Theoretical investigation on axial cyclic performance of monopile in sands using interface constitutive models

Cyclic loads generated by environmental factors,such as winds,waves,and trains,will likely lead to performance degradation in pile foundations,resulting in issues like permanent displacement accumulation and bearing capacity attenuation.This paper presents a semi-analytical solution for predicting the axial cyclic behavior of piles in sands.The solution relies on two enhanced nonlinear load-transfer models considering stress-strain hysteresis and cyclic degradation in the pile-soil interaction.Model parameters are calibrated through cyclic shear tests of the sand-steel interface and laboratory geotechnical testing of sands.A novel aspect involves the meticulous formulation of the shaft loadtransfer function using an interface constitutive model,which inherently inherits the interface model’s advantages,such as capturing hysteresis,hardening,degradation,and particle breakage.The semi-analytical solution is computed numerically using the matrix displacement method,and the calculated values are validated through model tests performed on non-displacement and displacement piles in sands.The results demonstrate that the predicted values show excellent agreement with the measured values for both the static and cyclic responses of piles in sands.The displacement pile response,including factors such as bearing capacity,mobilized shaft resistance,and convergence rate of permanent settlement,exhibit improvements compared to non-displacement piles attributed to the soil squeezing effect.This methodology presents an innovative analytical framework,allowing for integrating cyclic interface models into the theoretical investigation of pile responses.

Interface Mechanical Behavior of Flexible Piles Under Lateral Loads in OWT Systems

This paper investigates the interface mechanical behavior of flexible piles with L_p/D>10 under lateral load and an overturning moment in monotonic loading conditions.To modify the beam-on-Winkler-foundation model of piles in offshore wind farms,the energy-based variational method is used.The soil is treated as a multi-layered elastic continuum with the assumption of three-dimensional displacements,the pile modeled as an Euler-Bernoulli beam.A series of cases using MATLAB programming was conducted to investigate the simplified equations of initial stiffness.The results indicated that the interaction between soil layers and the applied force position should be taken into account in calculating the horizontal soil resistance.Additionally,the distributed moment had a limiting effect on the lateral capacity of a flexible pile.Moreover,to account for the more realistic conditions of OWT systems,field data from the Donghai Bridge offshore wind farm were used.

Fiber optic monitoring of an anti-slide pile in a retrogressive landslide

Anti-slide piles are one of the most important reinforcement structures against landslides,and evalu-ating the working conditions is of great significance for landslide mitigation.The widely adopted analytical methods of pile internal forces include cantilever beam method and elastic foundation beam method.However,due to many assumptions involved in calculation,the analytical models cannot be fully applicable to complex site situations,e.g.landslides with multi-sliding surfaces and pile-soil interface separation as discussed herein.In view of this,the combination of distributed fiber optic sensing(DFOS)and strain-internal force conversion methods was proposed to evaluate the working conditions of an anti-sliding pile in a typical retrogressive landslide in the Three Gorges reservoir area,China.Brillouin optical time domain reflectometry(BOTDR)was utilized to monitor the strain distri-bution along the pile.Next,by analyzing the relative deformation between the pile and its adjacent inclinometer,the pile-soil interface separation was profiled.Finally,the internal forces of the anti-slide pile were derived based on the strain-internal force conversion method.According to the ratio of calculated internal forces to the design values,the working conditions of the anti-slide pile could be evaluated.The results demonstrated that the proposed method could reveal the deformation pattern of the anti-slide pile system,and can quantitatively evaluate its working conditions.

Thermal integrity profiling of cast-in-situ piles in sand using fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing

Defects in cast-in-situ piles have an adverse impact on load transfer at the pile‒soil interface and pile bearing capacity. In recent years, thermal integrity profiling (TIP) has been developed to measure temperature profiles of cast-in-situ piles, enabling the detection of structural defects or anomalies at the early stage of construction. However, using this integrity testing method to evaluate potential defects in cast-in-situ piles requires a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism of hydration heat transfer from piles to surrounding soils. In this study, small-scale model tests were conducted in laboratory to investigate the performance of TIP in detecting pile integrity. Fiber-optic distributed temperature sensing (DTS) technology was used to monitor detailed temperature variations along model piles in sand. Additionally, sensors were installed in sand to measure water content and matric suction. An interpretation method against available DTS-based thermal profiles was proposed to reveal the potential defective regions. It shows that the temperature difference between normal and defective piles is more obvious in wet sand. In addition, there is a critical zone of water migration in sand due to the water absorption behavior of cement and temperature transfer-induced water migration in the early-age concrete setting. These findings could provide important insight into the improvement of the TIP testing method for field applications.

