Single-factor analysis and interaction terms on the mechanical and microscopic properties of cemented aeolian sand backfill

The use of aeolian sand(AS)as an aggregate to prepare coal mine cemented filling materials can resolve the problems of gangue shortage and excessive AS deposits.Owing to the lack of research on the mechanism of cemented AS backfill(CASB),the response surface method(RSM)was adopted in this study to analyze the influence of ordinary Portland cement(PO)content(x_(1)),fly ash(FA)-AS(FA-AS)ratio(x_(2)),and concentration(x_(3))on the mechanical and microscopic properties of the CASB.The hydration characteristics and internal pore structure of the backfill were assessed through thermogravimetric/derivative thermogravimetric analysis,mercury intrusion porosimetry,and scanning electron microscopy.The RSM results show that the influence of each factor and interaction term on the response values is extremely significant(except x_(1)x_(3),which had no obvious effect on the 28 d strength).The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)increased with the PO content,FA-AS ratio,and concentration.The interaction effects of x_(1)x_(2),x_(1)x_(3),and x_(2)x_(3) on the UCS at 3,7,and 28 d were analyzed.In terms of the influence of interaction items,an improvement in one factor promoted the strengthening effect of another factor.The enhancement mechanism of the curing time,PO content,and FA-AS ratio on the backfill was reflected in the increase in hydration products and pore structure optimization.By contrast,the enhancement mechanism of the concentration was mainly the pore structure optimization.The UCS was positively correlated with weight loss and micropore content but negatively correlated with the total porosity.The R^(2) value of the fitting function of the strength and weight loss,micropore content,and total porosity exceeded 0.9,which improved the characterization of the enhancement mechanism of the UCS based on the thermogravimetric analysis and pore structure.This work obtained that the influence rules and mechanisms of the PO,FA-AS,concentration,and interaction terms on the mechanical properties of the CASB provided a certain theoretical and engineering guidance for CASB filling.

Constitutive model for monotonic and cyclic responses of loosely cemented sand formations

This paper presents a model to simulate the monotonic and cyclic behaviours of weakly cemented sands.An elastoplastic constitutive model within the framework of bounding surface plasticity theory is adopted to predict the mechanical behaviour of soft sandstone under monotonic and cyclic loadings. In this model, the loading surface always passes through the current stress state regardless of the type of loading. Destruction of the cementation bonds by plastic deformation in the model is considered as the primary mechanism responsible for the mechanical degradation of loosely cemented sands/weak rock.To model cyclic response, the unloading plastic and elastic moduli are formulated based on the loading/reloading plastic and elastic moduli. The proposed model was implemented in FLAC2D and evaluated against laboratory triaxial tests under monotonic and cyclic loadings, and the model results agreed well with the experimental observations. For cyclic tests, hysteresis loops are captured with reasonable accuracy.

Eff ect of Cementation on Calcium Carbonate Precipitation of Loose Sand Resulting from Microbial Treatment

Microbe-induced calcite precipitation is a sustainable improvement technique for sandy soil, which can alter the properties of sand via microbial activity. In this study, we investigated the loose-sand-consolidation eff ect by controlling the injection velocity, bacterial and cementingsolution concentrations, and hold times. The results demonstrate that, as the cyclic batch increases, the utilization rate of the bacterial fl uid increases and both the optical density(OD_(600)) of the bacteria and urease activity decrease. Moreover, it was determined that a 3-h hold time for a 0.5 mol/L cementing solution with a cementing fl uid velocity of 2 mL/min has the greatest bonding eff ect. The fi nal strength of the loose sand with an increase in calcium carbonate content was further discussed.

A constitutive model for evaluation of mechanical behavior of fiber-reinforced cemented sand

The aim of this study is to present a constitutive model for prediction of the mechanical behavior of fiberreinforced cemented sand. For this purpose, a generalized plasticity constitutive model of sandy soil is selected and the parameters of the model are determined for three types of sandy soils using the results of triaxial tests. Next, the proposed model is developed using the existing models based on the physicomechanical characteristics of fiber-reinforced cemented sand. The elastic parameters, flow rule and hardening law of the base model are modified for fiber-reinforced cemented sand. To verify the proposed model, the predicted results are compared with those of triaxial tests performed on fiber-reinforced cemented sand. Finally, the efficiency of the proposed model is studied at different confining pressures, and cement and fiber contents.

