Numerical modelling of sand beach evolution around coastal structures

A systematic study of waves, nearshore currents and sediment transport related to the coastal evolution of sand beach under the action of wave, has been carried out. On the basis of the re sults, a numerical model of sand beach evolution around coastal structures has been established. To pre dict the bed topography, the sediment transport rates of bedload and suspended load under the action of wave and nearshore current as well as the effects of wave on the sediment are considered. The sand beach evolutions caused by a breakwater and a settled ship near the shore are simulated.

A Numerical Model of Coastal Processes of Sand Beaches Based on Long-Term Wave Series

A numerical model of shoreline change of sand beaches based on long-term field wave data is proposed, the explicit and implicit finite difference forms of the model are described, and an application of the model is presented. Results of the application indicate that the model is sensitive to the order of the input wave data, and that the effects of long-term wave series and the effects of the mean annual wave conditions on the model are different. Instead of a single wave condition, the wave series will make the calibration and the verification of the model more practical and the results of the model more reasonable.

Modelling Natural Radioactivity in Sand Beaches of Guarapari,Espírito Santo State,Brazil

Using gamma-ray spectrometry, the activity concentration of naturally occurring radionuclides 226Ra, 212Pb, 214Pb, 232Th, and 40K was determined in sand beaches samples from different areas in Guarapari, Espírito Santo state, from Brazil. The absorbed dose rates and annual effective dose were calculated and the results were compared with the internationally accepted values as well as others high background radiation areas (HBRAs). The activity concentration of the 232Th in Areia Preta as well as the absorbed dose rates and annual effective dose were higher than the others regions compared. The results show that Areia Preta in Guarapari has higher background found in beaches in world. This work is part of a research project for the natural background determination of the Brazilian coast.

Study of Magnetite Crystal Structure Extracted from Local Sands of Tegal Lenga Beach

Magnetite (Fe3O4) crystals have been synthesized from the natural iron sands of Tegal Lenga Beach with HCl (37%) as a solvent. Tegal Lenga Beach is a stretch of beach located in Kalisada Village, Seririt District, Buleleng Regency, Bali Province, Indonesia. Iron sand samples were obtained by extracting local natural sand from Tegal Lenga Beach by magnetic separation method. The iron sand sample was ground with agate mortar for 15 hours, then washed and rinsed with deionized water (DI water). Furthermore, the fine powder sample of iron sand was dried on a hotplate at a temperature of 80˚C until all the water had evaporated. Eighty grams of fine iron sand powder dissolved in 200 mL HCl (37%) while stirring with a hot plate magnetic stirrer at a temperature of 100˚C with a rotating speed of 600 rpm for 30 minutes. This solution was filtered through Wattman filter paper No. 42;then the filtrate was dried using a hot plate at a temperature of 100˚C to form a crust. This crust is then ground in an agate mortar until it becomes a fine powder of iron sand. Furthermore, the iron sand fine powder filtrate sample was divided into four equal parts which were then calcined at temperatures of 300˚C, 400˚C, 450˚C, and 500˚C for 30 minutes, respectively. It was found that the fine powder of iron sand from the natural sand of the Tegal Lenga Beach consisted mostly of 84.26% metal oxide magnetite. The synthesized magnetite crystal has a tetrahedral structure with lattice parameters of a = b = (5.927 ± 0.0180) Åand c = (16.774 ± 0.0145) Å. Magnetite crystals have granular and lumpy grains with an average grain size of (94,560 ± 10,1397) μm. In relation to the values obtained from the hysteresis curve, namely the remanent magnetization of 9.6672 emu/gr, saturation magnetization of 45.3491 emu/gr, coercive magnetic field strength of 0.0242 T, and saturation magnetic field strength of 0, 2938 T, then this magnetite crystal is classified as a weak ferromagnetic material.

Beneficiation and Characterization of Detrital Zircons from Beach Sand and Red Sediments in India

This paper deals with the recovery of zircon minerals from beach sand and red sediments of bad land topography and flow sheets with material balance are suggested. The experimental data reveal that the total heavy mineral content of red sediment sample is 43.9% in which zircon mineral concentrate is 2.75% by weight, where as for beach-dune sand sample the THM content is 16.7% in which zircon mineral concentrate is 0.16% by weight. It is found that U and Th and REE elements contents are much higher in red sediment zircon sample than beach sand zircon. Zircon concentrates recovered from beach-dune sand and red sediments contain 98 to 98.1% zircon with 79.6 to 80% recovery respectively. These zircon minerals from both the sources are suitable for industrial applications.