A Simplified Method for Estimating the Initial Stiffness of Monopile-Soil Interaction Under Lateral Loads in Offshore Wind Turbine Systems

The interface mechanical behavior of a monopile is an important component of the overall offshore wind turbine structure design.Understanding the soil-structure interaction,particularly the initial soil-structure stiffness,has a significant impact on the study of natural frequency and dynamic response of the monopile.In this paper,a simplified method for estimating the interface mechanical behavior of monopiles under initial lateral loads is proposed.Depending on the principle of minimum potential energy and virtual work theory,the functions of soil reaction components at the interface of monopiles are derived;MATLAB programming has been used to simplify the functions of the initial stiffness by fitting a large number of examples;then the functions are validated against the field test data and FDM results.This method can modify the modulus of the subgrade reaction in the p-y curve method for the monopile-supported offshore wind turbine system.

温度影响下能量桩-土接触面剪切特性试验研究

能量桩工作过程中,桩体受温度变化影响会产生热变形,进而引起桩周土体的循环剪切作用,弱化地基承载力,给桩基的正常使用带来风险。由于传统直剪仪无法模拟能量桩工作过程中的温度变化,因此对桩-土接触面力学特性受温度影响的变化规律研究较少。对传统直剪仪进行改造,使其可以改变剪切试样温度;所用土体从重庆某施工现场取样,开展不同温度变化下桩-土接触面的室内土工直剪试验,分析单次温度变化和循环温度变化对桩-土接触面力学性能的影响,并对温度影响下桩-土接触面力学特性与土体力学特性的差异进行比较。结果表明,能量桩-土接触面的抗剪强度受温度影响较大;随着温度的升高,能量桩-土界面摩擦角和黏聚力先减小后增大;低法向应力下温度循环对桩-土接触面力学特性影响较大,而高法向应力下温度循环对桩-土接触面力学特性影响不显著;土体的抗剪强度、黏聚力和摩擦角随温度变化规律与桩-土界面类似。

寒区冻土桩基承载特性研究现状与展望

冻土地区季节性的温度变化、大气升温以及人类工程活动加剧,常引起桩基冻胀融沉、倾斜、混凝土开裂等灾害,造成桩基的承载力降低,给寒区冻土桩基带来新的更大挑战。通过回顾国内外相关文献,对冻土桩基的承载性能目前的研究现状进行了总结。从特殊的冻土性质出发,描述了冻土桩基体系主要的受力形式及其作用特征;从桩–冻土界面力学特性试验及荷载传递机制两个方面,阐述了冻土区桩–土界面力学特性变化机制;从试验研究、理论分析以及数值模拟三个方面,阐明了冻土桩基承载性能变化规律及分析、预测方法;归纳了冻土区桩–土体系温度、水分、应力应变等方面的监测技术。对寒区冻土桩基承载特性未来的研究提出了展望。

基于桩-土界面剪切特性的单桩沉降和承载问题研究

近年来,西北地区出现了许多高填方场地,为减小建筑物基础的不均匀沉降,基础类型广泛使用桩基础。与一般场地不同,黄土填方场地中的单桩桩周土受力后仍会产生较大的变形,该类场地单桩沉降机制复杂。桩顶总沉降计算是桩基设计的重要依据,为此,建立了高填方黄土场地单桩桩顶总沉降计算模型。基于传统的荷载传递法和剪切位移法,分别考虑桩-土界面的桩-土相互作用和桩-土界面外剪切带土体的剪切变形。依据桩端边界,将单桩类型分为摩擦桩和端承摩擦桩,分别建立桩周土弹性阶段和塑性阶段的桩身位移控制微分方程,结合边界条件进行求解,得到桩身位移、轴力、侧摩阻力,并通过弹塑性理论求解了桩周土剪切带土体剪切变形,进而通过叠加原理求得桩顶总沉降。用桩长与桩周土塑性发展深度的比值,定义了桩基承载力安全系数K。通过算例分析与现场试验数据对比分析,研究结果表明:使用新的模型计算得到的桩顶总沉降与现场试验结果相近;当桩顶荷载较小、桩周土处于弹性阶段时,桩端边界对桩身轴力、位移和侧摩阻力影响很小,但桩周土进入塑性滑移阶段后,桩端边界的影响开始变大,考虑桩端土的承载能力会极大提高单桩极限承载力;建立了将荷载传递法和剪切位移法综合起来的计算模型,不仅可以考虑桩-土界面的相对滑移,还可以计算桩-土界面外土体剪切带的剪切变形,使得桩顶总沉降计算更加精确,可为类似场地中单桩沉降的分析与控制提供一定的参考。

