A Transient-Pressure-Based Numerical Approach for Interlayer Identification in Sand Reservoirs

Almost all sandstone reservoirs contain interlayers. The identification and characterization of these interlayers iscritical for minimizing the uncertainty associated with oilfield development and improving oil and gas recovery.Identifying interlayers outside wells using identification methods based on logging data and machine learning isdifficult and seismic-based identification techniques are expensive. Herein, a numerical model based on seepageand well-testing theories is introduced to identify interlayers using transient pressure data. The proposed modelrelies on the open-source MATLAB Reservoir Simulation Toolbox. The effects of the interlayer thickness, position,and width on the pressure response are thoroughly investigated. A procedure for inverting interlayer parametersin the reservoir using the bottom-hole pressure is also proposed. This method uses only transient pressuredata during well testing and can effectively identify the interlayer distribution near the wellbore at an extremelylow cost. The reliability of the model is verified using effective oilfield examples.

Main flow channel index in porous sand reservoirs and its application

Based on well test interpretation,production performance analysis,overburden permeability and porosity test,gas-water core flooding test and high-pressure mercury injection,a quantitative correlation has been built of in-situ effective permeability with routine permeability and water saturation,and the ranges of Main Flow Channel Index(MFCI)are determined for different permeability levels in porous sand gas reservoirs.A new method to evaluate the in-situ effective permeability of porous sand reservoir and a correlation chart of reserves producing degree and main flow channel index are established.The results reveal that the main flow channel index of porous sand gas reservoirs has close correlation with routine matrix permeability and water saturation.The lower the routine matrix permeability and the higher the water saturation,the lower the MFCI is.If the routine matrix permeability is greater than 5.0×10-3,the MFCI is generally greater than 0.5.When the routine matrix permeability is from 1.0×10-3 to 5.0×10-3,the MFCI is mainly between 0.2 and 0.5.When the routine matrix permeability is less than 1.0×10-3,the MFCI is less than 0.2.The evaluation method of in-situ effective permeability can be used to evaluate newly discovered or not tested porous sand gas reservoirs quickly and identify whether there is tight sand gas.The correlation chart of reserves producing degree and main flow channel index can provide basis for recoverable reserves evaluation and well infilling,and provide technical support for formulation of reasonable technical policy of gas reservoir.

Research on Pore Structure and Fractal Characteristics of Tight Sandstone Reservoir Based on High-Pressure Mercury Injection Method

Pore structure is the key element of tight sandstone reservoir, which restricts the accumulation and flow of oil and gas in the reservoir. At present, reservoir pore structure is the focus and difficulty of unconventional oil and gas exploration and development research. The tight sandstone reservoir in the Chang 4 + 5 member of the Upper Triassic Yanchang Formation is the main reservoir for oil and gas exploration in G area. At present, there is little research on its pore structure and fractal characteristics, which to some extent affects the progress of exploration and development. This paper selects the tight core samples of the Chang 4 + 5 member in the southern edge of the Ordos Basin, and based on the high-pressure mercury intrusion experiment, uses fractal theory to study the pore structure and fractal characteristics of the reservoir in the study area, thus providing theoretical basis for the evaluation and exploration and development of the Chang 4 + 5 tight reservoir in the G area. The research results show that the lithology of the Chang 4 + 5 tight sandstone reservoir in the southern edge of the Ordos Basin is mainly feldspathic sandstone, with the highest feldspar content, followed by quartz, and the clay mineral is mainly chlorite. The reservoir has poor physical properties and strong heterogeneity. There are three main fractal characteristics in Chang 4 + 5 reservoir in G area: the fractal curve of Type I reservoir sample is in two segments, the relatively large pore has certain fractal characteristics, the pore structure is relatively regular, and the heterogeneity is weak;Relatively small pores have no fractal characteristics and pore structure is irregular. The fractal curve of Type II reservoir samples shows a three-segment pattern, and each pore size range has certain fractal characteristics, and it gradually gets better with the increase of pore size. The fractal curve of Type III reservoir samples presents a similar one-segment pattern, and the fractal dimension exceeds the upper limit of 3. It is considered that the full pore size of this type of reservoir does not have fractal characteristics, the pore throat is completely irregular or the surface is rough, and the heterogeneity is very strong.

