Sexual Conduct before Marriage and Subsequent Marital Happiness in Shanghai

Objective To investigate the links between wives＇ marital happiness and premarital sex and related consequences in Shanghai during 1980s Methods About 8 000 newly married couples were followed up at the 3rd and 15th month after their marriage. Results About 12% of them reported premarital intercourse. This proportion was higher among less educated couples with blue-collar jobs. About 63% of the sexually active caused pregnant before marriage. Most pregnancies were legitimised by marriage but 1/4 ended in induced abortion. Over 3/4 （78%） of wives reported that they were happy with the marriage in general, while 72% of wives were happy with the sexual aspects of their marriage. Results showed a strong relationship between marital happiness and the occurrence of a premarital abortion. Less educated and latearring women were more likely to assess their marriage neutrally or negatively. Conclusion Unhappiness with marriage in general and with marital sexual life were significantly higher among women with premarital abortion, and among less educated and late-marrying women.

The View of Marriage in Lady Chatterley's Lover

Lady Chatterley's Lover has been controversial fiercely since it first published in 1928. In the novel the author calls for a complete emancipation of sex between man and woman, which is the ideal balance of human being. Systematically and comprehensively, my essay will analyze the characters' marriages, including Connie's parents, her sister, Clifford and Connie, Mellors and his wife, and the ideal couple — Mellors and Connie. Through them, the essay will explore D.H. Lawrence's view of marriage and finally judge the view.

Mutations in Exons of the CYP17-Ⅱ Gene Affect Sex Steroid Concentration in Male Japanese Flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus)

As a specific gene of fish,cytochrome P450c17-Ⅱ(CYP17-Ⅱ) gene plays a key role in the growth,development and reproduction level of fish.In this study,the single-stranded conformational polymorphism(SSCP) technique was used to characterize polymorphisms within the coding region of CYP17-Ⅱ gene in a population of 75 male Japanese flounder(Paralichthys olivaceus).Three single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) were identified in CYP17-Ⅱ gene of Japanese flounder.They were c.G594A(p.G188R),c.G939A and c.G1502A(p.G490D).SNP1(c.G594A),located in exon 4 of CYP17-Ⅱ gene,was significantly associated with gonadosomatic index(GSI).Individuals with genotype GG of SNP1 had significantly lower GSI(P < 0.05) than those with geno-type AA or AG.SNP2(c.G939A) located at the CpG island of CYP17-Ⅱ gene.The mutation changed the methylation of exon 6.Indi-viduals with genotype AA of SNP2 had significantly lower serum testosterone(T) level and hepatosomatic index(HSI) compared to those with genotype GG.The results suggested that SNP2 could influence the reproductive endocrine of male Japanese flounder.How-ever,the SNP3(c.G1502A) located in exon 9 did not affect the four measured reproductive traits.This study showed that CYP17-Ⅱ gene could be a potentially useful candidate gene for the research of genetic breeding and physiological aspects of Japanese flounder.

1,3,5,7-四乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷的硝解反应机理

为了更好地指导五氧化二氮(N2O5)硝解1,3,5,7-四乙酰基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷(TAT)制备奥克托今(HMX)的生产,研究了TAT在N2O5/HNO3体系中的硝解反应机理。采用柱层析从硝解产物中分离得到了两个副产物,并采用1H NMR、IR以及元素分析进行了结构表征,确证其为1,5-二乙酰基-3,7-二硝基-1,3,5,7,-四氮杂辛烷(DADN)和1-乙酰基-3,5,7-三硝基-1,3,5,7-四氮杂环辛烷(SEX)。TAT先迅速硝解形成一硝基化合物,再快速硝化形成DADN,DADN中酰胺碱性降低,反应慢慢硝化形成SEX,SEX再以更慢的速度硝化形成HMX,其中k2>k1,k2>k3>k4。

性别比失衡是否会削弱男孩偏好?

