Microstructure,Corrosion and Mechanical Properties of Medium-Thick 6061-T6 Alloy/T2 Pure Cu Dissimilar Joints Produced by Double Side Friction Stir Z Shape Lap-Butt Welding

A novel double side friction stir Z shape lap-butt welding(DS-FSZW)process was proposed to achieve excellent mechanical properties of Al/Cu medium-thick dissimilar joints.The influence of welding parameters on weld microstructure and properties of DS-FSZW joint were systematically investigated.It indicated that defect-free medium-thick Al/Cu DS-FSZW joint could be achieved under an optimal welding parameter.DS-FSZW joint was prone to form void defects in the bottom of the second-pass weld.The recrystallization mechanisms at the top and middle of the weld nugget zone(WNZ)were continuous dynamic recrystallization(CDRX)and geometric dynamic recrystallization(GDRX).While the major recrystallization mechanism at the bottom of the WNZ was GDRX.DS-FSZW joint of the optimal welding condition with 850 r/min-400 mm/min was produced with a continuous thin and crack-free IMCs layer at the Al/Cu interface,and the maximum tensile strength of this joint is 160.57 MPa,which is equivalent to 65.54%of pure Cu base material.Moreover,the corrosion resistance of Al/Cu DS-FSZW joints also achieved its maximum value at the optimal welding parameter of 850 r/min-400 mm/min.It demonstrates that the DS-FSZW process can simultaneously produce medium-thick Al/Cu joints with excellent mechanical performance and corrosion resistance.

Effect of Ti-Al content on microstructure and mechanical properties of C_f/Al and TiAl joint by laser ignited self-propagating high-temperature synthesis

Cf/Al composites and TiAl alloys were joined by laser ignited self-propagating high-temperature synthesis（SHS） with Ni-Al-Ti interlayer. The effect of Ti-Al content on interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints was investigated. Localized melt of the substrates occurred in the joints. γ-Ni0.35Al0.30Ti0.35, NiA l3 and Ni2Al3 reaction layers formed adjacent to the substrates. Joint flaws, such as pores and cracks, made the joint density decrease and worked as the fracture source, which led to the sharp decline of joint strength. Additive Ti-Al increased joint density and strengthened the interlayer adhesion to Cf/Al. The joint flaws could be controlled by changing the Ti-Al content. When the Ti-Al content was 0.1, the joint was free of cracks with high density and reached the maximum shear strength of 24.12 MPa.

Interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties of Ti-6Al-4V/Al7050 joints fabricated using the insert molding method

Ti-6Al-4V/Al7050 joints were fabricated by a method of insert molding and corresponding interfacial microstructure and mechanical properties were investigated. The interfacial thickness was sensitive to holding temperature during the first stage, and a good metallurgical bonding interface with a thickness of about 90 μm can be obtained at 750°C. X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy, and thermodynamic analyses showed that the interface mainly contained intermetallic compound TiAl_3 and Al matrix. The joints featured good mechanical properties, i.e., shear strength of 154 MPa, tensile strength of 215 MPa, and compressive strength of 283 MPa, which are superior to those of joints fabricated by other methods. Coherent boundaries between Al/TiAl_3 and TiAl_3/Ti were confirmed to contribute to outstanding interfacial mechanical properties and also explained constant fracture occurrence in the Al matrix. Follow-up studies should focus on improving mechanical properties of the Al matrix by deformation and heat treatment.

An innovative joint interface design for reducing intermetallic compounds and improving joint strength of thick plate friction stir welded Al/Mg joints

Friction stir welding of dissimilar Al/Mg thick plates still faces severe challenges, such as poor formability, formation of thick intermetallic compounds, and low joint strength. In this work, two joint configurations, namely inclined butt(conventional butt) and serrated interlocking(innovative butt), are proposed for improving weld formation and joint quality. The results show that a continuous and straight intermetallic compound layer appears at the Mg side interface in conventional butt joint, and the maximum average thickness reaches about 60.1 μm.Additionally, the Mg side interface also partially melts, forming a eutectic structure composed of Mg solid solution and Al_(12)Mg_(17) phase.For the innovative butt joint, the Mg side interface presents the curved interlocking feature, and intermetallic compounds can be reduced to less than 10 μm. The joint strength of innovative butt joint is more than three times that of conventional butt joint. This is due to the interlocking effect and thin intermetallic compounds in the innovative joint.