Control in Beach and Dune Sands of the Gulf of Mexico and the Role of Nearby Rivers

A sedimentological, petrographic, and geochemical study of beach, dune, and river sands was carried out along the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. The main goal of this work is to show how beach and dune sands are controlled texturally, compositionally, and chemically by the nearby rivers for each beach location using a particle size analyser, a polarized microscope, a X-ray fluorescence and ICP mass spectrometer to obtain the following: grain-size values from one river (Carrizal River) are similar in range to their counterpart beach sands but not similar to the dune sands (Barra del Tordo). Rivers (Panuco and Carrizal) are compositionally controlling the quartz and feldspar contents of their counterpart beach and dune sands (i.e., Playa Miramar and Barra del Tordo). Rivers (Soto La Marina River) are directly influencing the composition of the beach sands (La Pesca) based upon the total quartz content, beach and dune sands. The concentration of magnetite grain fractions (Barra del Tordo beach and dune sands) is not under the influence of the nearby river (Carrizal River). In this case the compositional influence of beach and dune sands is related to sediment discharges by other fluvial systems, redistribution of the beach and dune sands along the coast and deflation/winnowing of light minerals. The Eu positive anomaly in the beach and dune sands from the three sites (i.e. Playa Miramar, Barra del Tordo, La Pesca) is linked to an increase in the P(plagioclase)/K(potash feldspar) ratio. The (La/Lu)cn highest ratio for river sands (Carrizal River) suggests quartz enrichment compared to their beach and dune sands counterparts. The (Gd/Yb)cn ratio for one river (i.e., Carrizal River) indicates that it is low in heavy rare earth elements. HREE compared to their beach and dune sands counterparts indicates less concentration of heavy minerals as potential carriers of HREE seawards.

Spatial Variations in Particle Size,Heavy Mineral Assemblage and Magnetic Concentration of Dark-reddish Sands on Cedar Beach,Western Lake Erie,Ontario,Canada

Environmental magnetic research on beaches and shoreline processes is limited.Therefore,we carried out environmental magnetic studies on the heavy mineral-enriched,dark-reddish sands on Cedar Beach of western Lake Erie(41.68°N,82.40°W).Magnetite has been identified as the dominant magnetic mineral of these sands.This study reveals a spatial variation in concentration of magnetite particles,distribution of

The Probable Cause for Nesting Pattern of Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) at Ramnagar Beach, North East Coast of Andaman Island, India

The nesting behaviour of sea turtles remains a subject to study, due to their enigmatic pattern of seasonal breeding activities. Over a period of time, several reports have been made in this context associated with the nesting behaviour of the Olive Ridley turtles. In the present study, characteristics of the breeding beach and nesting pattern of Olive Ridley (Lepidochelys olivacea) at Ramnagar along N-E coast of Andaman Islands were investigated, during the nesting periods 2016-2017. The study area hosts Olive Ridley, the dominant sea turtles with more than 300 individuals nesting each year. For this study, the number of sea turtles visited, nested, the sediment characters, salinity, and temperature were taken. The exposed sandy nesting beach characteristics are prone to varying degrees of morphological changes every day. The results depict that even though similar grain size (Coarse Sand to Fine Sand and Very well sorted to Poorly Sorted), with an ambient incubating temperature, pH and salinity with wide nesting area, the selective nesting in the particular location of the beach identified because of comfortable energy conditions in the waters (1.5 m/s) favours the female turtles to reach the beach at the preferable site of Ramnagar and nest.

荷兰人工育滩工程Sand Motor的经验与启示

海岸侵蚀已成为砂质海岸重要灾害之一,世界各国都致力于海滩防护。荷兰由于地势低洼,在护滩工程中进行大量尝试,于2011年在代尔夫兰海岸开展创新性人工育滩工程即Sand Motor,单个工程补沙总量达2.15×107 m3。持续监测结果显示,工程建成后的沙滩形态与模拟结果基本吻合,沙量损失速度低于预期。阶段性评价结果表明,Sand Motor通过波浪、海流等向海滩缓慢输沙,稳定海岸沙滩和海岸沙丘,具有防护效果显著、成本较低、使用寿命长、增加海岸利用等优点,值得我国借鉴。