人口长期均衡发展是国家的重大战略要求,人口性别结构的均衡则是其关键内涵之一。而我国长期以来存在着强烈的男孩偏好,这种传统观念是否会因婚姻市场的竞争压力而发生改变?本文旨在研究当前性别结构失衡所导致的婚姻挤压对我国适龄生育主体的生育性别偏好的重塑效应。文章基于婚姻市场供需视角、婚姻挤压理论和生育成本收益权衡理论,利用全国1%人口抽样调查数据和中国劳动力动态调查(CLDS)数据定量分析地区性别比对个体男孩生育偏好的影响。实证结果表明:城市层面100名女性人口相对应的男性人口每增加10人,个体具有男孩偏好的概率平均下降2.24%,并且这一结果在剔除无生育意愿样本、替换解释变量与被解释变量、控制地区初始男孩偏好以及使用PSM模型后依旧稳健。在机制分析部分,文章首先考察了性别比对个体初婚年龄的影响,发现无论是在农村还是城市,性别比上升均显著推迟了男性初婚年龄,而对女性初婚年龄无影响。研究进一步发现:对于婚姻支付压力越大、承受婚姻支付能力越低的个体,性别比上升对其男孩偏好的负向影响程度更大且更显著。这些结果显示性别比上升增加了男性在婚姻市场的竞争压力,男性及其家庭需要承担更高的婚姻支付以提高自身婚配竞争力,从而导致生养男孩的潜在成本上升,并因此抑制了男孩偏好。按照个体和地区特征进行的异质性分析,表明性别比上升对低年龄段、低受教育程度、已有多个儿子和始终为非农户口的人群以及西部地区个体的男孩偏好抑制作用更强。人口性别比存在一种类似生物学的“负反馈调节机制”,但这种所谓“自然合理”的回归通常周期长且通过提高婚姻支付来实现,背后隐藏的是年轻人及其家庭对于高额结婚成本的负担,不仅不利于居民生活幸福感的提升,还会对宏观经济产生负面影响,如推高房价、扭曲储蓄行为、抑制消费、降低生育率等。因而,政府应积极主动采取措施,从源头上弱化重男轻女的传统观念,促进人口性别比回归正常的区间。

人权的道德性

《世界人权宣言》体现了一种特殊的道德属性:人权的道德性。文章将探讨几个有关道德的问题,其中最首要的基本问题是:在人权的道德性存在的前提下,其应当以何种理由被接受而非拒绝。文章将对道德平等权和道德自由权两类人权进行详细解释,进而探究其对堕胎和同性婚姻这两项人权争议产生的影响。

The Feminine Helen and the Feminist Sue——An Analysis of Their Different Attitudes towards Sex

Both Helen Huntingdon in The Tenant of Wildefell Hall and Sue Bridehead in Jude the Obscure are considered to be the characters with strong feminist touch.Through the analysis of their different attitudes towards sex,this paper designs to uncover their respective attitudes towards the conventions of the Victorian society and find their inner connections and differences in the development of Feminist movement.

Self-evaluated health of married people in Jamaica

Background: In the Caribbean in particular Ja-maica, no study has been done to examine married respondents in order to understand reasons for their greater health status. The ob-jectives of the current study are: 1) examine the sociodemographic characteristics of married people in Jamaica;2) evaluate self-rated health status of married people in Jamaica;3) deter-mine factors that account for good health status of married people and 4) provide public health practitioners with empirical studies that can be used to formulate policies for men in particular non-married men in Jamaica. Materials and me- thods: Stratified random sampling technique was used to select 6,783 respondents. It was a nationally representative sample. Logistic re-gression analysis was used to ascertain the correlates of health status. Results: The mean age for women in marriage in Jamaica was 6 years lower than that of men. The correlates of good health status (including moderate health) of respondents in descending order were self- reported illness (OR = 0.12, 95%CI = 0.01- 0.17);age (OR = 0.94, 95%CI = 0.93-0.96);income (OR = 1.32, 95%CI = 1.05-1.66) and sex of respon-dents (Or = 1.14-2.32)—χ2(df = 4) = 383.2, P < 0.05. The four variables accounted for 44.4% of the explanatory power of the model;with self-reported illness accounting for 32.5% of the explanatory power. Conclusion: Marriage pro-vides greater access to more socioeconomic resources for its participants as well as increase men’s unwillingness to visit medical care prac-titioners.

GC/FT-IR Analysis of Novel 4,6,9-Triene and 2,4,6,9-Tetraene Occurring in a Female Pheromone Gland of <i>Arctia plantaginis</i>(Erebidae: Arctiinae)

Fifteen subspecies of the wood tiger moth, Arctia plantaginis (Lepidoptera: Erebidae: Arctiinae), have been recorded in the Northern Hemisphere. An analysis of crude pheromone extracts by GC equipped with an electroantennographic (EAG) detector showed four EAG-active components (Comps. I–IV) that were commonly involved in the pheromone glands of two subspecies inhabiting Japan and Finland. Comp. I is a major component (>75%) and the others are minor components (3% - 15%). Their mass spectra, measured by GC/MS, revealed the chemical structures of C21 unsaturated hydrocarbons as follows: 3,6,9-triene for Comp. I, 4,6,9-triene for Comp. II, 1,3,6,9-tetraene for Comp. III, and 2,4,6,9-tetraene for Comp. IV. Comps. I and III are known Type II pheromone compounds, and their retention times coincide with those of the authentic standards with all Z configurations. As a next step, the extract was analyzed by GC/FT-IR to determine the configuration of Comps. II and IV. Their IR spectra showed two characteristic C-H bending absorptions around 990 and 945 cm-1 due to the conjugated dienyl moieties;thus, Z and E configurations were assigned to the double bonds at the 2- and 4-positions, respectively. Their Z double bonds at the 6- and 9-positions are indicated by no absorptions around 970 cm-1, due to the isolated double bonds with E configurations. Finally, the structures of Comps. II and IV were confirmed by synthesis using a double Wittig reaction. The synthetic (4E,6Z,9Z)-4,6,9-triene and (2Z,4E,6Z,9Z)-2,4,6,9-tetraene showed strong EAG activity, and their chemical data coincided well with those of the natural Comps. II and IV, indicating the correctness of the structure determination by GC/FT-IR analysis and its usefulness for Type II pheromone compounds.