Microstructure and mechanical properties of Cu/Al joints brazed using(Cu,Ni,Zr,Er)-modified Al−Si filler alloys

To design a promising Al−Si filler alloy with a relatively low melting-point,good strength and plasticity for the Cu/Al joint,the Cu,Ni,Zr and Er elements were innovatively added to modify the traditional Al−Si eutectic filler.The microstructure and mechanical properties of filler alloys and Cu/Al joints were investigated.The result indicated that the Al−Si−Ni−Cu filler alloys mainly consisted of Al(s,s),Al_(2)(Cu,Ni)and Si(s,s).The Al−10Si−2Ni−6Cu filler alloy exhibited relatively low solidus(521℃)and liquidus(577℃)temperature,good tensile strength(305.8 MPa)and fracture elongation(8.5%).The corresponding Cu/Al joint brazed using Al−10Si−2Ni−6Cu filler was mainly composed of Al_(8)(Mn,Fe)_(2)Si,Al_(2)(Cu,Ni)3,Al(Cu,Ni),Al_(2)(Cu,Ni)and Al(s,s),yielding a shear strength of(90.3±10.7)MPa.The joint strength was further improved to(94.6±2.5)MPa when the joint was brazed using the Al−10Si−2Ni−6Cu−0.2Er−0.2Zr filler alloy.Consequently,the(Cu,Ni,Zr,Er)-modified Al−Si filler alloy was suitable for obtaining high-quality Cu/Al brazed joints.

Determination of key parameters of Al–Li alloy adhesively bonded joints using cohesive zone model

The key parameters of the adhesive layer of a reinforcing patch are of great significance and affect the ability to suppress crack propagation in an Al–Li alloy patch-reinforced structure.This paper proposes a method to determine the key parameters of the adhesive layer of adhesively bonded joints in the Al–Li alloy patch-reinforced structure.A zero-thickness cohesive zone model(CZM)was selected to simulate the adhesive layer’s fracture process,and an orthogonal simulation was designed to compare against the test results.A three-dimensional progressive damage model of an Al–Li alloy patch-reinforced structure with single-lap adhesively bonded joints was developed.The simulation’s results closely agree with the test results,demonstrating that this method of determining the key parameters is likely accurate.The results also verify the correctness of the cohesive strength and fracture energy,the two key parameters of the cohesive zone model.The model can accurately predict the strength and fracture process of adhesively bonded joints,and can be used in research to suppress crack propagation in Al–Li alloy patch-reinforced structures.

Microstructure and properties of 7A52 Al alloy welded joint

7A52 Al alloy plate aged at 105 ℃ for 8 h and then at 130 ℃ for 24 h was welded by means of TIG using Al- 6.3Mg-0.35Sc-0.1Zr-0.1Cr solder wire. Mechanical properties and microstructures of welded joint were studied. There are two obviously soft areas in the welded joint, welding seam and over-aging zone. The mechanical properties of welded joint are that σb is 358 MPa, σ0.2 is 238 MPa and δ5 is 6.6%. 75.6% of welding coefficient can be achieved. The addition of scandium leads to very significant grain refinement in the fusion zone, which results in a reduction in solidification cracking tendency. The solidification cracking isn’t observed.

Evaluation of microstructure and mechanical properties of squeeze overcast Al7075-Cu composite joints

Al7075-Cu composite joints were prepared by the squeeze overcast process.The effects of melt temperature,die temperature,and squeeze pressure on hardness and ultimate tensile strength(UTS)of squeeze overcast Al7075-Cu composite joints were studied.The experimental results depict that squeeze pressure is the most significant process parameter affecting the hardness and UTS.The optimal values of UTS(48 MPa)and hardness(76 HRB)are achieved at a melt temperature of 800℃,a die temperature of 250℃,and a squeeze pressure of 90 MPa.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)shows that fractured surfaces show flatfaced morphology at the optimal experimental condition.Energy-dispersive spectroscopy(EDS)analysis depicts that the atomic weight percentage of Zn decreases with an increase in melt temperature and squeeze pressure.The optimal mechanical properties of the Al7075-Cu overcast joint were achieved at the Al2Cu eutectic phase due to the large number of copper atoms that dispersed into the aluminum melt during the solidification process and the formation of strong intermetallic bonds.Gray relational analysis integrated with the Taguchi method was used to develop an optimal set of control variables for multi-response parametric optimization.Confirmatory tests were performed to validate the effectiveness of the employed technique.The manufacturing of squeeze overcast Al7075-Cu composite joints at optimal process parameters delivers a great indication to acknowledge a new method for foundry practitioners to manufacture materials with superior mechanical properties.