苏里格气田X井区山1段沉积微相及砂体分布特征

基于岩心、测井、录井等资料,进一步研究苏里格气田X井区山1段的沉积微相及砂体分布特征。结果表明:山1段在三角洲平原亚相背景上发育河道间、河道充填、边滩、堤岸等微相,其中河道充填和边滩为主要控砂微相类型;山1段各小层砂体顺物源方向逐渐变厚,其中山1^(1)小层砂体发育最为充分,山1^(2)、山1^(3)小层砂体发育程度相当;有效砂体以垂向叠加型和横向接触型为主,其中山11小层的有效砂体发育最为充分。

Beach Morphology and Coastline Evolution in the Southern Bohai Strait

The beach studied in this paper spans a length of 51 km and is one of several long sandy beaches in the southern Bohai Strait. Due to the obstruction of islands in the northeast and the influence of the underwater topography, the wave environment in the offshore area is complex; beach types and sediment transport characteristics vary along different coasts. The coastlines extracted from six aerial photographs in different years were compared to demonstrate the evolving features. Seven typical beach profiles were selected to study the lateral beach variation characteristics. Continuous wind and wave observation data from Beihuangcheng ocean station during 2009 were employed for the hindcast of the local wave environment using a regional spectral wave model. Then the results of the wave hindcast were incorporated into the LITDRIFT model to compute the sediment transport rates and directions along the coasts and analyze the longshore sand movement. The results show that the coastline evolution of sand beaches in the southern Bohai Strait has spatial and temporal variations and the coast can be divided into four typical regions. Region(I), the north coast of Qimudao, is a slightly eroded and dissipative beach with a large sediment transport rate; Region(II), the southwest coast of Gangluan Port, is a slightly deposited and dissipative beach with moderate sediment transport rate; Region(III), in the central area, is a beach that is gradually transformed from a slightly eroded dissipative beach to a moderately or slightly strong eroded bar-trough beach from west to east with a relatively moderate sediment transport rate. Region(IV), on the east coast, is a strongly eroded and reflective beach with a weak sediment transport rate. The wave conditions exhibit an increasing trend from west to east in the offshore area. The distribution of the wave-induced current inside the wave breaking region and the littoral sediment transport in the nearshore region exhibit a gradual weakening tendency from west to east, which is opposite to the trend of the wave conditions outside the breaking region. The presence of submerged shoal(Dengzhou Shoal), deep trough(Dengzhou Channel), islands and irregular topography influnces the wave climate, beach types, wave-induced current features, littoral sediment transport trends and coastline evolution patterns in the southern Bohai Strait. Human activities, such as the sand exploitation of Dengzhou Shoal and other coastal engineering projects, also influence the beach morphology and coastline evolution.

Short-term morphological changes after sand-digging during a sand sculpture activity

The morphology of the beach backshore and foreshore at Huiquan Bay,Qingdao,China,is characterized by a single intertidal sandbar system with a spring tide range of 4.59 m.The beach was measured with a laser total station of Leica TPS402.Contours of the beach were generated using data collected in March and November 2005.The survey method provided 2 mm measuring accuracy and 4-10 m horizontal spacing.The net accretion volume of the foreshore was about 11,215 m3 from March to November.After sand sculpture activity,the axis of the sand trough migrated onshore from about 3.5 m to 17.5 m on the foreshore beach in November.At the same time,the axis of the sandbar crest migrated onshore no more than 42.25 m on the northwest foreshore;and it migrated offshore no more than 23.75 m on the southeast foreshore.On the northwest and southeast foreshore beach,two strips of erosion areas with a thickness of 0-0.2 m appeared on the sandbar crest.Accretion occurred at the bottom of the sand trough with a thickness of ～0.2-0.6 m.The sandbar height decreased after sand sculpture activity,and it was no more than 0.7 m in March and 0.6 m in November.Human activities,such as sand digging on the sandbar crest during sand sculpture activity,also can disturb the beach morphology of intertidal bar systems.This phenomenon also was validated by comparison of beach morphology,the results of a color artificial tracer experiment and a sediment transportation trend prediction.

MONITORING THE DIFFUSION OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS AND STABILITY OF TIDAL RADIAL SAND RIDGES AREA USING MULTI-SATELLITE REMOTE SENSING DATA

Nine Landsat TM tapes and images and MSS images, 10 NOAA tapes and images and 1 SAR image from 1973 to 1997 were used to analyze the diffusion of suspended sediments and the change of tidal radial sand ridges in the northern part of the Changjiang River delta, the South Yellow Sea. The results showed that the diffusion of suspended sediments was controlled by the tide, net current, and submarine topography in this area. The distribution of suspended sediments had close relationship with the submarine topography. The old Huanghe River delta and the Changjiang River comprise the main sediment supply for the formation of radial sand ridges, whose evolution can be divided into three stages since the Huanghe River changed its course and flowed northward into the Bohai Sea.