考虑剪切速率影响桩土界面力学特性模拟研究

文中通过大型直剪仪研究了黏性土与混凝土界面的界面摩擦阻力,测定了不同剪切速率和法向应力下黏性土-混凝土界面摩擦阻力以及剪切速率与剪切破坏位移的关系.结果表明:黏性土与混凝土界面的剪应力-剪切位移关系受剪切速率和法向应力的影响.剪切速率对界面附着力和界面摩擦角均不存在影响,界面剪切破坏位移与剪切速率之间没有明显的相关性,但剪切速率对桩-土界面剪切破坏位移有一定的影响.因此,静压桩沉桩速度范围内,剪切速率对桩土界面力学特性影响不大.

基于扰动理论修正的桩-土接触面荷载传递模型及其应用

利用硬化模型、双曲线模型、指数模型以及软化模型模拟的桩-土接触关系存在参数取值困难、误差大的问题。为深入研究土-结构接触面的强度与变形机理,基于扰动理论,假定完整状态接触单元的抗剪强度服从线弹性模型,而扰动部位则服从塑性模型,建立修正的桩-土接触面荷载传递模型。该模型参数分析表明,参数k、η对模型τ-s曲线形态影响大,而参数τf、ζ对模型τ-s曲线形态影响很小;并通过大型桩-土接触面室内直剪试验,量化接触面上剪切应力与剪切位移的关联性,进一步确定修正桩-土接触模型内部计算参数。结果表明模型τ-s曲线与试验曲线吻合较好,验证了模型的合理性。扰动桩-土接触模型既能描述桩侧应变软化也能描述硬化特性,有助于理解复杂应力条件下桩-土接触面的强度计算与变形机理。

基于扰动状态概念的砂土-混凝土桩接触面荷载传递模型研究

基于扰动状态概念理论,考虑砂土密实度对扰动函数的影响,建立混凝土桩-砂土接触面荷载传递模型。用混凝土板表征桩侧粗糙度效应,采用大型直剪仪开展不同密实度的砂土-混凝土桩接触面力学行为的试验模拟,研究砂土密实度对混凝土桩-砂土接触面的力学特性的影响规律,分析接触面模型初始剪切系数、模型扰动参数(A和Z)对桩-砂土接触面荷载传递模型的作用机制。研究结果表明:1)混凝土桩-砂土接触面易呈现应变软化,在低法向应力条件下,混凝土桩-密砂接触面的应变软化程度最大。2)模型扰动参数Z在数值上近似等于孔隙比。模型扰动参数A越大,砂土与混凝土桩接触面的软化显著程度越大。参数A随着密实度增大而增大。随着法向应力增大,密砂的扰动参数A呈近似线性衰减,松砂和中密砂的扰动参数A近似呈双折线衰减。3)初始剪切系数k_s随着法向应力增大而增大,密实度越大,增速越快。4)基于扰动状态概念的桩-砂土接触面荷载传递模型可靠、参数的物理意义明确且易确定,能很好地表征桩-砂土接触面的应变软化及硬化等力学特征。