Effect of Sand Content on Strength and Pore Structure of Cement Mortar

The effects of four sand contents on the compressive, flexural and splitting-tensile strength of cement mortars were evaluated. Moreover, we experimentally investigated the pore structure of cement mortar brought about by changing the sand content and water/cement ratio. The changes in the pore structure were quantified by measuring the porosity and pore size distribution obtained by using mercury intrusion porosimetry（MIP） technique. The test results show that the strengths of cement mortar increase with increasing sand content. It is also suggested that the traditional water/cement ratio law can be applied to cement mortar with different sand contents, provided that a slight modification is introduced. Sand content is an important parameter influencing the pore structure of cement mortar. Moreover, there is a good relationship between the pore structure and strength of cement mortar.

Influence of zeolite and cement additions on mechanical behavior of sandy soil

It is well known that the cemented sand is one of economic and environmental topics in soil stabilization. In this instance, a blend of sand, cement and other materials such as fiber, glass, nanoparticle and zeolite can be commercially available and effectively used in soil stabilization in road construction. However, the influence and effectiveness of zeolite on the properties of cemented sand systems have not been completely explored. In this study, based on an experimental program, the effects of zeolite on the characteristics of cemented sands are investigated. Stabilizing agent includes Portland cement of type II and zeolite. Results show the improvements of unconfined compressive strength （UCS） and failure properties of cemented sand when the cement is replaced by zeolite at an optimum proportion of 30% after 28 days. The rate of strength improvement is approximately between 20% and 78%. The efficiency of using zeolite increases with the increases in cement amount and porosity. Finally, a power function of void-cement ratio and zeolite content is demonstrated to be an appropriate method to assess UCS of zeolite-cemented mixtures.

Triaxial shear behavior of a cement-treated sand——gravel mixture

A number of parameters,e.g.cement content,cement type,relative density,and grain size distribution,can influence the mechanical behaviors of cemented soils.In the present study,a series of conventional triaxial compression tests were conducted on a cemented poorly graded sandegravel mixture containing 30% gravel and 70% sand in both consolidated drained and undrained conditions.Portland cement used as the cementing agent was added to the soil at 0%,1%,2%,and 3%(dry weight) of sandegravel mixture.Samples were prepared at 70% relative density and tested at confining pressures of 50 kPa,100 kPa,and150 kPa.Comparison of the results with other studies on well graded gravely sands indicated more dilation or negative pore pressure in poorly graded samples.Undrained failure envelopes determined using zero Skempton’s pore pressure coefficient (= 0) criterion were consistent with the drained ones.Energy absorption potential was higher in drained condition than undrained condition,suggesting that more energy was required to induce deformation in cemented soil under drained state.Energy absorption increased with increase in cement content under both drained and undrained conditions.

Review of Proposed Stress-dilatancy Relationships and Plastic Potential Functions for Uncemented and Cemented Sands

Stress-dilatancy relationship or plastic potential function are crucial components of every elastoplastic constitutive model developed for sand or cemented sand.This is because the associated flow rule usually does not produce acceptable outcomes for sand or cemented sand.Many formulas have been introduced based on the experimental observations in conventional and advanced plasticity models in order to capture ratio of plastic volumetric strain increment to plastic deviatoric strain increment(i.e.dilatancy rate).Lack of an article that gathers these formulas is clear in the literature.Thus,this paper is an attempt to summarize plastic potentials and specially stress-dilatancy relations so far proposed for constitutive modelling of cohesionless and cemented sands.Stress-dilatancy relation is usually not the same under compression and extension conditions.Furthermore,it may also be different under loading and unloading conditions.Therefore,the focus in this paper mainly places on the proposed stress-dilatancy relations for compressive monotonic loading.Moreover because plastic potential function can be calculated by integration of stress-dilatancy relationship,more weight is allocated to stress-dilatancy relationship in this research.

