭州湾南岸典型滨海盐沼开展了季节性的观测和采样分析。研究结果表明,在观测期间,本地种海三棱藨草和外来种互花米草的生长呈现季节性变化特征,植物生长主要集中在3—9月。就植物碳库的地下部分而言,海三棱藨草固碳量达到11 g C·m^(-2),互花米草盐沼则较高,为56 g C·m^(-2)。地表高程监测数据表明,海三棱藨草盐沼的沉积速率为12.30 cm·a^(-1),略低于互花米草盐沼的沉积速率(13.02 cm·a^(-1))。结合沉积速率与沉积物容重、有机碳含量等数据,可以算得观测期间,海三棱藨草盐沼沉积物碳埋藏速率为460 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),互花米草盐沼沉积物碳埋藏速率为588 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),这两种滨海湿地的碳埋藏速率也具有季节性,在夏、秋季达到高值。结合植物碳库和沉积物碳库结果可知,杭州湾南岸滨海盐沼生态系统具有较高的固碳速率,外来种生态系统固碳速率(644 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))高于本地种生态系统固碳速率(471 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。在将来的滨海湿地蓝碳管理工作中,需要考虑不同物种之间的差异性。展开更多
基金supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(Grant No.41776096).
文摘A saltmarsh has developed rapidly on the mudflat of Andong Shoal,in southern Hangzhou Bay,over the last decade since embankment.The saltmarsh vegetation changes are driven by both sediment dynamic conditions and the competition between the exotic species Spartina alterniflora(S.alterniflora) and the native species Scirpus mariqueter(S.mariqueter).This study attempted to investigate large-scale spatial variations in the exotic and native species,by analyzing and interpreting a time series(2016-2018) of high-resolution(less than 1 m) remote sensing images.The total area of the saltmarsh increased at a rate of 1.07 km^2/year,due to the accretion of the whole tidal flat.The spatial patterns revealed a new bimodal pattern for S.alterniflora invasion.S.alterniflora expanded over the upper to middle saltmarsh at a rate of1.68 km2/year.However,the S.alterniflora patches at the seaward edge expanded at a negative rate of-0.005 km^2/year,indicating a different pattern in competition:S.alterniflora had more advantages in the upper saltmarsh,while S.mariqueter had more advantages in the pioneer zone with low elevation.Consequently,S.alterniflora mainly established new habitats by invading S.mariqueter in the middle saltmarsh,but S.mariqueter occupied the bare mudflat for tradeoff.Our results aindicated that the interspecific competition result between S.alterniflora and S.mariqueter depended on elevation,and low elevation might create a favorable environment for S.mariqueter to win the competition with exotic species.This finding could be applied to future invasive species control and saltmarsh management.
基金supported by National Key Research and Develop-ment Program of China(No.2017YFC1403500 to JL)National Natural Science Foundation of China(No.31911540468 and 31672316 to DL)+1 种基金non-profit Foundation of Marine Environment and Ecological Conservation of CNOOC(CF-MEEC/TR/2020-20 to ZZ)Natural Science Foundation of Liaoning Province of China(2019-MS-154 to DL).
文摘Background:Animals need to adjust their vigilance strategies when foraging between physically contrasting veg-etated and non-vegetated habitats.Vegetated habitats may pose a greater risk for some if vegetation characteristics function as a visual obstruction but benefit others if they serve as protective shelter.Variation in group size,presence of similar species,along with variation in environmental conditions and anthropogenic disturbance can also influence vigilance investment.Methods:In this study,we quantified the vigilance behaviour of two large-bodied,sympatric migratory curlew species-Far Eastern Curlew(Numenius madagascariensis)and Eurasian Curlew(N.arquata)-in vegetated Suaeda salsa saltmarsh and non-vegetated mudflat habitat in Liaohekou National Nature Reserve,China.We used linear mixed models to examine the effects of habitat type,season,tide time,flock size(conspecific and heterospecific),and human disturbance on curlew vigilance investment.Results:Both species spent a higher percentage of time under visual obstruction in S.salsa habitat compared to mudflat habitat but in response,only Far Eastern Curlew increased their percentage of vigilance time,indicating that visual obstruction in this habitat is only a concern for this species.There was no evidence that S.salsa vegetation served as a form of cryptic background colouration since neither species decreased their vigilance effect in S.salsa habitat in spring compared to the autumn migration season.The effect of curlew social environment(i.e.flock size)was habitat dependent since percentage of vigilance time by curlews in saltmarsh increased with both the number of individual curlews and number of other birds present,but not in mudflat habitat.Conclusions:We conclude that both migratory curlew species exhibit a flexible vigilance adjustment strategy to cope with the different environmental and social conditions of adjacent and sharply contrasting coastal habitats,and that the trade-off between the risks of foraging and the abundance of prey may be a relatively common phenom-enon in these and other shorebird populations.
文摘滨海盐沼的碳库变化可为蓝碳碳汇核算提供依据。为量化短时间尺度(季节到年际尺度)内滨海盐沼碳库的固碳速率,基于高分辨率的地表高程监测系统,于2022年在杭州湾南岸典型滨海盐沼开展了季节性的观测和采样分析。研究结果表明,在观测期间,本地种海三棱藨草和外来种互花米草的生长呈现季节性变化特征,植物生长主要集中在3—9月。就植物碳库的地下部分而言,海三棱藨草固碳量达到11 g C·m^(-2),互花米草盐沼则较高,为56 g C·m^(-2)。地表高程监测数据表明,海三棱藨草盐沼的沉积速率为12.30 cm·a^(-1),略低于互花米草盐沼的沉积速率(13.02 cm·a^(-1))。结合沉积速率与沉积物容重、有机碳含量等数据,可以算得观测期间,海三棱藨草盐沼沉积物碳埋藏速率为460 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),互花米草盐沼沉积物碳埋藏速率为588 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1),这两种滨海湿地的碳埋藏速率也具有季节性,在夏、秋季达到高值。结合植物碳库和沉积物碳库结果可知,杭州湾南岸滨海盐沼生态系统具有较高的固碳速率,外来种生态系统固碳速率(644 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))高于本地种生态系统固碳速率(471 g C·m^(-2)·a^(-1))。在将来的滨海湿地蓝碳管理工作中,需要考虑不同物种之间的差异性。