基于界面本构模型的砂土中单桩荷载−沉降响应预测方法

基于界面本构模型提出了一种新的砂土中单桩荷载沉降响应的预测方法。首先,从土−结构界面本构模型出发推导了严格的桩−土界面非线性荷载传递模型,该模型承继了界面本构模型特征,能够模拟桩−土界面上发生的应变硬化/软化、剪胀与应力路径依赖性等行为。此外,采用双曲线荷载传递模型模拟桩端−土相互作用的非线性应力−位移关系。上述荷载传递模型所需参数可以通过室内界面剪切试验和土工试验进行校准。继而,基于荷载传递法,提出了单桩荷载沉降响应分析的一维计算模型,并采用迭代算法进行数值求解。最后,将理论解答与已报道的模型试验、自主开展的模型桩试验以及数值模拟结果进行比较,以验证所提出的理论方法的正确性。试验结果表明,预测值与实测值吻合较好,且该方法能够很好地预测非位移桩与位移桩的荷载沉降响应。提出了一个基于界面本构模型的单桩荷载沉降响应分析框架,为竖向荷载下砂土中单桩优化设计提供了理论参考。

不同桩-土界面摩擦系数对水平荷载下大直径单桩变形特性影响研究

为研究不同桩-土界面摩擦系数对水平荷载下大直径单桩变形特性的影响,根据现场试验及室内循环剪切试验结果,采用Abaqus软件及可考虑软土软化效应的本构模型进行数值模拟。结果表明:提高桩-土界面摩擦系数可在一定程度上减少桩顶位移,其减少程度与桩土相对位移呈正相关。桩-土界面摩擦系数变化区间为0.1~0.5,在水平静载作用下,桩-土界面摩擦系数对桩顶位移的影响随荷载的增大而增大,随桩径的增大而减小。水平循环荷载作用下,桩-土界面摩擦系数对桩顶位移及桩周土体软化程度的影响随荷载峰值、荷载频率、循环次数的增大而增大,桩顶位移减小值最大可达25.85%,桩周土体软化程度最大可达17%。

Elastoplastic behavior of frozen sand-concrete interfaces under cyclic shear loading

The resilient modulus,accumulated plastic strain,peak shear stress,and critical shear stress are the elastoplastic behaviors of frozen sand–concrete interfaces under cyclic shear loading.They reflect the bearing capacity of buildings(e.g.highspeed railways)in both seasonal frozen and permafrost regions.This study describes a series of direct shear experiments conducted on frozen sand–concrete interfaces.The results indicated that the elastoplastic behaviors of frozen sand–concrete interfaces,including the resilient modulus,accumulated plastic strain,and shear strength,are influenced by the boundary conditions(constant normal loading and constant normal height),initial normal stress,negative temperature,and cyclic-loading amplitude.The resilient modulus was significantly correlated with the initial normal stress and negative temperature,but not with the cyclic-loading amplitude and loading cycles.The accumulated plastic shear strain increased when the initial normal stress and cyclic-loading amplitude increased and the temperature decreased.Moreover,the accumulated plastic shear strain increment decreased when the loading cycles increased.The accumulated direction also varied with changes in the initial normal stress,negative temperature,and cyclic-loading amplitude.The peak shear stress of the frozen sand–concrete interface was affected by the initial normal stress,negative temperature,cyclic-loading amplitude,and boundary conditions.Nevertheless,a correlation was observed between the critical shear stress and the initial normal stress and boundary conditions.The peak shear stress was higher,and the critical shear stress was lower under the constant normal height boundary condition.Based on the results,it appears that the properties of frozen sand–concrete interfaces,including plastic deformation properties and stress strength properties,are influenced by cyclic shear stress.These results provide valuable information for the investigation of constitutive models of frozen soil–structure interfaces.

Numerical Analysis of the Stability of Embankment Slope Reinforced with Piles

The effects of stabilizing piles on the stability of an embankment slope are analyzed by numerical simulation. The shear strength reduction method is used for the analysis, and the soil - pile interaction is simulated with zero-thickness elasto-plastic interface elements. Effects of pile spacing and pile position on the safety factor of slope and the behavior of piles under these conditions are given. The numerical analysis indicates that the positions of the pile have significant influence on the stability of the slope, and the pile needs to be installed in the middle of the slope for maximum safety factors. In the end, the soil arching effect closely associated with the space between stabilizing piles is analyzed. The results are helpful for design and construction of stabilizing piles.