CO_(2)-EOR在低渗透滩坝砂油藏的应用初探——以高89为例

“双碳”愿景下,CO_(2)驱强化采油封存技术(CO_(2)-enchanced oil recovery, CO_(2)-EOR)因能在增强驱油的同时实现CO_(2)地质封存而愈发受到重视。当前,一是中国滩坝砂油气藏注不进采不出矛盾突出;二是对于较深埋藏、较高地层温度的低渗透滩坝砂油藏缺乏较成功的CO_(2)-EOR开发实践;三是中国对此领域系统归纳研究较少。开展滩坝砂油藏CO_(2)-EOR的应用研究需求较为迫切,在查阅文献的基础上,以高89为对象,借鉴国外CO_(2)驱项目实例,从地质条件、油藏工程、评价标准出发,在CO_(2)驱油机理研究基础上,开展了CO_(2)-EOR在低渗透滩坝砂油藏的适应性评价,并从技术工艺层面、经济政策层面,简要剖析了气源、混相压力高、气窜、伤害、产出CO_(2)气的收集等CO_(2)驱油的5大挑战和相应攻关方向,展望未来发展趋势,以期为类似滩坝砂油藏开展现场先导试验和工业化推广提供借鉴。

Hospital-Adapted Clonal Complex 17 <i>Enterococcus Faecium</i>Found among Sand Enterococcal Isolates

Though poorly studied, sand is an environment with an extended degree of interaction with man. Enterococcal strains can be found in sand but we do not know to what extent these ubiquitous opportunistic nosocomial pathogens isolated from sand carry antimicrobial resistances and virulence traits. In an attempt to fill in this knowledge gap, two distinct types of sand (beach and children playground) were examined concerning composition in enterococcal species, genetic diversity of isolates and abundance of resistance to antimicrobials and virulence traits. Five different species were found, namely Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus hirae, Enterococcus flavescens and Enterococcus casseliflavus. Although genetic diversity was evident, two different E. faecium clones, common to the two types of sand, were detected, suggesting the existence of clones well adapted to this specific environment or from a common source. E. faecium was associated with multiple antibiotic resistances, including to fluoroquinolones and tetracycline that are commonly used by veterinarians and clinicians. Among the multiresistant E. faecium strains from beach sand, two were from sequence type (ST) 442, which belongs to the wide-spread Hospital-adapted clade CC17. They both carried the esp gene and the genomic island associated with CC17. The other virulence factors screened were disseminated among E. faecalis strains, but seldom detected in the other species, evidencing the existence, in these environments, of E. faecalis strains carrying the same virulence factors as the clinical ones. The present work thus stresses the need to follow-up the presence and characterization of enterococcal strains from both beach and children playground sands and of including these environments in the epidemiological global analysis of enterococcal isolates.

渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷歧北斜坡古近系沙二段滨浅湖滩坝沉积模式与勘探实践

近年来,滩坝砂体作为陆相滨浅湖重要的岩性油气藏勘探评价目标,增储作用愈发突出。针对渤海湾盆地歧口凹陷歧北斜坡古近系沙河街组二段(沙二段)分析滩坝砂体的形成机制和空间分布规律,指导油田滩坝砂体勘探。基于沉积古背景分析,认为沙二段滩坝砂体主要发育在基准面上升半旋回早期阶段,滨Ⅳ上、滨Ⅲ下油组沉积时期规模最大;在邻近物源供给充足、往复动荡的水动力及湖盆底形的影响下,水下古隆起控制厚层坝砂的沉积分布。利用地震模型正演技术,明确了厚层坝砂地震响应特征;根据频谱分析法,确定了厚层坝砂低频率—强振幅门槛值,采用低频率—强振幅属性融合技术,预测了厚层坝砂的有利发育区。通过滩坝砂体勘探实践研究,建立了构造宽缓浅水区圈定滩坝范围、水下古隆起锁定厚层坝砂、低频率—强振幅属性融合确定厚层坝砂有利发育区的勘探评价方法。优选出歧北斜坡沙二段3个坝砂有利发育区,钻探4口井获工业油气流,钻井成功率达到100%。勘探实践表明,歧北斜坡滩坝砂体发育,尤其是厚层坝砂产量高、油藏富集,是老油区增储建产的重要接替领域和方向。