感知婚龄性别比:一个概念与分析框架的演进

婚姻挤压是指在婚姻市场上由于婚龄人口性别比例失衡而导致某一性别的婚龄人口不易找到配偶,最终被结构性挤出婚姻市场。测量婚姻挤压的概念分析工具就是婚龄性别比。随着婚姻挤压研究的不断深入,研究发现当使用婚龄性别比来衡量婚姻市场状况时,需要控制许多相关的变量。不同性别的年龄偏好等因素被带入结婚机会的评估中,又发展成为广义有效婚龄性别比(可婚比率)与狭义有效婚龄性别比(可婚指标)等概念。前者指的是在特定的婚姻市场中,男性与可得到或可结婚的女性之间的比率。后者指的是把两性随个人年龄而改变的年龄偏好及同性竞争异性互选这两个择偶因素考虑进入评估模式中,不仅考虑男(女)性合适的对象有多少,也考虑在合适对象中会选择他(她)的人数究竟有多少。再后来,由于研究者普遍意识到个体对性别比失衡以及婚姻挤压体察的差异,感知婚龄性别比作为分析婚姻挤压的理论框架被逐步运用到研究中。感知婚龄性别比不仅考虑男女数量的匹配和年龄差习惯等因素,也考虑社会婚姻实施中实际存在的社会经济、择偶偏好等各种因素的影响。由于感知婚龄性别比综合考量了以往概念的优缺点,并进行了创新性发展,成为目前人们研究婚姻挤压的理想概念和分析框架之一。

Male marriage squeeze and a sociodemographic portrait of involuntary bachelors in rural China

This study uses,primarily,the 2020 National Population Census data to comprehensively examine the phenomenon of the“male marriage squeeze”and provide a socio-demographic portrait of involuntary bachelors in rural China.The descriptive findings make clear the pronounced male marriage squeeze in rural China.In 2020,China recorded its highest historical sex ratio of marriageable population,reaching 110.The age-specific proportions of never-married men surpass those of women,particularly in rural areas where a significant proportion of men remain unmarried throughout their lives.Between 2010 and 2020,men in rural areas exhibited a notable trend of delayed marriage.The likelihood of rural men getting married steadily declined during this decade,with rural men significantly less likely to get married than urban men.In China,the concentration of involuntary bachelors is mainly in rural areas,characterized by lower socioeconomic status,and inferior living conditions.While educational qualification among involuntary bachelors in rural areas has improved,it still lags behind that of currently or previously married men.Another problem is that the elderly population in rural areas faces resource scarcity,increasing the reliance on the minimum subsistence allowance.Elderly involuntary bachelors are generally in poorer health than their married peers,and the health disparity is widening.To make matters worse,a high percentage of these men live alone.

《朝野佥载》之女性婚恋观

唐代文人张鷟所撰写的笔记小说《朝野佥载》记述内容广泛,多为唐朝前期朝野佚闻。其中,有关女性婚姻恋爱题材的较多,共计六卷二十三条。唐代社会环境和思想的包容使她们淡化了贞节观念,表现出对自由婚恋的追求,也展现了仍对自身贞操的坚守和敢于抗暴的刚烈,对婚姻的激烈守卫和情感妒忌带来的恶行,体现了人性意识的觉醒。

Women Enjoy Best Sex Within Marriage

民间常有一喻:“野花”和“家花”;且认为前者“香”过后者。本文在大量调研的基础得出了一个结论:Women Enjoy Best Sex Within Marriage。或者我们可以把这个标题略作改动,即 Men and Women Enjoy Best Sex WithinMarriage。因为本文的核心思想是:…truly great sex and deep intimacy are mostlikely to happen within the trusting,committed environment of marriage or a long-term relationship。本句写得真优美,文字优美,思想也优美。