Experimental Comparative and Numerical Predictive Stu-dies on Strength Evaluation of Cement Types: Effect of Specimen Shape and Type of Sand

Quality of cement is evaluated via group of tests. The most important, and close to understanding, is the compressive strength test. Recently, Egyptian standards adopted the European standards EN-196 and EN-197 for specifying and evaluating quality of cements. This was motivated by the large European investments in the local production of cement. The current study represents a comparative investigation, experimental and numerical, of the effect of different parameters on evaluation of compressive strength. Main parameters are shape of specimens and type of sand used for producing tested mortars. Three sets of specimens were made for ten types of cements. First set were 70.6 mm cubes molded according to old standards using single sized sand. Second group were prisms molded from standard sand (CEN sand) according to the recent standards. Third group were prisms molded from local sand sieved and regenerated to simulate same grading of CEN sand. All specimens were cured according to relevant standards and tested at different ages (2,3,7,10 and 28 days). Results show that CEM-I Type of cement does not fulfill, in all of its grades, the strength requirements of Ordinary Portland cement OPC specified in old standards. Also, the use of simulated CEN sand from local source gives strengths lower than those obtained using standard certified CEN sand. A limited number of tests were made on concrete specimens from two most common CEM-I types to investigate effect on concrete strength and results were also reported. Numerical investigation of the effect of specimen shape and type of sand on evaluation of compressive strength of mortar specimens, presented in the current study, applies one of the artificial intelligence techniques to simulate and predict the strength behavior at different ages. The Artificial Neural Network (ANN) technique is introduced in the current study to simulate the strength behavior using the available experimental data and predict the strength value at any age in the range of the experiments or in the future. The results of the numerical study showed that the ANN method with less effort was very efficiently capable of simulating the effect of specimen shape and type of sand on the strength behavior of tested mortar with different cement types.

冻融对水泥改良路基土力学特性影响研究

以季冻区路基粉砂土为研究对象进行室内三轴压缩试验,分析水泥改良粉砂土与素土的应力-应变关系,探究冻融循环、水泥掺量和围压对土体抗剪强度的影响。试验结果表明:改良土的破坏以脆性破坏为主;围压增长不改变试样的破坏形式,土抗剪峰值随围压的增加而增大;冻融循环作用会削弱土体的黏聚力,内摩擦角的变化规律表现为在一定范围内波动;在水泥掺量相同的条件下,随冻融次数的增多,土的抗剪强度因水泥持续水化反应故呈先减小后增大再减小;当水泥掺量为2%时,土体已获得较大抗剪强度。

基于BP神经网络的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系预测

在前期宏观试验基础之上,采用离散元模拟和BP神经网络相结合的方法获取不同胶凝材料掺量和围压下胶结砂砾石的应力-应变关系。根据前期胶凝材料掺量分别为20、40、60、80、100 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石三轴排水剪切试验结果,开展离散元数值模拟。以试验数据为学习样本,开展BP神经网络模型训练,预测胶凝材料掺量分别为30、50、70、90 kg/m3的胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系,并将预测结果和离散元模拟结果进行对比。研究结果表明,BP神经网络能够实现胶结砂砾石应力-应变关系的预测,并在较低围压下具有较好的精度。

煤矸石机制砂C20混凝土力学性能研究

为探究煤矸石机制砂对低强度等级C20混凝土力学性能的影响,调控煤矸石机制砂掺量和水灰比浇筑混凝土试块,开展抗压和抗折强度试验。结果表明:相同水灰比下,随煤矸石机制砂掺量增加,混凝土的抗压强度先增强后降低;相同取代率下,混凝土的抗压和抗折强度随水灰比增大而降低。相较于煤矸石机制砂取代率,水灰比对混凝土抗折强度的影响更大。取代率不超过30%时,对混凝土的抗压和抗折强度均有利,水灰比为0.55、取代率为25%时,混凝土抗压和抗折强度提高最多。