Effect of Scandium on Corrosion Resistance of Welded Joint ofAl-6Mg-Zr Alloy

The corrosion resistance of welded joints of Al-6Mg-Sc-Zr alloy was studied by neutral salt spray and exfoliation corrosion methods. The microstructure of welded joints was investigated by using optical microscope and transmission electron micrograph (TEM). It is demonstrated that the welded joints of Al-6Mg-Sc-Zr alloy are more corrosion resistance, comparing with Al-6Mg-Zr alloy. The addition of scandium in the alloy results in (Al_3Sc, Zr) particles, potently refined grains and restrained recrystallization process. The formation of homogeneous, discontinuous distribution of β-phase in welded joints improves the corrosion resistance of welded joints of Al-Mg-Zr alloy with high level content of magnesium.

INTERFACIAL REACTION BEHAVIOUR AND JOINT STRENGTH OF TiC_p/Si_3N_4 COMPOSITE BONDED WITH Al FOIL

１ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴｉＣｐ／Ｓｉ３Ｎ４ｃｏｍｐｏｓｉｔｅｃｅｒａｍｉｃｓｈａｖｅｅｘｃｅｌｌｅｎｔｐｈｙｓｉｃａｌ，ｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌａｎｄｍｅｃｈａｎｉｃａｌｐｒｏｐｅｒｔｉｅｓ，ａｎｄｔｈｅｙａｒｅａｐｐｌｉｅｄｗｉｄｅｌｙｉｎｓｅｖｅ...

Microstructure and Strength of Brazed Joints of Ti_(3)Al Base Alloy with Cu-P Filler Metal

Brazing of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P was carried out at 1173-1273 K for 60-1800 s. When products are brazed, the optimum brazing parameters are as follows： brazing temperature is 1215-1225 K; brazing time is 250-300 s. Four kinds of reaction products were observed during the brazing of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P, i.e., Ti3Al phase with a small quantity of Cu （Ti3Al（Cu）） formed close to the Ti3Al alloy; the TiCu intermetallic compounds layer and the Cu3P intermetallic compounds layer formed between Ti3Al（Cu） and the filler metal, and a Cu-base solid solution formed with the dispersed Cu3P in the middle of the joint. The interracial structure of brazed Ti3Al alloys joints with the filler metal Cu-P is Ti3Al/Ti3Al（Cu）/TiCu/Cu3P/Cu solid solution （Cu3P）/Cu3P/TiCu/Ti3Al（Cu）/Ti3Al, and this structure will not change with brazing time once it forms. The thickness of TiCu＋Cu3P intermetallic compounds increases with brazing time according to a parabolic law. The activation energy Q and the growth velocity/to of reaction layer TiCu＋Cu3P in the brazed joints of Ti3Al alloys with the filler metal Cu-P are 286 kJ/mol and 0.0821 m2/s, respectively, and growth formula was y2=O.O821exp（-34421.59/T）t.Careful control of the growth for the reaction layer TiCu＋Cu3P can influence the final joint strength. The formation of the intermetallic compounds TiCu＋Cu3P results in embrittlement of the joint and poor joint properties. The Cu-P filler metal is not fit for obtaining a high-quality joint of Ti3Al brazed.