Lithofacies paleogeography mapping and reservoir prediction in tight sandstone strata: A case study from central Sichuan Basin, China

Sand-rich tight sandstone reservoirs are potential areas for oil and gas exploration. However, the high ratio of sandstone thickness to that of the strata in the formation poses many challenges and uncertainties to traditional lithofacies paleogeography mapping. Therefore, the prediction of reservoir sweet spots has remained problematic in the field of petroleum exploration. This study provides new insight into resolving this problem, based on the analyses of depositional characteristics of a typical modern sand-rich formation in a shallow braided river delta of the central Sichuan Basin, China. The varieties of sand-rich strata in the braided river delta environment include primary braided channels,secondary distributary channels and the distribution of sediments is controlled by the successive superposed strata deposited in paleogeomorphic valleys. The primary distributary channels have stronger hydrodynamic forces with higher proportions of coarse sand deposits than the secondary distributary channels. Therefore, lithofacies paleogeography mapping is controlled by the geomorphology, valley locations, and the migration of channels. We reconstructed the paleogeomorphology and valley systems that existed prior to the deposition of the Xujiahe Formation. Following this, rock-electro identification model for coarse skeletal sand bodies was constructed based on coring data. The results suggest that skeletal sand bodies in primary distributary channels occur mainly in the valleys and low-lying areas,whereas secondary distributary channels and fine deposits generally occur in the highland areas. The thickness distribution of skeletal sand bodies and lithofacies paleogeography map indicate a positive correlation in primary distributary channels and reservoir thickness. A significant correlation exists between different sedimentary facies and petrophysical properties. In addition, the degree of reservoir development in different sedimentary facies indicates that the mapping method reliably predicts the distribution of sweet spots. The application and understanding of the mapping method provide a reference for exploring tight sandstone reservoirs on a regional basis.

Causes and controlling pattern of sand hazards at the Danghe Reservoir of Dunhuang in Northwest China

Sand hazards are serious at the Danghe Reservoir of Dunhuang,and efforts to control sand are ineffective because disaster-causing mechanisms are currently unclear.The source of sandy materials,dynamic environment of blown sand,and controlling measures of the reservoir area are investigated using different methods,such as granularity analyses,wind regime and sand transport field observation and analyses,sand drift potential calculation.Accordingly,the sandy materials are found to derive chiefly from the Mingsha Mountain on the north side of the reservoir area.In addition,sand grain in the range of 0.50-0.25 mm and 0.25-0.10 mm are dominant.The prevailing sand-moving wind originates from the N direction,accounting for 15.38% of the yearly total,which coincides in the same direction with sand source,thereby increasing the severity of sand hazards in the reservoir area.The yearly sand DP is 1386.59 VU,the yearly RDP is 567.31 VU,the yearly RDP/DP is 0.41,and the yearly RDD is 183.15°.In the windy season(mainly in summer),sand materials are blown by wind from north to south,and then blocked by the Danghe River.The sand materials then move with an approximate east-west trend into the river channel and produce sediment,thereby causing adisaster.We propose that the sand-controlling pattern of the Danghe Reservoir is dominated by sand blocking in the outer fringe and sand fixing in the inner fringe.Applying windbreak and sand fixation to control sandy material movement into the river channel plays an important role in retarding sedimentation and extending the useful life of the Danghe Reservoir.

Porosity Calculation of Tight Sand Gas Reservoirs with GA-CM Hybrid Optimization Log Interpretation Method

Tight sand gas reservoirs are our country’s fairly rich unconventional natural gas resources, and their exploration and development is of prime importance. Sulige Gas Field which located in the northern Ordos Basin is tight sand gas reservoirs. It is typically featured by low porosity and low permeability, and the error of porosity calculation by traditional methods is larger. Multicomponent explanation model is built by analyzing the thin slice data, and the objective function is got according to the concept of optimization log interpretation method. This paper puts the Genetic Algorithm and the Complex Algorithm together to form the GA-CM Hybrid Algorithm for searching the optimal solution of the objective function, getting the porosity of tight sandstone gas reservoirs. The deviation got by this method is lesser compared with the core porosity, with a high reliability.

An Integrated Rock Typing Approach for Unraveling the Reservoir Heterogeneity of Tight Sands in the Whicher Range Field of Perth Basin, Western Australia

Tight gas sands in Whicher Range Field of Perth Basin show large heterogeneity in reservoir characteristics and production behavior related to depositional and diagenetic features. Diagenetic events (compaction and cementation) have severely affected the pore system. In order to investigate the petrophysical characteristics, reservoir sandstone facies were correlated with core porosity and permeability and their equivalent well log responses to describe hydraulic flow units and electrofacies, respectively. Thus, very tight, tight, and sub-tight sands were differentiated. To reveal the relationship between pore system properties and depositional and diagenetic characteristics in each sand type, reservoir rock types were extracted. The identified reservoir rock types are in fact a reflection of internal reservoir heterogeneity related to pore system properties. All reservoir rock types are characterized by a compacted fabric and cemented framework. But distribution and dominance of diagenetic products in each of them depend on primary depositional composition and texture. The results show that reservoir rock typing based on three aspects of reservoir sandstones (depositional properties, diagenetic features and petrophysical characteristics) is a suitable technique for depiction of reservoir heterogeneity, recognition of reservoir units and identifying factors controlling reservoir quality of tight sandstones. This methodology can be used for the other tight reservoirs.