海水-海砂混凝土研究进展

针对混凝土结构的大规模应用导致淡水、河砂资源短缺的现状,对海水-海砂混凝土国内外研究进展及应用进行综述,包括海水和海砂自身材料特性以及海水-海砂混凝土水泥基材料的水化过程、水化硅酸钙微结构发展、力学性能、耐久性及内部钢筋锈蚀;总结当前海水-海砂混凝土研究成果并分析主要不足,指出海水-海砂混凝土作为一种凝结硬化快速、耐久性较差且易锈蚀钢筋的低成本混凝土材料,未来研究重点是将海水-海砂混凝土配合纤维增强复合材料形成组合结构、完善不同养护方式及条件对海水-海砂混凝土的影响及海水-海砂混凝土在真实复杂条件下的耐久性。

微生物加固钙质砂地基电阻率特性试验研究

微生物加固砂土地基存在加固不均匀的问题,采用自主研发的多通道电阻率测量技术对微生物加固钙质砂地基的电阻率分布规律开展了试验研究,研究了菌液和反应液在注入土体后对电阻率幅值及变化规律的影响,最后根据电阻率分布情况,探讨了微生物加固钙质砂地基空间上加固程度的差异性,以及利用电阻率法监测微生物加固过程和加固效果的可行性。试验结果表明:微生物加固钙质砂地基的电阻率受土体密度,菌液与反应液影响较大,其中,反应液对电阻率的影响程度最高。整体上电阻率随着加固次数的增加呈现先增大后减小的规律,深部土体电阻率显著低于上部土体,第七至第八次加固后,土体电阻率开始增加,这一现象的原因可能为土体中的孔隙在多次加固后逐渐被生成的碳酸钙填充,土体中的离子交换通道减少导致电阻率增加,此时碳酸钙填充孔隙对电阻率的影响占主导地位。

机制砂与特细砂抗氯盐侵蚀混凝土的制备及性能研究

利用机制砂、特细砂等制备抗氯盐侵蚀混凝土对降低生产成本、提升桥梁服役寿命具有重要意义。本研究通过优化骨料设计与水泥浆体组成提升混凝土的抗氯离子侵蚀性能,研究了骨料级配、特细砂用量、砂率、水胶比、胶凝材料种类对混凝土性能的影响。结果表明:8~16 mm碎石质量分数由50%增加至80%时,氯离子扩散系数由4.0×10^(-12)m^(2)/s降低至2.9×10^(-12)m^(2)/s;特细砂替代50%(质量分数)机制砂时,氯离子扩散系数为3.6×10^(-12)m^(2)/s,仍可以满足设计要求;砂率增大,氯离子扩散系数先减小后增大。水胶比在0.36~0.38时,氯离子扩散系数低于3.5×10^(-12)m^(2)/s;矿渣组分水化改善了混凝土的孔结构,并形成了更多的AFm、C-S-H产物,提升了混凝土对氯离子的固化能力,矿渣水泥混凝土氯离子扩散系数较普通硅酸盐水泥混凝土降低了40%。

海砂的淡化及其对水泥砂浆性能的影响

本文采用淡水冲洗法处理海砂,探究淡水冲洗次数以及阻锈剂用量对海砂水泥砂浆试样性能的影响。结果表明,淡化海砂水泥砂浆试样性能随着水洗次数及阻锈剂用量的增加呈现先增加后下降的趋势,当水洗次数为5次时,试样对氯离子的抗渗透性能最佳,具有较好的耐久性和抗腐蚀性能。水洗次数为3次时试样的抗压强度最佳为11.373MPa,达到M10等级,抗折强度最佳为4.844 MPa。当阻锈剂用量为1%时,水泥砂浆试样对氯离子的抗渗透性、抗压性能和抗折性能最佳,其中抗氯离子渗透性和抗折强度相较于未加阻锈剂的试样得到了较为显著的增强。