Applicability of unique scarf joint configuration in friction stir welding of AA6061-T6:Analysis of torque,force,microstructure and mechanical properties

The present research introduces a unique concept of scarf joint technique in friction stir welding(FSW) of aluminum alloy AA 6061-T6 plates and an investigation on weld quality.A new joint configuration with two distinct scarf angles(75°and 60°) was considered in this study.The various aspects of welding were compared with contemporary simple square butt(SSB) joint configuration.Welding was carried out at a constant tool rotation speed(TRS),tool traverse speed(TTS) and tool tilt angle of 1100 rpm,2 mm/s and2°,respectively.The results are analyzed in terms of force and torque distribution,microstructure,macrostructure,and mechanical property perspective for different joint configurations.The study reveals the minimum amount of force and torque at 60°scarf angle joint configuration compared to that of square butt joint configuration.Macro study shows that all the joints were defect-free,and a prominent onion ring was present in the lower portion of the weld nugget(WN).Fine equiaxed grains with a minimum average grain size diameter of 6.82 μm were obtained in the WN of scarf joint configuration(SJC).The maximum ultimate tensile strength(UTS) and maximum average NZ hardness of 267 MPa and83.82 HV0.1were obtained in SJC3 at a scarf angle of 60°.It has been observed from the investigation that the joint efficiency increases from 72.5%(SSB) to 86%(SJC3) at a 60° scarf angle.This unique characteristic may lay an impetus on probable joint strength enhancement technique without increasing the production cost.

Ni元素对Zn-22Al药芯钎料用于Cu/Al钎焊接头组织和力学性能的影响

目的:研究Ni元素对Zn-Al药芯焊丝熔化特性、铺展性能的影响。方法:在钎剂中添加一定比例的Ni粉,在钎焊过程中形成Cu/Al接头的Ni合金化,分析不同含量Ni元素添加对Zn-22Al钎料以及Cu/Al异种合金钎焊接头的性能及显微组织的影响。结果:Ni粉添加可使Zn-22Al钎料在Al板上的铺展性能得到提升,当添加量质量分数为5%时钎料铺展性能提升26.75%;当添加量质量分数为7%时,用于Cu/Al钎焊的接头抗拉强度相较于未添加Ni粉焊接接头强度提升61.79%。结论:Ni粉添加可有效改善Zn-22Al焊缝的显微组织,体现为主晶相的细化,富Zn边界相的减少,促进主晶团之间形成层片状共析组织,以及减小了Cu侧生成的铜铝金属间化合物脆性相的厚度。

Non-invasive optical characterization and estimation of Zn porosity in gas tungsten arc welding of Fe–Al joints using CR model and OES measurements

In this study,we employed a non-invasive approach based on the collisional radiative(CR)model and optical emission spectroscopy(OES)measurements for the characterization of gas tungsten arc welding(GTAW)discharge and quantification of Zn-induced porosity during the GTAW process of Fe–Al joints.The OES measurements were recorded as a function of weld current,welding speed,and input waveform.The OES measurements revealed significant line emissions from Zn-I in 460–640 nm and Ar-I in 680–800 nm wavelength ranges in all experimental settings.The OES coupled CR model approach for Zn-I line emission enabled the simultaneous determination of both essential discharge parameters i.e.electron temperature and electron density.Further,these predictions were used to estimate the Zn-induced porosity using OES-actinometry on Zn-I emission lines using Ar as actinometer gas.The OES-actinometry results were in good agreement with porosity data derived from an independent approach,i.e.x-ray radiography images.The current study shows that OES-based techniques can provide an efficient route for real-time monitoring of weld quality and estimate porosity during the GTAW process of dissimilar metal joints.

高强Cu/Al接头用的Zn基钎料及Cu表面镀层研究

铜铝接头被广泛应用于电力电子等行业。在长期运行过程中,铜铝接头易出现脆性断裂问题,严重影响其安全服役。进行了锌基钎料的成分设计,分析了钎料的各项性能,得到优化的钎料成分。对铜板表面进行化学镀镍磷层改性,采用感应钎焊和优化的钎料进行了铜铝搭接钎焊试验。结果表明:在锌基钎料中提高Al含量,添加一定量Cu、Ag、稀土元素,可以提升钎料的润湿性能、强度和耐腐蚀性能。镍磷镀层显著提升了锌基钎料在铜板的润湿性能,改变了铜铝接头的界面反应,显著细化了焊缝晶粒。采用优化的锌基钎料和化学镀镍磷层工艺得到的铜铝接头的力学性能得到显著提升,剪切强度达37 MPa,疲劳寿命达85000次。