The Seismic-Geological Comprehensive Prediction Method of the Low Permeability Calcareous Sandstone Reservoir

Currently in Niu-zhuang sub-sag, the seismic reflection amplitude of the newly discovered turbidite sandstone is stronger in the third Segment. The main reason is that Calcareous components accounts for a large part and physical properties is relatively poor, which results in no corresponding relation between reservoir and seismic attributes, and effective reservoir is difficult to predict and describe. Therefore, using the method of geological statistics, we firstly study the distribution of calcareous matters, secondly study the contribution to seismic reflection amplitude made by Calcareous high impedance component;thirdly analyze its influence on actual seismic reflection amplitude and determine the lithology thickness of Calcareous via replacement forward modeling. At last, we characterize the reservoir using the amplitude of calcareous matters. It proves that the method of seismic-geological comprehensive prediction is reliable. It has good guidance for exploration and development of the calcareous sand lithologic reservoir in similar areas.

不同支撑剂组合方式下页岩导流能力实验评价

为了深入了解多粒径支撑剂组合条件下页岩储层导流能力的大小,依据达西定律,采用API支撑剂实验装置,评价分析不同支撑剂质量比例、粒径、铺砂浓度、类型、流体类型、岩性等对导流能力的影响。实验结果表明:随着闭合压力增加,各种支撑剂组合方式下的导流能力都有很大程度下降;相同条件下,铺砂浓度与导流能力呈正相关关系,覆膜砂的导流能力高于石英砂,清水条件下的导流能力高于破胶液,硬度高的页岩储层导流能力高于硬度低的页岩储层;70/140目陶粒+40/70目覆膜砂+30/50目覆膜砂支撑剂组合,在质量比为1∶6∶3时导流能力最优;在高闭合压力下,70/140目陶粒+40/70目覆膜砂+30/50目覆膜砂组合的导流能力,略高于70/140目陶粒+30/50目覆膜砂+20/40目覆膜砂支撑剂组合。可见,对于较软地层采用覆膜砂组合支撑剂,更有利于长期保持较高的导流能力;压裂液选用时更要注重压裂液配方的低伤害性,以提高导流能力。

疏松砂岩稠油油藏防砂介质的原油-地层砂协同复合堵塞机制与规律

针对稠油出砂井防砂介质堵塞问题,使用稠油与水混合液携带地层砂,开展单向驱替流动、热采交变吞吐流动两种模式下的挡砂堵塞驱替模拟试验,揭示不同条件下割缝、绕丝、复合滤网和砾石层等多类型防砂介质的稠油-地层砂协同堵塞机制与规律,根据堵塞机制和定量关系,构建稠油-地层砂对防砂介质堵塞程度和动态产能预测模型。结果表明:高黏度稠油对防砂层多孔介质具有明显堵塞作用,渗透率损伤可高达70%;稠油防砂井中,存在稠油和地层砂对防砂介质的协同堵塞机制,稠油以束缚油的形式占据介质空间,加剧内部分选桥架堵塞,最终造成90%以上渗透率损害,但同时挡砂效果得到提升;热采蒸汽交变吞吐生产方式对稠油-地层砂的协同堵塞具有明显的解除堵塞效应;但随着交替轮次的增加,解堵和渗透率恢复幅度逐渐下降;对于稠油油藏防砂,建议挡砂精度相比常规油藏防砂精度放宽1~2个等级。

Fracture prediction in the tight-oil reservoirs of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin,northern China

It is important to predict the fracture distribution in the tight reservoirs of the Ordos Basin because fracturing is very crucial for the reconstruction of the low-permeability reservoirs. Three-dimensional finite element models are used to predict the fracture orientation and distribution of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in the Longdong area, southern Ordos Basin. The numerical modeling is based on the distribution of sand bodies in the Chang 7a and 72 members, and the different forces that have been exerted along each boundary of the basin in the Late Mesozoic and the Cenozoic. The calculated results demonstrate that the fracture orientations in the Late Mesozoic and the Ceno- zoic are NW-EW and NNE-ENE, respectively. In this paper, the two-factor method is applied to analyze the distribution of fracture density. The distribution maps of predicted fracture density in the Chang 71 and 72 members are obtained, indicating that the tectonic movement in the Late Mesozoic has a greater influence on the fracture development than that in the Cenozoic. The average fracture densities in the Chang 71 and 72 members are similar, but there are differences in their distributions. Compared with other geological elements, the lithology and the layer thickness are the primary factors that control the stress distribution in the study area, which further determine the fracture distribution in the stable Ordos Basin. The predicted fracture density and the two-factor method can be utilized to guide future exploration in the tight-sand reservoirs.