机制砂复配的非线性效应研究

为了探究复配对机制砂关键技术指标及应用性能的影响,考察了复配机制砂与原料机制砂的关键技术指标、所配制水泥砂浆的流动性及试块强度之间的关系。结果表明:复配机制砂的颗粒级配、石粉含量、MB值、表观密度和片状颗粒含量与原料砂的相应指标呈线性关系,而松散堆积密度与原料砂呈非线性关系;相同流动度的复配砂水泥砂浆用水量小于原料砂水泥砂浆用水量的线性相加值;复配砂水泥砂浆试块孔隙率小于原料砂水泥砂浆试块孔隙率的线性相加值,其强度大于原料砂水泥砂浆试块强度的线性相加值。

水砂—胶结充填隔离矿柱稳定性及宽度研究

某嗣后充填矿山前期水砂充填泌水效果不佳,充填体富水,随着水砂充填区域增大,开采过程中顶板及上盘稳定性变差,为改善开采安全状态,改用胶结充填,水砂充填区与胶结充填区之间的隔离矿柱是保证未来采矿安全的关键。构建了侧壁承压倾斜矿柱理论分析模型,并采用FLAC3D数值模拟软件对10~15 m宽度水砂—胶结充填隔离矿柱和不同水砂充填体静水压力梯度进行了研究。研究表明:①开采扰动会使隔离矿柱内形成应力集中,且未凝固的水砂充填体会进一步增加矿柱内最大主应力;②矿柱内部应力重分布及水砂充填体水平压力使得矿柱水平变形增加,逐步产生破坏形成塑性区,10~13 m的隔离矿柱不足以保障充填体含水工况下的采场稳定性;③考虑到爆破扰动的影响,在现有富水充填情况下,建议隔离矿柱宽度为15 m;④隔离矿柱宽度15 m时,随着静水压力梯度增加,矿柱内部最大主应力和水平变形会有所增长,但塑性区未发生明显增加,15 m宽的隔离矿柱可以保障后续开采安全。

水泥稳定砂土作路基填料的试验及应用研究

为提升砂土路基的使用性能,文中针对水泥掺量对水泥稳定砂土物理性能及力学性能的影响展开研究,并结合实体工程验证水泥稳定砂土的有效性。结果表明,所有条件下,无侧限抗压强度均随着水泥掺量的提高逐渐增加,养护初期水泥稳定砂土的无侧限抗压强度随着水泥掺量的增加幅度低于28 d养护龄期的增加幅度。水泥稳定砂土的CBR随着水泥掺量的增加呈现初期缓慢增加,然后快速增加,再次趋于稳定的趋势,最佳的水泥掺量为4.5%,实体工程的压实度及弯沉均满足规范及设计要求,路基强度优良,具有良好的施工效果。

陶砂对石灰石-煅烧黏土-水泥砂浆性能的影响

采用轻质陶砂、水泥、偏高岭土和石灰石粉制备了石灰石-煅烧黏土-水泥(LC3)砂浆,研究了陶砂掺量及预湿状态对LC3砂浆干密度、力学性能、抗渗性能及抗氯离子侵蚀能力的影响,分析了其强度形成和微观结构机理.结果表明:随着砂胶比的增大,LC3砂浆的干密度和抗压强度逐渐降低,累积吸水量逐渐增大,抗氯离子侵蚀能力逐渐增强;与掺未预湿陶砂的LC3砂浆相比,掺预湿陶砂的LC3砂浆试件28 d抗压强度增大3.4%~10.8%,28 d电通量降低59.0%~80.0%,累积吸水量降低更为显著. LC3体系中石灰石粉的成核作用能够促进水泥早期水化,偏高岭土的火山灰反应有利于细化孔结构,同时预湿陶砂的内养护效应能够维持基体内部湿度继续促进水泥水化,使得掺预湿陶砂的LC3砂浆微观结构更为密实,从而提高了其力学性能、抗渗性能和抗氯离子侵蚀能力.