CuAl_2相对铜铝钎焊接头组织与性能的影响

采用Zn-Al钎料和自制KAlF4-CsAlF4钎剂配合火焰钎焊方法对紫铜和纯铝进行钎焊,研究了钎料中铝含量变化对钎料铺展性能、钎料组织及钎焊接头力学性能的影响.结果表明,钎料中铝含量质量分数为15%时,钎焊接头力学性能最佳.采用光学显微镜和场发射扫描电子显微镜进一步观察分析钎料组织、铜铝钎焊接头区域显微组织和铜侧界面层化合物的分布形态,并采用EDS进行成分分析.当钎料中铝含量较低时,铜铝钎焊接头区域主要由锌基固溶体构成,随着铝含量的升高,钎缝内部出现硬脆的CuAl2相,当铝含量质量分数达到22%时,CuAl2相尺寸变得粗大且分布不均匀,钎焊接头强度降低.

Al6061／TA2异种金属冷金属过渡焊接性分析

以AlSi5焊丝对6061铝合金和TA2纯钛进行CMT熔钎焊,采用SEM,EDS分析焊接接头的微观组织特征,并通过拉伸试验对接头进行力学性能评定.结果表明,焊接过程稳定,焊缝成形美观.所得到的焊接接头具有熔焊和钎焊两部分,其中局部熔化的铝母材与熔融的焊丝混合后形成焊缝,焊缝金属与微熔的钛母材形成三个钎焊界面.钎焊界面主要成分为TiAl3金属间化合物,其厚度较薄.此外,界面附近还有一些随机分布的棒状的TiAl3金属间化合物.焊接过程中,随着焊丝偏移量的增加,焊缝力学性能提高.参数优化后的接头抗拉强度较高,且断裂在铝热影响区.

Al-Li合金的研究进展

Al-Li合金是一种综合性能好、具有巨大开发潜力的轻质合金,被认为是21世纪飞行器和舰船理想的结构材料。简要回顾了Al-Li合金的发展历史,重点介绍了铝锂合金的制备方法、微合金化、焊接等方面的研究进展。提出了对Al-Li合金研究今后的发展方向:组合优化现有制备工艺,提出新的制备技术;进一步探寻更有效的合金化途径,增加基体相与δ′相界面的错配度,引入新的时效强化相;不断改进焊接工艺,使合金的接头强度系数提高。

Al-Si-Cu基钎料钎焊6063铝合金钎焊接头的显微组织及剪切性能

配合AlF3-CsF-KF系钎剂,用研制的Al-Si-Cu基低熔点钎料560℃温度下炉中钎焊了6063铝合金厚板.利用扫描电镜、透射电镜及能谱分析等手段对钎焊接头的微观组织进行了观察和分析.借助力学实验仪对厚板钎焊接头的剪切强度进行了测定.结果表明,钎焊接头显微组织由α(Al)-CuAl2共晶及Si相组成.由于钎料中加入的Ni、RE等元素,CuAl2相为均匀分布的枝状晶,Si相经变质处理成球状,细小分散,镶嵌在CuAl2枝晶中.通过透射电镜观察发现,钎缝组织中有一定量的弥散相,存在亚稳定针状θ″.剪切强度试验结果表明,使用Al-Si-Cu基钎料6063铝合金接头的抗剪切强度平均达到62.5 MPa,比使用HL401钎料钎焊接头的抗剪切强度平均高14.5%.

航空用Al-Li合金阳极氧化对粘接性能的影响

为研究Al-Li合金不同粘接工艺对粘接性能的影响,对其进行了磷酸阳极化处理,并选用不同的胶黏剂来考察Al-Li合金粘接副的拉剪强度。结果表明,阳极化处理使Al-Li合金试片表面产生了微观粗糙的多孔膜,实现了粘接界面上良好的机械啮合。经阳极化处理后,Al-Li合金粘接性能显著提高,当粘接副采用Lord 320/322胶粘接时拉剪强度提高了49%,当粘接副采用FM94胶粘接时拉剪强度提高了167%,破坏模式多为内聚破坏。