中国的男孩偏好和婚姻挤压——初婚与再婚市场的综合分析

中国强烈的男孩偏好和对女性的歧视导致了婚姻市场上严重的男性婚姻挤压。苓文使用中国2000年普查数据和所预测的2001～2050年人口数据，结合初婚和再婚市场设计了度量婚姻挤压的指标．测度了2001～2050年中国的婚姻挤压程度，考察了男孩偏好和再婚因素对中国未来婚姻挤压的影响。结果表明未来中国婚姻市场每年有10％～15％男性过剩人口，达到120万人。男孩偏好导致的高出生性别比显著影响未来婚姻市场，而再婚人口对婚姻市场上过剩人口也有显著影响。

中国未来婚姻挤压研究

中国的男孩偏好和对女孩的歧视导致了男性婚姻挤压。在潜在初婚比模型的基础上,使用标准化初婚频率和去进度效应方法设计了两种新的模型,并与现有模型结合,研究中国婚姻挤压状况。在潜在初婚比基础上开发的模型所得到的结论基本相同。2016年到2046年的30年时间里,婚姻市场上男性和女性的潜在初婚比都在1.15以上;2060年之后保持在1.05-1.08水平。从2000年开始,中国会面临严重的男性婚姻挤压,2016年至2046年平均每年过剩男性在120-150万之间,2060年之后每年在50万之下。如果出生性别比得不到有效控制,则未来男性婚姻挤压情况将严重得多。

已婚育龄妇女性生活满意度及其影响因素分析

利用１９９７年全国人口与生殖健康调查资料，对我国已婚育龄妇女性生活满意度及其影响因素进行了分 析。结果发现已婚妇女中对目前性生活满意和比较满意的分别占５６，８％和１７．８％，不满意的占１０．０％。结果表明，妇女 的生理、心理、婚前教育状况、人流史、妇科疾病史等各种因素都影响妇女对性生活的满意度。

婚姻的起源与婚姻形态的演变——一个突破功能主义的理论解释

作为社会制度的婚姻是为了阻止同性之间的相互侵犯,作为社会组织的婚姻是为了促成两性之间的互助合作。前政府时代的同性博弈决定性资源的社会分配,两性之间的宏观博弈将会决定婚姻组织的整体形态。一个社会的婚姻形态是同性博弈、两性博弈以及(当国家产生之后)政府干预等多种因素综合作用的结果。

婚姻挤压下农村流动人口的生育性别偏好——基于相对剥夺感视角的分析

中国的出生性别比偏高持续了三十年,婚姻挤压问题日益凸现,大规模的城乡人口流动则加剧了婚姻挤压问题及其社会影响的严重性与复杂性。受制度与非制度因素影响,农村流动人口在城市处于社会底层,易遭遇成婚困难、诱发相对剥夺感,可能对生育偏好产生重要影响。本文基于相对剥夺感视角,对2009年福建省X市外来农村流动人口调查数据的分析发现,婚姻挤压对农村流动人口的生育性别偏好的观念与行为均无显著影响,但相对剥夺感对生育性别偏好行为有显著影响。本研究有助于理解婚姻挤压与相对剥夺感对农村流动人口生育性别偏好演化的特殊作用,对国家调整生育政策、提高流动人口计生服务与管理、促进性别平等有一定借鉴意义。

性别失衡背景下大龄未婚男性的商业性行为——基于中国农村地区的研究发现

基于2008年安徽省CH市JC区的调查数据,通过与同年龄段已婚男性的对比,对性别失衡背景下中国农村大龄未婚男性的商业性行为、安全套使用情况及其影响因素进行分析。研究发现,在中国性别失衡背景下,男性婚姻挤压导致大龄未婚男性难以获取正常、稳定的性行为,商业性行为作为一种有效的替代和弥补方式,其发生率在农村地区的大龄未婚男性当中存在显著升高的可能性;相对于较高的商业性行为发生率而言,大龄未婚男性的安全套使用率处于较低的水平,使得大龄未婚男性的商业性行为具有高风险特征。

婚姻的理论建构与遮蔽

有关婚姻的素材或事实是由婚姻观念的建构与分类来截获的。不同的婚姻理论对其所涵盖的不同内容的追逐与强调,使人们对婚姻本质的理解和理论阐述充满了歧义性。没有对婚姻本质的解答,不同的婚姻解说无论是“新”与“旧”,还是“对立”与“补充”,仍然不过是在旧有理论平台或框架内的形式变换而已。婚姻是立于生产的基点,对人类性行为的制度规范。婚姻的制度性规范的中心事实或核心指向,是“生育”这一“性”的基础性功能。基于此衍生出对“性”的文化附加,使性的功能不断地被建构出来,产生了联姻机制与性经验机制在重叠中的差异。“婚姻—家庭”这一连续性预设产生了对婚姻理论自身的遮蔽。