巴基斯坦卡洛特水电站取水防沙试验研究

多沙河流上水电站取水发电,泥沙问题是需要解决的关键问题。本文通过物理模型试验,研究了巴基斯坦卡洛特水电站泥沙淤积发展规律。结果表明:通过“分级相机拉沙”排沙优化调度运行方式和“双重弯道分沙取水”枢纽布局,卡洛特水电站的淤积平衡年限延长至20年,坝上游8.15 km河段泥沙累积淤积量为4782.3万m^(3),平均淤厚27.4 m,最大淤厚51.7 m,兴利库容保留率78.56%;蓄水期,过机水流含沙量降低92.1%,汛前和汛后过机水流含沙量降低33.7%,全年通过电厂机组的水流含沙量不超过1.2 kg/m^(3),过机泥沙粒径原型值最大为0.02 mm,基本无粗沙过机问题。卡洛特水电站排沙调度方式和枢纽布局为解决高原地区多沙河流水电站泥沙问题提供了解决思路。

浅水三角洲物源、砂体构型与储层特征研究——以准噶尔盆地永进—莫西庄地区侏罗系三工河组二段为例

针对准噶尔盆地腹部侏罗系三工河组物源、砂体构型及储层物性认识存在争议的问题,笔者等基于岩芯、录井、钻井等方面的资料,结合前人在准噶尔盆地周缘磷灰石及锆石年龄数据,运用沉积学、层序地层学、沉积盆地分析及储层沉积学的基本原理和方法对三工河组二段物源方向、远近和类型、沉积体系展布、砂体构型及储层物性之间的关系进行了系统的研究。研究表明,在敞流盆地快速抬升/缓慢沉降的构造背景下形成辫状河三角洲退积式沉积序列,在五级层序地层格架中,河道强冲刷叠置砂体见于第1、2砂组,三角洲退积,分支河道强烈冲刷,导致河道砂体叠置,微相类型单一,单砂体厚度向上变薄,砂体全区稳定分布,储集性较好。河道弱冲刷叠置砂体见于第3、5砂组,三角洲退积,分支河道冲刷不明显,形成河道“二元结构”,单砂体厚度向上变薄,粒度变细,储集性好;河口坝组合砂体见于第4砂组,在三角洲退积过程中,水下分流河道末端形成河口坝,总体岩性向上变细,砂体不连续,储集性好,远砂坝席状砂组合砂体见于第6、7砂组,砂体零星分布,储集性很差。在浅水、低可容纳空间、快速抬升/缓慢幕式沉降构造背景之下,浅水三角洲的物源的方向、远近及类型是影响沉积微相展布的关键因素,也是影响砂体构型及其储层物性的物质基础。

利用条件生成对抗网络建立曲流河地质模型

【目的】在传统的河道建模方法中,基于目标的方法难以刻画曲流河点坝且条件化困难,多点地质统计学则难以再现河道的连续形态。条件生成对抗网络可以生成满足一定条件的复杂图形,可解决曲流河地质模型建立过程中点坝、河流形态刻画困难及难以条件化的问题。【方法】以鄂尔多斯盆地苏里格气田南部地区某气田为例,开展了基于条件生成对抗网络的曲流河三维建模方法研究。在建模过程中,首先采用Alluvsim建模方法根据工区曲流河特征建立了200个曲流河模型;再通过卷积神经网络对200个模型进行深度学习,提取模型的特征矩阵,利用条件生成对抗网络建立可以生成曲流河模型的生成器;最后以工区井点数据作为输入数据,利用生成器建立满足曲流河复杂形态和井点数据的三维模型。【结果与结论】所建立的模型可以很好地展现曲流河中河道与点坝的三维形态及对应关系。为明确影响模型结果的关键因素,通过对比训练次数与输入数据发现,适当的训练次数(160次)与大量地输入样本(200个)是建立满足工区条件模型的前提。另外,通过对比传统地质建模方法,条件生成对抗网络建模方法可以很好地再现河道沉积体的空间形态,克服传统曲流河建模方法在条件化方面的困难,为曲流河沉积环境的河道砂体建模提供了新的解决思路,建立的曲流河模型可为油田开发阶段提供参考。