黏性土中静力沉桩过程桩土界面土压力模型试验

为探讨静压桩贯入过程中桩土界面土压力的变化特性,开展了室内饱和黏性土中静压桩沉桩模型试验。采用双壁模型管桩分离内外摩阻力,在桩身安装微型土压力传感器,监测桩-土界面土压力,分析了沉桩过程中压桩力与桩端阻力的变化规律,探讨了静压桩沉桩过程中桩土界面土压力的分布特征,明确了桩土界面土压力在沉桩过程中存在明显的退化效应,揭示了饱和黏性土中静压桩沉桩过程桩土界面土压力的变化机理。试验结果表明:压桩力随贯入深度的增加近似呈线性增长,在贯入后期闭口桩的压桩力明显大于开口桩的压桩力;桩端阻力基本呈现出线性增长,在沉桩过程中桩端阻力占压桩力的比例较大,占比为62.3%;在静压桩贯入初期,桩土界面土压力的增长速度较低,随着静压桩的逐渐贯入,桩土界面土压力呈现出线性增长且增长速率较快;在同一深度处,随着静压桩的逐渐贯入桩土界面土压力出现明显的土压力退化现象,在深度20、30、40、50、60、70 cm处,土压力依次平均退化14.6%、13.8%、13.2%、9.2%、7.2%、6.1%。

深基坑土岩界面微型钢管桩受力特性试验研究

依托青岛地铁某基坑工程,在微型钢管桩外壁对称布置电阻式应变片,在桩身迎土面布置土压力盒,开展了微型钢管桩支护结构的现场试验,分别采集土层中、土岩分界面以及岩层中3个部位桩身弯矩与桩侧土压力数据;分析了基坑开挖过程中土岩界面桩侧土压力及桩身弯矩的演化特性;研究了第四系土层中、土岩分界面及岩层中内排微型钢管桩桩侧土压力与桩身弯矩随基坑开挖深度的变化规律。研究表明:随基坑开挖深度的增加,土层中、岩层中桩侧土压力值均呈现先减小后增大,再减小又增大,随后持续增大的变化趋势;土岩分界面处桩侧土压力呈波状递增变化,且增幅较大,属于岩土层受力的薄弱点;预应力锚杆(索)支护能够有效协调桩身内力并限制桩身产生大变形,避免了桩身弯矩的增长;位于土岩结合面附近微型钢管桩弯矩数值较小且增长较缓;桩侧土压力受基坑开挖的时空效应影响较大。

考虑桩土非完全粘结及桩底土波动效应的浮承桩纵向振动特性研究

为合理考虑浮承桩纵向振动问题中桩端土作用及桩-土界面相对位移条件,同时引入动力Winkler模型和虚土桩模型,建立了一种适用性更广的浮承桩纵向振动特性研究方法。引入分离变量法对三维土体位移控制方程进行求解,结合土体表面及基岩处边界条件得到三维土体位移基本解;通过将动力Winkler模型相关参数考虑为桩-土界面边界条件在频域内解析求解了桩纵向振动特性,并将所得频域解析解拓展到时域,采用离散傅里叶逆变换方法(IFT)求解了桩顶速度时域响应;开展参数化分析探讨了桩-土界面非完全粘结条件及虚土桩参数对浮承桩动力响应的影响,计算结果表明:桩-土界面完全耦合假定会过高估计桩侧土对桩的约束作用,无法合理评估桩基的抗振性能,并会对桩基抗振防振设计及桩底反射信号识别产生不利影响;另外,针对浮承桩纵向振动问题,采用虚土桩模型描述其桩底土作用具有合理性和必要性。

考虑粗糙度影响的黏性土-混凝土界面剪切特性室内试验研究

采用大型恒刚度桩-土界面直剪试验系统,对不同界面粗糙度条件下,施加不同法向应力,进行黏性土-混凝土桩-土界面直剪试验,分析界面抗剪强度及其参数(界面附着力、界面摩擦角),界面剪切破坏位移和界面剪切刚度。结果表明:随着混凝土表面粗糙度的增大,界面抗剪强度、界面摩擦角、界面剪切刚度系数和界面残余剪切应力均呈增大趋势,最大增幅达35.80%;而界面附着力随粗糙度的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势,增大幅度达23.70%。因此,桩-土界面的力学特性受粗糙度的影响,试验结果可为静压桩的工程实践提供借鉴与参考。