双向长短时记忆神经网络在滩坝砂储层岩性识别中的应用

研究区致密滩坝砂储层油气储量丰富,勘探开发潜力较高,但存在埋藏深、单层厚度薄、渗透率超低、孔隙结构复杂以及单井自然产能极低的特征,储层划分与岩性识别困难。针对测井数据具有纵向时序连续的特点,构建一个双向长短时记忆神经网络(BiLSTM)岩性识别模型,采用随机森林方法对常规测井数据等参数进行特征选择,将选择的参数作为输入变量训练BiLSTM模型。应用该模型对测试集的井资料进行验证,结果表明模型的岩性识别准确率为0.86,取得了良好的应用效果,证明了BiLSTM模型适用于滩坝砂储层岩性识别。

准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷侏罗系八道湾组滩砂的发现及石油地质意义

滩砂是我国陆相盆地重要的储集类型之一。基于岩心测试、钻井、测井和三维地震等资料,对准噶尔盆地沙湾凹陷侏罗系八道湾组滩砂的沉积特征进行了系统分析,探讨了其分布规律、沉积模式和勘探潜力。研究结果表明:(1)沙湾凹陷八道湾组滩砂由滩脊和滩槽构成,滩脊富砂,以砂砾岩、含砾砂岩和砂岩为主,发育块状层理、浪成交错层理和局部软沉积变形层理,垂向上呈多期滩脊叠加特征;滩槽贫砂,以薄层粉砂岩沉积为主,垂向上呈反粒序特征;单期滩脊一般由3个沉积序列构成,各序列的粒度概率曲线均呈三段式。(2)研究区滩脊在地震剖面上表现为强振幅透镜状的反射特征,地层切片显示滩脊沿湖岸线成排成带分布,规模大。滩砂分布于西环带两大三角洲扇体间的凹进区,沿湖岸线呈条带状展布,滩脊和滩槽相间分布,单个滩脊面积较小,但数量多,最多可达12道,成群成带出现,滩脊砂体群面积可达145 km^(2)。(3)研究区八道湾组底部脊槽状滩砂勘探开发潜力大,砂体厚度大、物性好、分布面积广,滩槽可作为侧向遮挡层,可形成较好储层和圈闭,二叠系风城组碱湖优质烃源岩提供油气来源,不整合面和断裂为有利油气输导体系。

无定河上游流域水体微塑料污染现状与分布特征

调查了黄河一级支流无定河上游干流和纳林河、海流兔河、榆溪河、芦河等支流水体微塑料的丰度和分布情况.结果显示:无定河上游流域水体微塑料的平均丰度为15.58n/L,范围2.5~35.63n/L.微塑料类型丰富,占比依次为PEG(62.96%)、PE(6.17%)、PPS(3.09%)、4-vinylbiphenyl(2.78%)、PCTG(2.47%)、PS(2.16%)、PTFE(2.16%)、PPSU(1.85%)、PMMA(1.54%)、其他(14.81%).超过96%的微塑料小于1mm,极易进入生物体富集.形状以片为主,其次是薄膜和颗粒状;大部分为透明或棕色,其他颜色占比约25%.基于微塑料的源特定分类体系,初步判定微塑料主要来源于农用地膜、个人洗护用品.结果表明无定河上游流域水体微塑料整体处于轻度污染水平.有毒有害塑料的滥用尤为需要引起关注.无定河上游流域位于毛乌素沙漠东南部的风沙滩地,其微塑料研究一方面揭示了风沙滩地水体微塑料的赋存现状和潜在污染风险;另一方面提供了一个典型案例,即以微塑料的视角,科学认识沙漠地区的城市发展和农业生产对水体环境的影响.

东营凹陷滩坝砂岩储集层渗透率预测方法

东营凹陷为中国东部最为典型的富油气凹陷之(王玉伟等,2022),其南部缓坡带沙四上亚段发育大量的滩坝砂体沉积(邓世彪等,2017),油气显示活跃,具有较大开发潜力。但由于目的层具有埋深大、单砂体厚度薄和储层物性变化快等特点(周连德等,2016),滩坝砂的渗透率难以准确预测。只有采用地质与地震相结合的方法可以充分挖掘滩坝砂的地震地质响应特征.