热储特征对砂岩热储采灌井距的影响-以济阳坳陷为例

水热型地热资源的回灌式开采是公认的地热可持续开采方式,而采灌井距是地热项目中需要着重关注的问题,以避免开采井中的热突破现象。回灌水在热储中的运移取决于热储特征,也就是储层的透水能力,主要指热储的孔隙度、渗透率及砂泥岩组合关系等参数。基于济阳坳陷典型地热田的储层数据,采用Tough2为核心的Petrasim软件建立数值模型,系统研究了储层孔隙度、渗透率及单砂体厚度对热储中回灌水的运移以及温度场的影响。模拟结果显示:(1)储层孔隙度对回灌压力与采灌井距几乎没有影响;(2)储层渗透率对采灌率和采灌压力影响较大,控制着热储的回灌能力,但对采灌井距没有影响;(3)多次叠置的薄砂层热储中的泥岩隔层影响回灌水运移,在多层薄砂叠置的热储中回灌水水平运移距离远,温度影响范围更大,应扩大采灌井距。该研究对地热开发项目的可持续运行具有指导意义。

华北廊固凹陷万庄地区沙三段油藏单元表征

为解决廊固凹陷万庄地区沙三段地层勘探开发程度低以及油藏单元各要素认识不成熟的问题,从而推进油气藏评价与建产工作,笔者采用了一种综合测井解释结论资料、试油和生产动态等资料相结合的方法,对沙三段地层的油藏单元进行了详细的研究。通过梳理砂体展布与构造特征,对各油藏单体的连通关系进行了分析,重新厘定了单元边界,并明确了油气藏有利发育单元。研究结果表明:研究区纵向上可以分成12套单元层系,其中Es_(3)^(2)底各层系油藏单元主要发育于T12、Q56、T47和Q87区块。Es_(3)^(3)上各层系油藏单元较多,Es_(3)^(3)下各层系油藏单元数量有所减少,主要集中于T12区块。总体上看,各区块主要油藏单元仍然以构造控制为主,断层发挥着重要遮挡作用。此外,河道化砂体上倾尖灭与断层配合也可形成众多构造-岩性圈闭,是油气藏发育有利位置。

鄂北S井区盒8上亚段砂体叠置类型及其对气藏分布的影响

为明确鄂北S井区盒8上亚段地层砂体叠置类型及其与气藏分布的关系,通过岩心观察、测井解释等方法对研究区盒8上亚段沉积微相类型、砂体的垂向叠置及侧向接触关系进行深入研究,再结合试气资料探讨不同砂体叠置类型的气藏分布特征。结果表明:鄂北S井区盒8上亚段为曲流河三角洲平原亚相,有利砂体对应的沉积微相类型为边滩与河道充填微相;砂体垂向叠置类型可划分为分离式、叠加式、切叠式、替代式,侧向接触关系可划分为间湾接触、堤岸接触、对接式、侧切式、替代式;鄂北S井区盒8上亚段砂体垂向叠置类型主要为侧向切叠式和替代式,增加了砂体在侧向上的连通性;盒8上亚段砂体侧向接触关系主要为侧切式,提升了砂体侧向上的连通程度,气藏储存关系较好;单一、孤立存在的砂体,其连通性较差,整体的含气性也较差。该研究对寻找低渗透背景下产能高、潜力大的砂体分布区具有重要指导意义。

南缘深层高温高压井出砂临界压差预测研究

深层超高压水平井出砂预测困难且针对性研究较少,难以制定合理有效的控砂和防砂措施,油田产量和经济效益受到较大的影响。综合考虑井筒内流体流动、高温差下井壁岩石的应力变化、流体渗流效应、地应力在井壁上的复杂分布、地层压力衰竭及水侵因素对出砂的影响,建立了适用于南缘深层高温高压井出砂临界压差的预测模型。分析表明,高生产压差是深井出砂的主导因素;高产造成的井筒与地层的温差会在井壁产生应力,影响井壁稳定性;生产后期地层孔隙压力下降会增大井筒周向应力,地层水侵会降低岩石强度,两者均会增大出砂风险;采用南缘实例井进行出砂压差验证后结果较吻合,研究成果可为类似深层高温高压井出砂临界压差预测和合理生产压差制定提供理论指导。